电子商务外文翻译学生对网上购物的态度的影响因素

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1、African Journal of Business Management Vol. 3 (5), pp. 200-209 May 2009Factors affecting students attitude toward online shoppingNarges Delafrooz, Laily H. Paim, Sharifah Azizah Haron, Samsinar M. Sidin and Ali KhatibiFaculty of Resource Management and Consumer Studies, University Putra Malaysia.Fac

2、ulty of Management, University Putra Malaysia.Faculty of Management, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.Accepted 1 April, 2009Abstract:To ensure the success of online business, it is important for the retailers to understand their targeted customers. The aim of this stu

3、dy examines the significance of attitude toward online shopping. The objectives of the study are two fold. The first section seeks to determine relationship between attitude towards online shopping with shopping orientations and perceived benefits scales. The second section investigates factors that

4、 influence peoples attitudes towards online shopping. A five-level Likert scale was used to determine students attitudes towards online shopping. A self-administered questionnaire, based on prior literature, was developed and a total of 370 post graduate students were selected by random sampling. Th

5、e regression analysis demonstrated the determinants of consumers attitudes towards online shopping. Additionally, utilitarian orientations, convenience, price, wider selection influenced consumers attitudes towards online shopping.Key words: Electronic commerce, internet, shopping, consumer attitude

6、.INTRODUCTIONToday Internet is not only a networking media, but also as a means of transaction for consumers at global market. Internet usage has grown rapidly over the past years and it has become common means for delivering and trading information, services and goods (Albarq, 2006). According to A

7、CNielsen, more than 627 million people in the world have shopped online (ACNielsen, 2007). Forrester (2006) research estimates e-commerce market will reach $228 billion in 2007, $258 billion in 2008 and $288 billion in 2009. By 2010 e-commerce will have accounted for $316 billion in sales, or 13% of

8、 overall retail sales.Pacific indicates that the future forecast for online shopping in Malaysia looks bright and promising (Louis and Leon, 1999). Malaysia moved towards advanced information, communications based on the growing trend of Internet users in the last three years and multimedia services

9、. Moreover, due to a rapid rise in the number of PCs in Malaysia, as well as growth in the proportion of PCs hooked up to the Internet each year, provides greater opportunities for Malaysians to conduct both business and shop online (Legard, 1998).A mid-2005 survey by the Malaysian Communication and

10、 Multimedia Corporation (MCMC), only 9.3% of Internet users had purchased products or services through the Internet during the preceding three months. Malaysia internet shoppers are relatively young, highly educated, having higher social status, and command a more favorable financial position.Mohd S

11、uki et al. (2006) conducted a study among Malaysian students and found that they enjoyed purchasing books/journals/magazines through the internet.Considering that Internet shopping, is still at the early stage of development, little is known about consumers attitudes towards adopting this new shoppi

12、ng channel and factors that influence their attitude toward (Haque et al., 2006). The consumers attitude towards online shopping is known as the main factor that affects e-shopping potential (Michieal, 1998). Attitudinal issues are also thought to play a significant role in e-commerce adoption. That

13、 means that, attitudes directly influence decision making (Haque et al.,2006).Attitudes serve as the bridge between consumers background characteristics and the consumption that satisfies their needs (Armstrong and Kotler, 2000; Shwu-Ing, 2003). Because attitudes are difficult to change, to understa

14、nd consumers attitudes toward online shopping, can help marketing managers predict the online shopping intention and evaluate the future growth of online commerce.The proliferation of online shopping has stimulated widespread research aimed at attracting and retaining consumers from either a consume

15、r or a technology-oriented view. The two views do not contradict but rather reinforce each other. Because the success of an electronic market largely depends on consumers willingness to accept it. Due to this, we adopted the consumer-oriented view of online shopping in this study.The rest of the pap

16、er is organized as follows: first examines the relationship between consumer factors and attitude toward online shopping and second, analyzes consumer factors that influence attitude toward online shopping.Online shopping orientationsConsumers have different personalities, which may influence their

