语法专项：动词不定式__to__do

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1、键入文字语法专项: 动词不定式: to do 动词不定式由to + 动词原形组成，是动词的一种非谓语形式。它可以带宾语，构成动词不定式短语，在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，因此在句中可充当谓语以外的任何成分，即主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、主补和同谓语。1. 动词不定在句中的语法功能(1)动词不定式（短语）作主语 To love is to be loved. 爱别人就是被人爱。 To teach is to give. 教书就是奉献。 注意：1）在口语中，动词不定式作主语时常用形式主语it，而真正的主语则被置于句子后部。 It always pays to be honest. 老

2、实不吃亏。 It is of great importance to solve the housing problem. 解决住房问题是很重要的。 It will take me three hours to do this job. 干这个工作我花了三个小时。 2）假如动词不定式要带逻辑主语，则需用介词of 或for来引导。Its good for me to have a talk with you. 我很高兴和你交谈。It is really important for students to learn English well. 对学生们来说，学好英语很重要。It is possi

3、ble for all nations to unite to get rid of the terrorists. 所有国家携手铲除恐怖分子，这是可以做到的。It is stupid of John to help such a shameless girl. 约翰真傻，竟去帮助这样一个无耻的女孩。It is cruel of man to kill animals in such a casual manner. 人类如此随便地屠杀动物，真是残忍。Its unfair of the teacher to single(vt.挑选) Li Ming out for praise. 老师单挑李

4、民来表扬是不公平的。 能用于介词of结构的形容词有：good, nice, kind, bad, cruel, wicked, clever, bright, wise, silly, foolish, stupid, selfless, sensible, selfish, insensible, polite, fair, generous, rude, unfair, mean等。这些形容词主要表示做这件事的人的品格或素质。能用于介词for 结构的形容词有：important, necessary, impossible, better, worse, easy, difficult h

5、eavy, light等。3）在疑问句或感叹句中, 要用it来作主语. Is it worth our while to hold such a long meeting? 值得我们开这样长时间的会吗?What good news it is for me to hear that my brother has got his visa (viz n. 签证) to America！对我来说, 听到弟弟拿到去美国的签证该是多好的消息啊!(2) 动词不定式（短语）作宾语I will leave it to you to make the final decision. 我将由你来做最后的决定。S

6、he decided to quit her job at last. 最后，她决定辞职。 I hope to see you soon. 我希望很快见到你。注意： 1） 在以下这些动词后面只能跟动词不定式（短语）作宾语：afford, agree, aim, ask, claim, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, threaten, wish, want等。然而以下动词后面既可跟动词不定式

7、（短语）又可跟动名词（短语）,但意思有的有差别，有的相同：attempt, begin, continue, deserve, disdain(不屑), dread, endure, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect, omit(遗漏;省略;删去), prefer, proceed(开始,着手,出发+to-v), propose, regret, remember, start, begin, try, want 等。He disdains going to the cinema.

8、他不屑于去看电影。He disdains to sit with people like us. 他不屑与我们这等人同席而坐。He neglected to write and say Thank you. 他因疏忽而未写信道谢。Dont neglect writing to your mother. 别忘了给你母亲写信。 2）在should (would) like, love, prefer 等之后必须用动词不定式（短语）。Id like to give you a big hand. 我想用掌声欢迎您。Id love to come to China again someday 我愿意来

9、日再访中国。3）在下列及物动词后一般可跟疑问词 + 动词不定式短语：advise, ask, decide, find out, instruct, know, forget, imagine, learn, observe, remember, tell, think, understand, wonder等。I dont know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。The children are learning how to play the game. 孩子们在学做游戏。 (3)动词不定式（短语）作表语The most important thing for the Unit

10、ed states to do now is to rescue the wounded. 现在，对美国来说，最重要的是抢救伤员。注意：1）动词不定式（短语）作表语，可用主动形式表示被动含义的结构有to blame, to let. Who is to blame? 谁该受到责备？ The house is to let. 该房屋出租。Suspects are still to find out. 凶手还有待查明。 2）be to 含有按计划，按排命令将做的事或应该，可能，注定将发生的事。We are to meet once a week. 我们按计划将一个月碰一次头。（安排） When i

11、s the examination to be held? 考试按规定什么时候举行？（计划或规定）You are to come at once.你得按指令马上来。（命令） What is to be done? 应该怎么办？ （应该）The key is nowhere to be found. 哪儿也找不到钥匙。（可能）Am I never to see her again? 难道我就永远见不到她了吗？（注定）(4) 动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语或在被动语态中作主语补足语 宾语与其宾补或主语与其主补形成逻辑上的主谓关系。Wed love you to give us a hand. 我们

12、想让你帮个忙。He was made to repair the broken chair. 要他修理弄坏的椅子。She was seen to draw a wonderful picture. 有人见她作了幅美丽的画儿。 注意：1）在一些动词后，用作宾语补语的动词不定式符号to 要省略掉。这类动词包括感官动词以及使役动词，如feel, spot, look at, listen to, observe, see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let 等。但如果句子为被动语态，动词不定式（短语）为主补时，要带to（let 除外）。I heard her

