Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期

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1、TheRenaissanceHistoricalbackground:Thebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism;Theenclosure;thewaroftheRoses;thestrengtheningoftheabsolutemonarchy;theriseofthebourgeoisie;thedefeatoftheSpanishArmada.Newsocialandeconomicconditionsbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthedevelopme

2、ntofscienceandart.Sowiththestrengtheningofnewbourgeoisnationalstate,thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationalcultureknownastheRenaissance.Renaissance:Arebith,revivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)arts,literatureandsciencesbetween14thandmid17thcenturiesinEurope,thegreatestageofhumanaccomplishments.Twostr

3、ikingfeaturesoftheRenaissance1)Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;2)Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity(PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworldandturnedtoadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement);Renaissancemarksthetransitionfrommedievaltomodernworld,fromf

4、eudaltocapitalist,fromreligioustosecularsociety.InthisperiodtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstoabolisholdfeudalideasinmedievalEurope(thechurch-centeredculturewhichwerecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism.)andtointroducenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie(humanism

5、,theman-centeredcultureinwhichmanisthemeasureofallthings.),andtocarryourreligiousreformation.RenaissancedidnotbegintoshowitseffectinEnglanduntilthereignofHenryVIII(1509-1547)owingtoEnglandsseparationfromtheContinentanditsdomesticunrest.EncouragedbyHenryVIII,theOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanistsint

6、roducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.Fromthebeginningofthe16thc,theEnglishRenaissancewitnessedthebriskdevelopmentofliterature:thetranslationofancientEnglish,ItalianandFrenchworks,aswellasclassicalworksofGreeceandRome;booksofdiscoveriesandadventure

7、s;thefloweringofsonnets;thehighestgloryoftheEnglishrenaissanceisitsdrama(theElizabethandrama).ThiswasEnglandsgoldenageinliterature.ThereappearedmanyliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Jonson,Sidney,Marlowe,BaconandDonne.Humanism:TheRenaissancewasmarkedbythespreadofhumanism,thekeynote(thegreatspi

8、rit)ofRenaissance.ItsprangasaresultofrediscoveryandrestudyoftheGreekandRomancivilizationwhichisbasedontheconceptionthatthemanisthemeasureofallthings,theman-centeredculture.Itstandsfordevotiontothehumanevaluesrepresentedinclassicalliterature.WhilethemedievalCatholicteachings(thechurch-centeredculture

9、)werecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism,theRenaissancehumanistsemphasizedthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife;theybelievedhumanbeingsweregloriouscreatures;mancanliveahappyandmeaningfullifeonearth;mancanimprovehisconditionwitheffortandchangetheworldaccord

10、ingtohisdesire.Manhastherighttopursuepersonalhappiness,knowledgeandwealth.Humanismhelpedtocivilizeman,tomakehimrealizehispotentialpowersandgifts.Itcontributedagreatdealtotheprogressofhumansociety.Itrepresentedthenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie.ThomasMore,MarloweandShakespearearethebestrepresentatives

11、oftheEnglishhumanists.Thehumanisticideasandbeliefpermeatedtheliteratureofthisperiod.ChristopherMarlowethegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdramaI. Literaryachievement:blankverse(unrhymediambicpentameter)II. Artisticallimitations:III. Majorplays:Tamburlaine(贴木耳大帝)TheJewofMalta（马尔他岛的犹太人）DoctorFaustus（浮士德博

12、士）WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）LifeWorksDuringhis22yearsofliterarycareerheproduced37plays,Twonarrativepoems,154sonnets.DramaticcareerThefirstperiodEarlyperiod（1590-1594）2 historicalplays:HenryVI（亨利六世）RichardIII（理查德三世）,4comedies:TheComedyofErrors（错误的喜剧）（错中错）TheTwoGentlemenofVerona（维洛那二绅士）TheTamingoft

13、heShrew（训悍记）LovesLaboursLost（爱的徒劳）1tragedy:RomeoandJuliet Thesecondperiodmatureperiod（1595-1600）Aperiodofgreatcomediesandmaturehistoricalplays6comedies:AMidsummerNightsDream（仲夏夜之梦）TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）TheMerryWivesofWindsor（温莎的风流娘儿们）MuchAdoaboutNothing（无事生非）AsYouLikeIt（皆大欢喜）TwelfthNight（第十二夜）5h