17、perception and how they perceive their online shopping behaviors (Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2001). Consumers personalities that lead to different shopping behaviors can be classified in two main orientations, that is, utilitarian and hedonic. According to previous studies, consumers characteristics an

18、d goals have been found to influence their behaviors such as purchasing, revisiting intentions and attitudes toward a website (Shwu-Ing, 2003; Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2001).Utilitarian shopping orientationsConsumers who are utilitarian have goal-oriented shopping behaviors. Utilitarian shoppers shop

19、 online based on rational necessity which is related to a specific goal (Kim and Shim, 2002). They look for task-oriented, efficient, rational, deliberate online shopping rather than an entertaining experience (Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2001). Their most important anxiety in online shopping is to purc

20、hases in an efficient and timely way to achieve their goals with least amount irritation (Monsuwe et al., 2004)Convenience orientation mentioned the utilitarian value of shopping, as a task-related, rational, deliberate and efficient activity (Babin et al., 1994). Therefore, shoppers with convenienc

21、e orientations try to minimize their search cost as much as possible to save time or energy for activities other than shopping. In terms of the effect of utilitarian shopping orientation, Shim et al. (2001) posited that consumers who highly evaluate the utilitarian aspect of shopping will more likel

22、y use the Internet for an information source.Hedonic shopping orientationsConsumers who are hedonist have experiential shopping behavior. Hedonists not only gather information to shop online but also seek fun, excitement, arousal, joy, festive, escapism, fantasy, adventure, etc. (Monsuwe et al.,2004

23、). These experiential shoppers want to be immersed in the experience rather than to achieve their goals by shopping online (Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2001) and their perceived experiences also depend on the medium characteristics that induce enjoyable experiences (Sorce et al., 2005).ve confirmed that

24、 hedonic orientations for online shopping are important predictors of attitudes toward online shopping.Some research findings have shown hedonic motivations to have powerful influences on shopping behavior in both traditional and online shopping environments (Menon and Kahn, 2002). Thus, for systems

25、 that are hedonic in nature, researcher can expect hedonic orientations provide to be significant with attitudes toward online shopping. Based on these arguments, we present the following general hypothesis H2. There is positive relationship between hedonic orientation and attitude.Attitude toward o

26、nline shoppingAttitude towards a behavior refer to “the degree to which a person has favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of the question” (Grandom and Mykytyn, 2004). Attitudes toward online shopping are defined as a consumers positive or negative feelings related to accomplishing th

27、e purchasing behavior on the internet (Chiu et al., 2005; Schlosser, 2003a, b). Buying trends and internet adoption indications have been seen as the overall electronic commerce value in Malaysia rising from US$18 million in 1998 to US$87.3 million in 1999 (Mohd Suki et al., 2006).In order to invest

28、igate consumer attitudes, we need to know what characteristics of consumers typically online shopping is and what their attitude in online shopping is. In simple terms, this means that there is no point having an excellent product online if the types of consumers who would buy it are unlikely to be

29、online. In a situation of appropriate e-shopping environment if the product characteristics have electronic appeal and the consumers are familiar and feel confident in buying, e-shopping potential may still suffer from other setbacks.In a greater sense, this may be caused by consumers preference to

30、use traditional shopping modes rather than shopping online. Alternatively, they may switch from ever visiting the store and their shifting tendency may ultimately reduce the profit margin of the physical stores. Therefore, evaluating attitudes of target consumers towards online shopping is critical.

31、 Consequently, the group with the higher attitude score should be the target market (ShwuIng, 2003).According to the study by Armstrong and Kotler, (2000), a persons shopping choices are influenced by four major psychological factors: motivation, perception, learningand beliefs and attitude. That me

32、ans that, through motivation and perception, attitudes are formed and consumers make decisions. Attitudes serve as the bridge between consumers background characteristics and the consumption that satisfies their needs.Therefore, it is thus important to recognize that numerous factors precede attitud

33、e formation and change. Consumers characteristics such as personality nature, online shopping benefits and perceptions have also been found to influence consumers online shopping behaviors and online shopping rate (Cheung and Lee, 2003; Goldsmith and Flynn, 2004; Shwu-Ing, 2003; Wolfinbarger and Gil