13、sing a song in the next room yesterday. 我昨天听见她在隔壁唱过一首歌。（She was heard to sing a song in the next room yesterday.）I had John fix my bike. 我让约翰修理我的自行车。 The boy was made to go to bed early. 这男孩被迫早上床睡觉。She was seen to walk into the classroom with a book under her arm. 有人看见她胳臂下夹着一本书走进了教室。2）有些动词后面的宾语补语常是t

14、o be，这样的动词有：believe, consider, declare, find, imagine, know, prove, suppose, understand等。I will consider him to be an honest man. 我会认为他是一个诚实的人。She was believed to be innocent. 大家都相信她是清白的。 3）下列动词后不能跟名词或代词+动词不定式结构admit, confess, demand, explain, hope, propose, suggest 等。My mother suggested that we (sh

15、ould) finish our homework before watching TV. 妈妈建议我们做完作业后才看电视。(不能说My mother suggested us to finish our homework before watching TV) I hoped that the bus would come early. 我希望公共汽车能快点来。(不能说I hoped the bus to come early. 但可以说I hope for the bus to come early. 类似结构有wait for sb. to do；arrange for sb. to d

16、o 等)(5)动词不定式（短语）作定语： 动词不定式（短语）作定语需后置。与所修饰的词有主谓或动宾关系。When the question was out, he was the first one to raise his hand. 问题一提出，他第一个举起手。This terrorist attack is a lesson to remember. 这次恐怖袭击事件是个应该记取的教训。 I am afraid I cannot attend your party, for I have too many things to do.恐怕我不能参加你的晚会了,因为我有好多事情要做。 注意：

17、 1） 当被修饰的是不定代词如everything, anything, much, little 等，或被修饰的名词前被形容词最高级，序数词，the only等强调结构修饰时，非谓语动词作定语则只能用动词不定式。He was the last to realize the importance of this problem. 他没有及时意识到问题的重要性。 2）如被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语，且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词,则后面需跟成为搭配的介词。 Who is the man to talk to? 要谈话的人是谁？ He is a tough teacher to dea

18、l with. 他是个很难对付的老师。I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔写字(6) 动词不定式（短语）作状语 动词不定式（短语）作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等。 目的状语The whole family came out to see my performance. 全家人出来看我表演。 He called to say goodbye. 他打电话来道别。 注意：如要表示强调，可以把动词不定式（短语）置于句首，前面加上in order, 但不能用so as。否定必须用in order not + 动词不定式（短语）或so as not + 动词不定式（短语）

19、，不能用not + 动词不定式（短语）。In order to catch the first bus, we have to get up early. 为了赶上早班车，我们只得早起。Lets hurry so as not to be late for class. 咱们快点，免得上课迟到。 结果状语We rushed to the railway station only to find (表示出乎意料) the train had just left. 我们匆匆赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚离开了。 He studied hard only to fail. 他学习很努力，但却没及格。

20、She went to South China five years ago, never to return. 她五年前去了华南，结果从未返回。 注意：1）soas to, suchas to, enough to以及 too to 等结构中的动词不定式（短语）都表示结果。This basket player is so tall and strong as to be like a giant. 这个篮球运动员又高又壮，就像一个巨人。Her intense feelings are such as to move the present into tears. 她的感情如此之切，使在场的人

21、都流下了眼泪。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头，结果却砸了自己的脚。I am too tired to move. 我太累了，竟无法走动。 2）在too to 结构中，若too 后面的形容词为ready, eager, easy, inclined, anxious, apt, willing, glad, pleased 等词时，动词不定式(短语)不再含否定的意思。too 在此可以被理解为very 的意思。 在tooto的变体only / but / all too to; cant (can never) be

22、too to ; too not to 中，句子不再含否定的意思。 She is too ready to help. 她极其乐于帮助别人。 I am too pleased to see you again. 又见到你，我简直太高兴了。We are too apt to overlook our own faults. 我们很容易忽视自身的错误。 I am only too delighted to accept the gift. 我非常高兴接受这件礼物。You know but too well to hold your tongue. 你深知保持缄默的好。 Thats only too

23、 true. 那是千真万确的。 原因状语动词不定式（短语）常跟在一些形容词后面，说明产生这些情绪的原因。这类 形容词有：happy, ashamed, surprised, grieved, frightened, sorry, glad, delighted, eager, disappointed, right, excited, ready, clever, bored等。I am sorry to interrupt you. 对不起，要打扰你了。 The father was surprised to learn that his son spent money like water

24、. 得知儿子花钱如流水,父亲感到很吃惊。We will be very happy to work on this project with you. 和您一起合作这个项目,我们感到很高兴。 (7) 动词不定式（短语）作独立成分动词不定式（短语）可以用来作句子的独立成分。这些短语有：to begin with（首先）, to tell the truth (truth to tell) （说实在的）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, so to speak（可以这么说）, to be brief（简言之）, to be exact（确切地说）, to be

