《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案

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1、计算机英语（第4版）练习参照答案Unit One: Computer and Computer ScienceUnit One/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2.input; output3.VLSI4.workstations; mainframes5.vacuum; transistors6.instructions; software7.digit; eight; byte8.microminiaturizat

2、ion; chipII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial intelligence 人工智能2.paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3.optical computer 光计算机4.neural network 神经网络5.instruction set 指令集6.parallel processing 并行解决7.difference engine 差分机8.versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9.s

3、ilicon substrate 硅衬底10.vacuum tube 真空管11.数据的存储与解决 the storage and handling of data12.超大规模集成电路 very large-scale integrated circuit13.中央解决器 central processing unit14.个人计算机 personal computer15.模拟计算机 analogue computer16.数字计算机 digital computer17.通用计算机 general-purpose computer18.解决器芯片 processor chip19.操作指

4、令 operating instructions20.输入设备 input deviceIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, co

5、mputers are either analog or digital. They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computers speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the a

6、dvent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum t

7、ubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation c

8、omputers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。语音辨认的改善将使计算机的操作更加容易。虚拟现实，虽然用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术

9、，也将有助于创立更好的人机接口。人们正在开发其她的奇异计算模型，涉及使用生物机体的生物计算、使用品有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行运算的计算。这些都是也许的将来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。科学家们研究它们，是由于嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。尚有某些限制与虽然最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。Unit One/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.experimentation2.interfacing3

10、.interdisciplinary4.microprocessorII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial neural network 人工神经网络puter architecture 计算机体系构造3.robust computer program 强健的计算机程序4.human-computer interface 人机接口5.knowledge representation 知识表达6.数值分析 numerical analysis

11、7.程序设计环境 programming environment8.数据构造 data structure9.存储和检索信息 store and retrieve information10.虚拟现实 virtual realityUnit One/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.output2.supercomputer3.microcontroller4.handheld; convergenceII.Translate the following terms or phrases

12、 from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.Web page （万维）网页2.touch screen 触摸屏，触屏3.blade server 刀片服务器4.removable storage device 移动（式）存储设备5.声卡 sound card6.存储服务器 storage server7.便携式媒体播放器 portable media player8.硬盘 hard diskUnit Two: Computer ArchitectureUnit Two/Section AIFill in the blanks with the inf

13、ormation given in the text:1.input; output; storage2.Basic Input/Output System3.flatbed; hand-held4.LCD-based5.dot-matrix; inkjet6.disk; memory7.volatile8.serial; parallelII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.function key 功能键，操作键，函数键2.voice recognitio

14、n module 语音辨认模块3.touch-sensitive region 触敏区4.address bus 地址总线5.flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6.dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）7.parallel connection 并行连接8.cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9.video game 电子游戏10.audio signal 音频信号11.操作系统 operating system12.液晶显示（器） LCD (liquid crystal display)13.喷墨打印机 inkjet printer14.数据总线 da

15、ta bus15.串行连接 serial connection16.易失性存储器 volatile memory17.激光打印机 laser printer18.磁盘驱动器 disk drive19.基本输入输出系统 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20.视频显示屏 video displayIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:CD-ROM stands for compact d

16、isc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高下不平的) areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that p

17、rojects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access only

18、 to the data imprinted (压印) by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes (兆字节) of data. That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives

19、 is their access rate.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:调制解调器是在模拟与数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元构成，一般用一系列1和0表达。模拟信号是持续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一种例子。调制解调器常常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传播的模拟信号。信号达到目的地后，此外一种调制解调器重构本来的数字信号，供接受端计算机解决。如果两个调制解调器可同步互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作

20、方式；如果一次只有一种调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。Unit Two/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.graphical2.file; scheduler3.virtual4.sliceII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.interrupt handler 中断解决程序2.virtual memory 虚拟存储（器），虚存

21、，虚拟内存3.context switch 上下文转换，语境转换4.main memory 主存（储器）5.bit pattern 位模式6.外围设备 peripheral device7.进程表 process table8.时间片 time slice9.图形顾客界面 graphical user interface10.海量存储器 mass storageUnit Two/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.repository2.central; sub-work4.layered