34、ly, 2001). Therefore, understanding consumer attitudes help marketing managers to predict the online shopping rate and evaluate the future growth of online commerce.METHODOLOGYConceptual foundation and frameworkThe classic theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Ajzen and Fishbein,1980) and TAM have been e

35、xtensively adopted for explaining and predicting user behavior in an online shopping environment (Pavlou,2003). TAM posits that actual system use is determined by users behavioral intention to use, which is in turn influenced by their attitude toward usage. Attitude is directly affected by users bel

36、ief about a system, which consist of perceived usefulness and ease of use (Davis, 1986).This belief-affect-intention-behavior causality has proven valid in the online shopping environment (Chen et al., 2002; Limayem et al.,2000). Researcher developed TAM to predict and to explain consumer acceptance

37、 of online shopping by extending the belief-attitude intention-behavior relationship in TAM from the following perspectives:(i) Perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment replaced by perceived outcome to cover perceived benefits of online shopping.(ii) Shopping orientations were added as anteceden

38、ts of online shopping attitude. Shopping orientations (Lee et al., 2006) is identified from traditional retailing and marketing literature. The research model is shown at Figure 2.The researchers applied the motivation, perception and personality factors in the context of attitude behavior models su

39、ch as the Theory of Reasoned Action (Ajzen and Fishbein,1980) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis et al, 1989). In construction/ development of TAM, Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use can be instrumental in achieving valued outcomes, whereas perceived enjoyment can occur fro

40、m the technology usage itself without any other reward. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use reflect the utilitarian aspects of online shopping and perceived enjoyment reflects the hedonic aspects of online shopping.Therefore, in TAM, both utilitarian and hedonic aspects can be considered.

41、 Online shopping offers both hedonic and utilitarian aspects (Childers et al., 2001). Past research showing that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use reflect utilitarian aspects of online shopping, whereas perceived enjoyment reflects hedonic aspects of online shopping (Monsuwe et al., 200

42、4). Therefore, in TAM, both utilitarian and hedonic aspects can be considered and also both utilitarian and hedonic aspects of consumer experience influence consumer attitude toward using a new technology or system.The TRA and TAM claim that beliefs such as online shopping perceived benefits are com

43、pletely mediated by attitude. The TRA assert that beliefs such as perceived benefits are completely mediated by attitude. Verhoef and Langerak(2001) also employed the TRA in a study of 415 Dutch internet shoppers and found that outcome beliefs had a significant influence on the attitude toward onlin

44、e shopping.SampleSince university students have been found to be frequent users of technology and likely to buy products online and activities participate in online purchasing, as a result, postgraduate students were chosen as the target sample during the first semester of 2008. It must be mentioned

45、; the majorities of postgraduate students are employed and have different online cards to purchase products through the internet. In addition, todays university students represent a significant part of the online buying consumers and a long-term potential market (Bruin and Lawrence, 2000).A self-adm

46、inistered questionnaire was distributed to 500 students randomly in the selected faculties and institutes. All the selected respondents were enrolled in their respective faculties or institutes doing broad range of courses. Among 500 questionnaires that were distributed, approximately 405 were retur

47、ned and only 370 fully answered questionnaires from the respondents were utilized.The respondents profile was categorized into groups namely; gender, age, income, education level and race. Table 1 illustrates this pattern. Frequency distribution profile of respondents showed that 64.3% of the respon

48、dents are female while 35.7% of the remaining respondents are male. The majority of the respondents 43.8% fall in the age range between 20 to 25 years of age and approximately 1.1% was above 40 years old. Population studied comprised Masters and PhD students, and post-doctoral researchers with frequ

49、ency distributions of 78, 20 and 2.0% respectively.Respondents having a monthly income ranging form RM 1000 to 2000 comprised the majority income group 37.3% followed by those with a monthly income within the range of RM 2000 to 3000 (9%). From the ethnic point of view, Malays comprised 44% of the s

50、tudy sample while Chinese and Indians comprised 40 and 13% respectively. Goods mostly purchased by students are “Computer/Electronics/ Software” and “book/DVD/CD”. Only a small proportion of purchases were “Toys”.Data analysisThe first objective was to determine relationship between utilitarian orie