14、istoricalplays:RichardIIHenryIV（Parts1and2）HenryVKingJohn1Romantragedy:JuliusCaesar（尤利乌斯恺撒） ThethirdperiodFlourishingperiod（Tragicperiod）（1601-1607）Aperiodofgreattragediesanddarkcomedies5tragedies:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,TimonofAthens3 comedies:TroilusandCressida（特洛伊洛斯与克瑞西达）AllSWellThatEndsW

15、ell（终成眷属）MeasureforMeasure（一报还一报）2RomanTragedies:AntonyandCleopatra（安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉）Coriolanus（科里奥拉鲁斯） ThefourthperiodLateperiod（1608-1612）4 romanticdrama（romancesortragicomedies）:Theseplaysportrayawiderangeoftragiceventsanddifficultconditions,buttheyallendinreconciliationandreunion.Pericles（佩里克利斯），Cymbe

16、line（辛白林）TheTempest（暴风雨），TheWintersTale（冬天的故事）1historicalplay:HenryVIIIFourgreatcomediesAMidsummerNightsDream（仲夏夜之梦）TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）AsYouLikeIt（皆大欢喜）TwelfthNight（第十二夜）FourgreattragediesHamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,TragedyClassicaltragedians:Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯PremetheusBound）,Sophocles（索福克勒

17、斯OedipusTyrannus）,Euripites（欧里庇得斯）Thetragicheroasignificantperson,usuallyamemberofthenobility,aleader,awise,justandgoodmanTragicflawacharacterdefectwhichcausesthedownfallofthetragicheroTragedyTragedieswereconcernedwiththeharshnessandapparentinjusticeinlife.Theyinvolvedthetrialsandeventfuldeathofaher

18、owhowasanimportantpersonandwhosedeathledtothedownfallofothers.1. Thecentralcharactersarealwayspeopleofimportance,likekings,queens,prince,general,nobles2. Atragicheroisoftenaflawedgoodman;oftentheherosfallfromhappinesswasduetoaweaknessinhischaracter,bysomegreaterrorinhispart3. supernaturalbeingsareof

19、teninvolvedintheconflictofhumanbeings,likegods,spirits,witches,ghosts4. Sadnessismixedwithhorror,murder,treacheryandbloodsheddingCatharsis（净化）一purgationofaudienceemotionssuchaspity,anger,fear;theaudiencefeelrelievedorpurgedwhentheyleavethetheatre.Catharsisorcatharticeffectoftragedies:Tragediesgivean

20、outletforsuchemotionsasgreed,hatred,lust,fearandpity.Thetragicactionarousesfeelingsofaweintheaudience,whooftenleavethetheaterwitharenewedsenseoftheseriousnessandsignificanceofhumanlife.Thewordcatharsisisoftenusedtodescribetheaudiencesfeelings.Itmeansthepurgingfromthemindofthefeelingsofpityandfearthe

21、playhasarousedwhentheyleavethetheater.RomeoandJulietHisearliestsuccessintragedy,fullofpoetryandromance.Itsscenesofyouthandlovearepaintedinbrilliantcolors.Thereisnotingeofpessimismintheplay.Thoughatragedy,theplayisoptimisticinspirit.Itisasongoftheoptimisticyouth,love,witandcourageoftheearlyrisingyoun

22、gmenandwomenagainstthedrab.HamletHamletasatypicaltragichero:aherooftheRenaissanceperiodandarepresentativeofhumanismGoodqualities:noble-minded,brave,intelligent,learned,withastrongsenseofjustice,lovedandrespectedbyhispeople;Weaknesses:rash,impulsive,indecisive,sometimescanbecruel,harshandcoarseHistra

23、gicflawislackofemotionalbalance;eitheractsrashly,withoutthinking,ordoesntactquicklyandfirmlyenough.Hisindecisiveness,hisinabilitytoactwhenactionisneeded,isoneofthemajorcausesforhisdownfall.Hamletssoliloquy(SeeAnthologyp76-77)(Situation)Hamletsendurancehasreachedthebreakingpoint.Hisfatherhasbeenmurde

24、red.Hismother,whohelovesdearly,hasmarriedherdeadhusbandsbrother.Moreoverhissweetheart,Ophelia,hasbeenactingverystrangely.Hesensesthatshedoesnotlovehimanymore.Now,hesallalone.Theworldthatheknewisshattered.Hisblackmoodofdespairisdeepenedbyhisinabilitytoact-todosomethingtochangethesituation.Nowheponder

