数字电压表外文翻译

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date数字电压表外文翻译南 京 理 工 大 学 紫 金 学 院 淮 阴 工 学 院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学 院：电子与电气工程学院专 业：电子姓 名：王骏学 号：1101205108外文出处： C3b3567ec8b18.html(用外文写)附 件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。指导教师评语： 年月日签名： （手写签名） 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于单片机技术

2、的数字电压表单片机广泛应用于商业：诸如调制解调器，电动机控制系统，空调控制系统，汽车发动机和其他一些领域。这些单片机的高速处理速度和增强型外围设备集合使得它们适合于这种高速事件应用场合。然而，这些关键应用领域也要求这些单片机高度可靠。健壮的测试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的单片机的合适的工具环境保证了高可靠性和低市场风险。Intel 平台工程部门开发了一种面向对象的用于验证它的AT89C51 汽车单片机多线性测试环境。这种环境的目标不仅是为AT89C51 汽车单片机提供一种健壮测试环境，而且开发一种能够容易扩重复用来验证其他几种将来的单片机。开发的这种环境连接了AT89C51

3、。单片机是指一个集成在一块芯片上的完整计算机系统。尽管他的大部分功能集成在一块小芯片上，但是它具有一个完整计算机所需要的大部分部件：CPU、内存、内部和外部总线系统，目前大部分还会具有外存。同时集成诸如通讯接口、计时器，实时时钟等外围设备。而现在最强大的单片机系统甚至可以将声音、图像、网络、复杂的输入输出系统集成在一块芯片上。单片机也被称为微处理器（Microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTE

4、L的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置，飞机上各种仪表的控制，计算机的网络通讯与数据传输，工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡，民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统，录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有：1低功耗CMOS化MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍

5、都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。 CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。2微型单片化现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成

6、在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。3主流与多品种共存虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机。所以C8051为核心的单片机占据了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头，中国台湾

7、的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增，与其低价质优的优势，占据一定的市场分额。此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品，日本几大公司的专用单片机。在一定的时期内，这种情形将得以延续，将不存在某个单片机一统天下的垄断局面，走的是依存互补，相辅相成、共同发展的道路。AT89C51是一种带4K字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器的低电压，高性能CMOS8位微处理器，俗称单片机。AT89C2051是一种带2K字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器的单片机。单片机的可擦除只读存储器可以反复擦除100次。该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造，与工业标准的MCS-51指令集和输出管脚相兼容。由于将多功能8位

8、CPU和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中，ATMEL的AT89C51是一种高效微控制器，AT89C2051是它的一种精简版本。AT89C单片机为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了一种灵活性高且价廉的方案。AT89C51主要性能：1与MCS-51 兼容 24K字节可编程闪烁存储器 3寿命：1000写/擦循环4数据保留时间：10年5全静态工作：0Hz-24MHz6三级程序存储器锁定71288位内部RAM832可编程I/O线9两个16位定时器/计数器105个中断源 11可编程串行通道12低功耗的闲置和掉电模式13片内振荡器和时钟电路 数字电压表简称DVM，它是采用数字化测量技术，把连续的模拟量（直流输入电压）转换成

9、不连续、离散的数字形式并加以显示的仪表。数字电压表的特点：1显示清晰直观，读数准确 传统的模拟式仪表必须借助于指针和刻度盘进行读数，在读数过程中不可避免的会引入人为的测量误差。数字电压表则采用先进的数显技术，使测量结果一目了然，只要仪表不发生跳读现象，测量结果就是唯一的。2显示位数显示位数通常为31/2位、32/3位、33/4/位、41/2位、43/4位、51/2位、61/2位、71/2位、81/2位共9种。判定数字仪表的位数有两条原则：能显示09所有数字的位是整数位；分数位的数值是以最大显示值中最高位数字为分子，用满量程时最高数字作分母。例如，某数字仪表的最大显示值为1999，满量程计数值为

10、2000，这表明该仪表有3个整数位，而分数位的分子为1，分母是2，故称之为31/2位，读作三位半。3准确度高 准确度是测量结果中系统误差与随机误差的综合。4分辨率高数字电压表在最低电压量程上末位1个字所代表的电压值，称为仪表的分辨力，它反映仪表灵敏度的高低。分辨力随显示位数的增加而提高。分辨率是指所能显示的最小数字（零除外）与最大数字的百分比。例如31/2位DVM的分辨率为1/19990.05。需要指出，分辨力与准确度属于两个不同的观念。从测量角度看，分辨力是虚指标（与测量误差无关），准确度才是实指标（代表测量误差的大小）。5测量范围宽多量程DVM一般可测量01000V直流电压，配上高压探头还