22、或abstract machineII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.code generator 代码生成程序，代码发生器2.abstract machine 抽象机3.program editor 程序编辑程序，程序编辑器4.configuration item 配备项5.计算机辅助设计 CAD (computer-aided design)6.数据冗余 data redundancy7.指挥与控制系统 command and control syste

23、m 8.视频压缩与解压缩 video compression and decompressionUnit Three: Computer Language and ProgrammingUnit Three/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.artificial; instructions2.low-level; high-level3.machine4.machine5.functional; logic6.statement7.module8.digitalII.Translate

24、the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.storage register 存储寄存器2.function statement 函数语句3.program statement 程序语句4.object-oriented language 面向对象语言5.assembly language 汇编语言6.intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言7.relational language 关系（型）语言8.artificial language 人工语言9.data dec

25、laration 数据声明10.Structured Query Language 构造化查询语言11.可执行程序 executable program12.程序模块 program module13.条件语句 conditional statement14.赋值语句 assignment statement15.逻辑语言 logic language16.机器语言 machine language17.函数式语言 functional language18.程序设计语言 programming language19.运营计算机程序 run a computer program20.计算机程序

26、员 computer programmerIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to m

27、achine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助记符) for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an as

28、sembler (汇编程序，汇编器) into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders (连接装入程序) combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machines main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of co

29、de was important, since it allowed “libraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasksa first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were inve

30、nted in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of ex

31、ecution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:面向对象程序设计语言，如C+和Java，基于老式的高档语言，但它们使程序设计员可以从合伙对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一种对象类可以从其她的对象类继承特性。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直

32、角等特性。这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。Unit Three/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.objects2.platform-independent3.multithreading4.runtimeII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into

33、 Chinese and vice versa:1.native code 本机（代）码2.header file 头标文献；页眉文献3.multithreaded program 多线程程序4.Java-enabled browser 支持Java的浏览器5.malicious code 歹意代码6.机器码 machine code7.汇编码 assembly code8.特洛伊木马程序 Trojan horse9.软件包 software package10.类层次 class hierarchyUnit Three/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with t

34、he information given in the text:1.subscript; index2.fixed3.histogram4.two-dimensionalII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.bar chart 条形图2.frequency array 频率数组3.graphical representation 图形表达4.multidimensional array 多维数组5.顾客视图 user(s) view6.下标形式 subscr

35、ipt form7.一维数组 one-dimensional array8.编程构造 programming constructUnit Four: Software DevelopmentUnit Four/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.application; piler4.interpreter5.debugger6.loop7.driver8.John von NeumannII.Translate the following terms or phrases from En

36、glish into Chinese and vice versa:1.inference engine 推理机2.system call 系统调用piled language 编译执行的语言4.parallel computing 并行计算5.pattern matching 模式匹配6.memory location 存储单元7.interpreter program 解释程序8.library routine 库程序，程序库例行程序9.intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序10.source file 源文献11.解释执行的语言 interpreted langua

37、ge12.设备驱动程序 device driver13.源程序 source program14.调试程序 debugging program15.目的代码 object code16.应用程序 application program17.实用程序 utility program18.逻辑程序 logic program19.墨盒 ink cartridge20.程序的存储与执行 program storage and executionIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following lis

38、t, making changes if necessary:A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compil

39、er to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computers machine code. If the object code is the sa

40、me as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programssuch as assemblers, binders (联编程序), linkers, and loaders (加载程序)finish the translation.Most computer languages use differe

41、nt versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language ma

42、y vary between manufacturers.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在软件中，错误是指引致程序发生故障或产生不对的成果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标体现异常，会导致不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中断”（对命令停止反映），也许使顾客别无选择，只能重新启动程序，成果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种状况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要通过尽量全面的测

43、试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。Unit Four/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.entity2.duration3.data; process或process; data4.implementedII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.check box