25、swhethertocontinueliving-ortotakehisownlife.生存还是毁灭,这是个必须回答的问题:是否应默默的忍受坎坷命运之无情打击,还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,并将其克服。此二抉择,就竟是哪个较崇高?死即睡眠,它不过如此!倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患,那么,此结局是可盼的!死去,睡去.但在睡眠中可能有梦,啊,这就是个阻碍:当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊,在死之长眠中会有何梦来临?它令我们踌躇,使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾,否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨,如暴君之政、骄者之傲、失恋之痛、法章之慢、贪官之侮、或庸民之辱,假如他能简单的一刃了之?还有谁会肯去做牛做马

26、,终生疲於操劳,默默的忍受其苦其难,而不远走高飞,飘於渺茫之境,倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前?此境乃无人知晓之邦,自古无返者。所以，理智就使我们都变成了懦夫，使得那果断的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜，本来可以做出伟大的事业，由于思虑就化为乌有了，丧失了行动的能力。美丽的欧菲利亚,可爱的小姐,在你的祈祷中可别忘了我的罪孽。WhatHamletismusingonisthecomparisonbetweenthepainoflife,whichheseesasinevitable(theseaoftroubles-theslingsandarrows-theheart-ache-the

27、thousandnaturalshocks)andthefearoftheuncertaintyofdeathandofpossibledamnationofsuicide.1.Isitbettertoenduresilentlytheblowsandagonythatlifeinflictsonmanwithoutlogicorreason,ortoriseupagainstamassoftroublesandendthembyfightingback?2. Whowouldbeartheinsultsandmiseriesofthisworld,thecrueltiesandtyranny

28、oftheoppressors,thehumiliationandcontemptfromthearrogantpeople,theheart-breakingpaincausedbyrejectedlove,theinevitableslownessoftheworkingoflaw,thearroganceandrudenessofthosewhoholdofficialpositions,theinsultswhichgoodpatientpeoplesufferfromthosewhoaremeanandunworthy,ifameredaggermightfreehimfromall

29、thesetroubles?Thespeechrevealsthepsychologicalmake-up,theintricatementalworkings,thethinkingprocessofHamlet.Theuseofpsychologicalanalysisgivesgreaterdepthandbreadthtothethoughtsandfeelingsofthecharacter.1. athinker,aphilosopher,ponderingonbothhispersonalconsiderationsandsocialproblems2.amanwithasens

30、eofjustice3. pessimisticandgloomyviewaboutlife,cynicalattitudetowardssociety4. widerangeofknowledge5. beliefintheChristiandoctrineaboutheavenandhellBlankverse(无韵体)一unrhymediambicpentameter,literaryformmasterlyhandledbyShakespeareandMiltonComedyinmostways,theoppositeoftragedy.Broadlydefined,itreferst

31、oanyliteraryworkdesignedtoamuse;Andspecifically,itisusuallyreservedforplayswhosetoneislightheartedandhumourous,thatareamusing,andthathaveahappyending.Comedy-komo-merry-making,dealingwithordinarypeopleineverydaysituations,ordinarypeople,humblestyle,beginningwithmisfortuneandendingwithjoy.Plotfrombadt

32、ogood,beginningwithmisfortuneandendingwithjoyCharacters-ordinarypeople,(humbleandprivatepeople)inrathereverydaysituations;themaincharactersremainoptimisticnomatterwhatfatebringsthem,believingthatintheendtheywilltriumph.Stereotypesthecharacterstendtobestereotypical,whichmeanstheyarerecognizabletypeso

33、fpeopleratherthanfullydevelopedcharacterslikethetragichero.Thedumbblond,themanwhothinksheisGodsgifttowomen,themiser,thefickleyounglover,thelazyslob,therichspoiledchild,thesocialsnobDramaticspiritoptimism;thereisalwaysasensethateverythingwillturnoutwell,despitethehorriblepredicamentsthecharactersfind

34、themselvesin.Stylehumble,light-hearted(asagainstthesolemn,serious,lofty,sublimestyleintragedies)Purpose-toentertainandeducatepeople,toridiculeandsatirizehumanweaknesses,butsomehavemoralandcorrectivepurposesDifferenttypesofcomediescomediesofhumour,ofmanners,burlesque,farce,satiricalcomedy,romancecome

35、dy,tragicomedyTheMerchantofVeniceAromanticcomedy,thestoryofthreecasketsandstoryofapoundofflesh;AntoniothemerchantBassaniothefortune-hunterShylocktheJewishusurer,thevillainPortiatheidealizedwoman,thedaughteroftheRenaissanceTheme:praisingtruefriendship,truelove,exposingsocialevils:greed,malice,racialp