11、可测上万的高压。A/D转换器是数字电压表、数字多用表及测量系统的心脏。目前国内外生产的A/D转换器已达数百种，大致可分为五大类：1.单片A/D转换器；2.单片DMM专用IC；3.多重显示仪表专用IC；4.专供数字仪表使用的特制IC（ASIC）；5.其他通用型A/D转换器，这种芯片仅能完成模/数转换，不能直接配数字仪表。数字电压表数字仪表是一个很大的的核心和基础的数字电压表就像一个连续的模拟直流电压到离散非连续数字形式显示，这是不同于传统百分表增加读数的方法避免错误的阅读和视觉疲劳。目前，数字万用表是一个核心组成部分的内部A / D转换器，转换器，在很大程度上影响精度的准确性数字万用表的设计-数

12、字电压表A / D转换器ADC0804用于转换模拟信号输入， AT89C51控制的核将使单片机复位。心成果的转化和加工业务，最终输出设备驱动程序的数目电压信号。数字电压表数字仪表是一个很大的的核心和基础的数字电压表就像一个连续的模拟直流电压到离散非连续数字形式显示，这是不同于传统百分表增加读数的方法避免错误的阅读和视觉疲劳。目前，数字万用表是一个核心组成部分的内部A / D转换器，转换器，在很大程度上影响精度的准确性数字万用表的设计-数字电压表A / D转换器ADC0804用于转换模拟信号输入， AT89C51控制的核心成果的转化和加工业务，最终输出设备驱动程序的数目电压信号。可进行的LED显

13、示屏将显示电压值的小数点后一位。采用新技术、新工艺，由LSI和VLSI构成的新型数字仪表及高档智能仪器的大量问世，标志着电子仪器领域的一场革命，也开创了现代电子测量技术的先河。附件2：外文原文digital voltage meter Based on single-chip technologyMicrocontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive

14、engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and

15、 low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Plaform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation

16、 of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of thisenvironment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontroller

17、s. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes (AT89C51). Single chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, int

18、ernal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system

19、 integration on a single chip.Also known as single-chip microprocessor, first because it was used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, th

20、e computer system so that smaller, more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways.At present, si

21、ngle-chip to infiltrate all areas of our lives, which is very difficult to find the area of almost no traces of single-chip microcomputer. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft control on a variety of instruments, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-ti

22、me process control and data processing, are widely used in a variety of smart IC card, limousine civilian security systems, video recorders, cameras, the control of automatic washing machines, as well as program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the single-chip microc

23、omputer. Not to mention the field of robot automation, intelligent instrumentation, medical equipment has been.Throughout the development process of single-chip, you can indicate the development trend of single-chip, generally are: 1. Of low-power CMOS MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power cons

24、umption of 630mW, and now widespread in the single-chip 100mW or so, with the growing demand for low-power single-chip, and now all the basic single-chip manufacturers are use of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). As the 80C51 on the use of HMOS (high density metal oxide semicon

25、ductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Although the CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine its speed is not high enough, and then CHMOS with high-speed and low power consumption characteristics of these

26、features, it is more suitable in low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, the process for some time to come will be the main way to develop single-chip microcomputer. 2.Singal-chip of micro-chip Now generally in conventional single-chip will be the central processing unit

27、(CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, system interruption, timing circuits, integrated circuit clock in a single chip, enhanced single-chip integration, such as A / D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT

28、(watchdog), and some will be single-chip LCD (LCD) driver integrated circuits are in a single chip, this unit includes single-chip circuits on more and more powerful features. Even single-chip manufacturers can also be tailored in accordance with the requirements of users, to create a single chip wi

29、th its own chip characteristics.3. Mainstream and multi-species coexistenceAlthough a wide variety of single-chip, unique, but still single-chip microcomputer 80C51 prevailing at the core, compatible with its structure and command system of PHILIPS products, ATMEL companys products and China Taiwans

30、 Winbond Series single-chip machine. Therefore, single-chip microcomputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchips PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum of China Taiwan HOLTEK single-chip companies in recent years, increasing production, with its high qualit

31、y low-cost advantages, to occupy a certain market share. MOTOROLA addition to the companys products, several large companies in Japans exclusive single-chip microcomputer. A certain period of time, this situation will continue to be upheld, there will not be a single-chip monopoly domination, taking

32、 the complementary interdependence, complementarity and common development.AT89C51 is a flicker with 4K bytes EEPROM-programmable low-voltage, high-performance digital microprocessors CMOS8, commonly known as single-chip microcomputer. AT89C2051 is a flicker with 2K bytes EEPROM programmable microco