51、ntation, hedonic orientation and perceived benefits with attitude toward online shopping. In order to test the three hypotheses, Pearson correlation was proposed. Moreover, the second objective of the study, was to determine the proportion of the variance in consumers attitude toward online shopping

52、 that can be predicted by shopping orientations (utilitarian and hedonic) and consumer perceived benefits (convenience, homepage, price, wider selection, customer service and fun) and relative significant of each, the independent variables in explaining the dependent variable.Multiple regressions we

53、re conducted to investigate second objecttive. This study employs user attitude toward online shopping as dependent variables and online shopping orientation and online shopping perceived benefits as independent variables.RESULT AND DISCUSSIONTo determine relationship on attitude toward online shopp

54、ingH1: There is positive relationship between utilitarian orientation and attitudeThe relationship between attitude toward online shopping and utilitarian orientation was in-vestigated using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients._ Table .2 illustrates this pattern. From the re-sults, the s

55、trongest linear relationship was found to exist between attitude toward online shopping and utilitarian orientation (r =.596, P-value = 0.000). Since the average score is p 0.01, hypothesis 1 is accepted.This finding was supported by theory acceptance model (TAM) that utilitarian orientation aspect

56、of consumer experience influence consumer attitude toward using a new technology or system (Lee et al., 2006). Since utilitarian orientation of online shopping reflects usefulness and ease of use aspects (Monsuwe et al., 2004).Moreover, Li et al. (2002) suggested that future research investigate the

57、 effects of utilitarian shopping orientations on online shopping adoption. The present study answers this call: utilitarian shopping orientation as aspects of usefulness and ease of use had a significant positive relationship with attitude toward online shopping. H2: There is positive relation betwe

58、en hedonic orientation and attitudeThe relationship between attitude toward online shopping and hedonic orientation was investigated using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. As indicated inTable 2, the strongest linear relationship was found to exist between attitude toward online shop

59、ping and perceived online shopping benefits (r = 0.492, P-value =0.000). Since the average score is p 0.01, hypothesis 2 is accepted.This finding was supported by the theory acceptance model (TAM) that hedonic orientation of online shopping reflects enjoyment aspect because hedonists seek fun, fanta

60、sy, and enjoyable experiences (Monsuwe et al.,2004). Thus, within TAM, hedonic orientation appears to influence consumer attitude toward online shopping (Davis et al., 1989). Moreover, Moon and Kim (2001) indica-ted that playfulness as hedonic aspect significantly af-fects attitude and behavioral in

61、tention toward use of the World Wide Web. Hedonic value had the positive rela-tionship with attitude toward online retailers, which is in line with Childers et al.s (2001) findings. They tend to pursue hedonic experience by creating positive emotional arousal while purchasing and consuming products

62、(Babin et al., 1994). The present study answer this call: hedonic shopping orientation as aspect of enjoyment had a significant positive relationship with attitude toward online shopping.H3: There is positive relationship between the perceived benefits and the attitudeThe relationship between attitu

63、de toward online shopping and perceived online shopping benefits was investigated using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. As depicted in Table 2, the strongest linear relationship was found to exist between attitude toward online shopping and perceived online shopping benefits (r = 0.

64、734, P-value =0.000).The positive correlation coefficient of 0.73 indicates that as the score for attitude toward online shopping increasees so do the rating for perceived benefits. Therefore, it showed that consumers perceived benefits are highly and significantly correlated with attitude toward on

65、line shopping. Since the average score is p 0.01, hypothesis 3 is accepted.Therefore, Pearson correlation proved that there is a significant relationship between attitude and benefits. It is consistent with the earlier study of (Jarvenpaa and Todd, 1997; Vijayasarathy and Jones, 2000) who found that

66、 Intent shopping benefits was significantly associated with attitude toward online shopping and intentions to shop online. Moreover, Shwu-Ing (2003) found consumers benefits perception comprised convenience, selections freedom,information abundance, homepage design and company name familiarity has a significant relationsh