36、rejudice,money-worship,injusticeShylock:mean,greedy,cunning,cruel,vengeful,merciless;asophist,anavariciousmoney-lender,aJewofprideanddeepreligiousinstincts;butalsoavictimofracialdiscriminationandreligiouspersecutionPortia:beautiful,cultured,learned,witty,courageous,prudent;Sonnetapoemof14linesiniamb

37、icpentameterwithafixedrhymescheme1. Italianform:octave,sestet;abbaabbacdecde2. EnglishorShakespeareanform:3quatrainsandonecouplet;ababcdcdefefggSonnet18(SeeAnthologyp118-119)ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummersleasehathallto

38、oshortadate:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourse,untrimmd;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest;NorshallDeathbragthouwandersinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowe

39、st;Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.我怎能把你比作宜人的夏天？你比它更加可爱也更加温婉：狂风把五月钟爱的蓓蕾摧残，夏天延续的时间未免太短暂：苍穹的眼睛有时照得太灼热，金色的容颜常变得朦胧暗淡：遭受机缘或自然变化的摧折；美好的事物终究会不免凋残。但是你永恒的夏天不会衰败，你拥有的美丽会永伴你身旁，死神不夸耀你在他影里徘徊，当你在不朽诗行里与时同长。只要人类能呼吸眼睛能看清，此诗万世长存并赐予你生命。Thepoetpondersonthedestructivepoweroftime

40、andtheeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytohislovedone.Beautycanbeimmortalizedbypoetry.Inaddition:1. TheEvolutionofDrama:Englishdramahasrootsreachingbackto Themiracleplay(奇迹剧) Themoralityplay道德剧 TheInterlude插剧 Classicalcomediesandtragedies经典戏剧2. OtherremarkablewritersbesidesShakespeare Sidneyapoetandc

41、riticofpoetry,ApologyforPoetryapieceofliterarycriticismoftheRenaissance; EdmundSpenserThePoetspoet,theauthorofthegreatestepicpoemofthetimeTheFaerieQueeneModernEnglish:ThepublicationofSpensersfirstworkTheShepherdsCalendarmarkedthebuddingoftheRenaissanceflower,thelanguagethentobecalledModernEnglish,to

42、distinguishfromtheMiddleEnglishofChaucersday.SpenserianStanzaaspecialformofpoetrywhichconsistsof8iambicpentameterlinesfollowedbyaninthlineofsixiambicfeet(analexandrine),withtherhymeschemeababbcbcc(Thefirst8linesareiniambicpentameter,andtheninth,iambichexameter,withtherhymeschemeababbcbcc). FrancisBa

43、conthefirstEnglisnessayist,thefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy,thefounderofmodernscienceinEngland BenJonsonaprolificdramatist,alsoapoetandacritic.FeaturesofShakespearesdrama1. faithfullyandvividlyreflectsthemajorsocialcontradictionsofhistime;Oneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature;2. Hisdram

44、aticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadoptation.Herewroteoldplaysorborrowedhisplotswidelyfromothersources;3. Amasterhandforplaywriting.Inhisplays,actionsdevelopfreely,withoutbeinghinderedbytheclassicalrules;Usuallycombiningthemajesticwiththefunny,thepoeticwiththeprosaic,andthetragicwiththecomic,reproduci

45、ngthevariousaspectsofreallife;4. Employingdifferentmeansofexpressiontoutterallpossiblethoughtsandfeelingsofhischaracters;Skilledinmanypoeticforms:thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse,especially,thelastone;AgreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage,alargevocabularyinhiswork:commandedavocabular

46、ylargerthananyotherEnglishwritersandusedabout16000words.ManyofhiscoinagesandexpressionshavebecomeeverydayusageinEnglishlife.ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBible(in1611,JamesI)arethe2greattreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage(e.g.eyeforeye,toothfortooth;theshadowofdeath;peacemaker;alaboroflov

47、e;rootofallevil;Allswellthatendswell,tomentionjustafew).Questions:1.GiveasummaryaboutEnglishliteratureintheRenaissanceperiod.2. WhatdidShakespearewriteaboutinhisfourgreattragedies?3. WhatisthethemeofTheMerchantofVenice?4. CommentonthecharacterofShylock.5. CommentonthecharacterofHamlet.(p85-87)6. HowcanyouinterpretthemelancholyofHamlet?(p87-88)