33、ntroller. MCU EEPROM erasure can be repeated 100 times. The device ATMEL manufacture high-density nonvolatile memory technology with industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin compatible output. Owing to the multi-purpose 8-bit CPU and flash memory chips in a single portfolio, ATMELs AT89C51 m

34、icrocontroller is a highly efficient, AT89C2051 is a streamlined version of it. AT89C single-chip embedded control system for many provides a flexible and inexpensive program.AT89C51 performance : 1. And MCS-51 compatible 2.4K bytes of programmable Flash Memory 3. Life expectancy: 1000 write / wipe

35、cycle 4. Data retention time: 10 years 5. Static work of the whole: 0Hz-24MHz 6. Three-level Program Memory Lock 7.128 8-bit internal RAM 8.32 Programmable I / O lines 9. Two 16-bit timer / counter 10.5 Interrupt Sources 11. Programmable Serial Channel 12. Low-power idle and power-down mode 13. Chip

36、 oscillator and clock circuitryReferred to as digital voltage meter DVM, it is a digital measurement technology, the continuous analog (DC input voltage) into a non-continuous, discrete digital form and the instrument display.The characteristics of digital voltage meter：1. Show a clear intuitive, ac

37、curate readingsTraditional analogue instruments through the use of indicators must be carried out and dial readings in the reading process will be introduced to the inevitable human error. Digital voltage meter is the use of advanced digital display technology, so that the measurement results at a g

38、lance, as long as the meter jump phenomenon does not occur, the measurement results is unique.2. Show that the median Show that the median is usually 31 / 2, 32 / 3, 33 / 4 / spaces, 41 / 2, 43 / 4, 51 / 2, 61 / 2, 71 / 2, 81 / 2 A total of 9. Determine the median number of instruments there are two

39、 principles:1. can display all the numbers 0 to 9 are the integer-bit; Score-bit numerical value is based on the largest show the highest number of elements, with the highest number of full-scale as the denominator .3. High accuracy Accuracy of results is a measure of systematic error and random err

40、or of the integrated. 4. High resolution Digital voltage meter at the lowest voltage range on the bottom of a character represented by the voltage value, known as the instrument of the resolution, which reflects the level of instrument sensitivity. With the display resolution increases the median. R

41、esolution refers to the smallest can be shown in the figures (except zero) and the largest percentage of the number. For example, 31 / 2 DVM of a resolution of 1 / 1999 0.05%. Be noted that the resolution and accuracy are two different concepts. From the measurement point of view, the resolution is

42、true indicators (with measurement error has nothing to do), the accuracy is the real target (on behalf of the size of measurement error). 5. Wide measuring range DVM generally more measurable range 0 1000V DC voltage, high voltage probe can be measured with the million-volt high-pressure.A / D conve

43、rter 4 is a digital voltage meter, digital multimeter and measuring system the heart. At present, domestic production of A / D converter has reached hundreds of species can be broadly divided into five main categories: 1. monolithic A / D converter; 2. DMM dedicated single-chip IC; 3. dedicated mult

44、i-display meter IC; 4. for digital the use of special instrumentation IC (ASIC); 5. other general-purpose A / D converter, the chip can only complete A / D converter, not directly with the number of instruments.Digital voltage meter digital meter is a great core and foundation of the digital voltage

45、 meter as a continuous analog DC voltage to a discrete form of non-sequential numbers, which is different from traditional dial indicator readings to increase the ways to avoid errors in reading and visual fatigue. At present, the digital multimeter is a core component of the internal A / D converte

46、r, converter, to a large extent affect the accuracy of the accuracy of the design of digital multimeter - Digital Voltage Meter A / D converter for converting analog signals ADC0804 input, AT89C51 controls the heart of the transformation and processing the results of operations, the final output dev

47、ice driver number of voltage signal. Digital voltage meter digital meter is a great core and foundation of the digital voltage meter as a continuous analog DC voltage to a discrete form of non-sequential numbers, which is different from traditional dial indicator readings to increase the ways to avo

48、id errors in reading and visual fatigue. At present, the digital multimeter is a core component of the internal A / D converter, converter, to a large extent affect the accuracy of the accuracy of the design of digital multimeter - Digital Voltage Meter A / D converter for converting analog signals

49、ADC0804 input, AT89C51 controls the heart of the transformation and processing the results of operations, the final output device driver number of voltage signal. LED display can be carried out will be displayed after the decimal point voltage value of one.Adoption of new technologies, new processes, from LSI and VLSI constitute a new type of digital instrumentation and a large number of high-end smart devices available, the field of electronic devices marked a revolution in creating a modern pioneer of electronic measurement technology.-