44、复选框，选择框，校验框2.structured design 构造化设计3.building block 积木块，构建模块，构件4.database schema 数据库模式5.radio button 单选（按）钮6.系统建模技术 system modeling technique7.模型驱动开发 model-driven development8.数据流程图 data flow diagram9.下拉式菜单 drop-down (或pull-down) menu10.滚动条 scroll barUnit Four/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the

45、 information given in the text:1.heterogeneous2.asynchronous3.bridges4.opennessII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.procedure call 过程调用2.fault tolerance 容错3.homogeneous system 同构系统4.autonomous agent 自主主体5.路由算法 routing algorithm6.异构型环境 heterogeneous e

46、nvironment7.多址通信合同 multicast protocol8.通信链路 communication(s) linkUnit Five: Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.off-the-shelf2.exclusive3.cascade4.requirements; integration5.throwaway6.immediate; stable7.reuse-oriented; framework8.software

47、; compromisesII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.system specification 系统规格阐明2.unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试3.software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期）4.system validation testing 系统验证测试5.evolutionary development process 演化开发过程6.linear model 线性模型7.program unit 程序

48、单元8.throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型9.text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化10.system evolution 系统演变11.系统设计范例 system design paradigm12.需求分析与定义 requirements analysis and definition13.摸索式编程措施 exploratory programming approach14.系统文献编制 system documentation15.瀑布模型 waterfall model16.系统集成 system integration17.商用现成软件 commer

49、cial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software18.基于组件的软件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE)19.软件维护工具 software maintenance tool20.软件复用 software reuseIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:There are three different types of softwar

50、e maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive syst

51、em redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the systems environment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support software changes. The ap

52、plication system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the systems functionality. This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response to organizational or business change. The sca

53、le of the changes required to the software is often much greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isnt a clear-cut distinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a new environment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environment

54、al features. Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways. Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:软件过程比较复杂，并且像所有其她的智能和发明性过程同样，依托人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和发

55、明性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只获得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在将来几年内，不也许实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件可以接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事发明性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，因素之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在抱负的过程，并且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发措施。软件过程不断演变，以运用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于某些系统来说，需要的是一种高度构造化的开发过程，而对于此外某些系统来说，一种灵活敏捷的过程很也许更为有效。Unit Five/Section BI.Fill in the blanks wit

56、h the information given in the text:1.acceptance2.code3.automation; coverage4.regressionII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.black box testing 黑盒测试（法）2.acceptance testing 验收测试3.code execution path 代码执行途径4.test harness 测试框架5.equivalence partitioning 等

57、价（类）划分6.捕获回放工具 capture/playback tool7.视频辨别率 video resolution8.白盒测试 white box testing9.测试脚本 test script10.用例 use caseUnit Five/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.problem2.consequences3.design4.specific; generalII.Translate the following terms or phrases from Englis

58、h into Chinese and vice versa:1.procedural language 过程语言mon design structure 通用设计构造3.class and object interaction 类与对象交互4.design constraint 设计约束5.设计模式 design pattern6.可复用软件 reusable software7.面向对象的系统 object-oriented system8.继承层次 inheritance hierarchyUnit Six: DatabaseUnit Six/Section AI.Fill in the

59、blanks with the information given in the text:1.flat2.data3.application; administrators4.conceptual5.tables6.fragmented; replicated7.structured8.entity-relationship; attributesII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.end user 最后顾客，终端顾客2.atomic operation

60、原子操作3.database administrator 数据库管理员4.relational database model 关系数据库模型5.local data 本地数据6.object-oriented database 面向对象数据库7.database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统8.entity-relationship model (ERM) 实体关系模型9.distributed database 分布式数据库10.flat file 平面文献11.二维表 two-dimensional table12.数据属性 data attribute

61、13.数据库对象 database object14.存储设备 storage device15.数据类型 data type16.数据插入与删除 data insertion and deletion17.层次数据库模型 hierarchical database model18.数据库体系构造 database architecture19.关系数据库管理系统 relational database management system (RDBMS)20.全局控制总线 global control busIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed for easy access