25、frank （坦率地说）, to do sb.justice（说句公道话）, to conclude（总而言之）等。To begin with, Id like to introduce myself to you all. 首先，我想给你们作一下自我介绍。 He has already, so to speak, been a living dead. 他可以说已经是一具行尸走肉了。To be frank with you, I dont love you any more. 老实对你说吧，我已经不再爱你了。To conclude, energy is exhaustible, so we

26、have to preserve it for our future generations. 总而言之，能量并不是用之不竭的，因此我们必须为后代保留一些。 (8) 动词不定式（短语）作同位语，说明被修饰名词的具体内容 My hope, to be a doctor, has been realized. 我当医生的梦想已经实现了。His wish, to land on the moon, will hardly come true. 他登上月球的愿望很难成真。2动词不定式的省略（1）动词不定式省略to 的各种用法 在感官动词和使役的动词后面作宾补。（请参阅4） 在do nothing (a

27、nything / everything)but(except) 后面 We can do nothing but wait. 除了等待,我们别无他法。 She can do everything but dance. 除了不会跳舞,她什么都行。 在and, or, than后面当几个动词不定式具有同样的功能，由and, or, than连接，则to 只用于第一个不定式之前。 If you want to earn a lot of money and live a better life, you have to work harder. 假如你想多赚钱，过上好日子，你就得更加努力地工作。D

28、o you want to go shopping or go fishing? 你想去购物还是去钓鱼？It is better to go fishing than go shopping. 钓鱼比购物好。 在why, why not 后面当why, why not 表示建议时，后面的动词不定式省去to。Why not come and see me? 何不到我这儿来？Why get up so early? 为何起的这么早？ 在下面这些短语后面时，动词不定式省去to. rather than; would rather than; would sooner than; had better

29、; cant (couldnt) help but; cant but 等Id like to stay at home rather than go to school. 我宁愿呆在家里，也不愿去上学。He would rather die than give in. 他宁死不屈。 Wed better stop arguing. 我们最好不要争执了。Most people would sooner take up a job at home than try their luck abroad now. 如今,好多人宁愿在国内工作也不愿去国外碰运气。We cant help but go

30、home on foot. 我们没法子，只能步行回家。 主语是由what 引导的主语从句或由all或the (most important) thing + 定语从句构成，而从句中的谓语动词是do (did, does) 时, 作表语的动词不定式（短语）是解释do (did, does) 的具体内容，则引导动词不定式的to可省去。 The most important thing I should do is (to) find a job. 对我来说眼下最要紧的是找份工作。What he must do now is (to) apologize to his teacher for bei

31、ng late. 他现在必须做的是因迟到而向老师道歉。All I can do is (to) cry. 除了哭，我别无法子。 在make do with (设法应付), make believe (假装), let go of (放开,解雇), hear tell of (听到), go hang(不再被关心,不管,见鬼去) 等固定搭配中动词不定式不用toWe have to make do with the second best. 我们只得将就地使用二手货。 We cant let things go hang. 我们不能任其自然。 He made believe he knew not

32、hing about it. 他假装对此事一无所知。Let go of my hand. the girl shouted. 那女孩大喊道：放开我的手。Ive often heard tell of the wonderful performance he gives, but Ive never seen them. 我经常听人说到他的演出很好，但我从未见过他表演。 (2) 动词不定式中原形动词的省略 为避免重复，有时可用不定式的符号to来代表动词不定式。-Would you like to have some coffee? 您要来点咖啡吗？ -Yes, Id like to. 好的，来一

33、点。If you dont want to buy it, you dont need to. 假如你不想买的话，你就不要买。 注意：可以这样省略主要动词的动词不定式结构有:hope to, agree to, be willing to, wan tto, refuse to, fail to, manage to, would like to, offer to等。 3. 动词不定式的否定式动词不定式的否定结构由not 或never 加动词不定式（短语）构成。We decided not to go there. 我们决定不去那儿了。 I wished never to see him a

34、gain. 我希望永不再见到她。The background music in an assembly line is designed not to be listened to. 流水线里的背景音乐不是供人欣赏的。 4动词不定式的主动语态表示被动的情况 主语+系动词 + 表语 + 动词不定式 当作表语的某些形容词被动词不定式修饰时，动词不定式与句子主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，动词不定式可以用主动式代替被动式。This problem is difficult to solve. 这个问题很难解决。 That novel is easy to read. 那本小说较容易读。 注意： 可以

35、这样用的形容词有:fine,hard,heavy,important,nice,painful,pleasant,possible,safe,simple,strange,difficult,easy,expensive, dangerous, convenient 等 there + be句型中在there be 句型中，动词不定式用主动式来表示被动的含义。There are a lot of people (for me) to visit. 有好多人要拜访。 There is much work to do. 有许多工作要做。 have + 宾语 + 动词不定式作定语结构中当have 表

36、示有，而动词不定式与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句子的主语是动词不定式动作的执行者时，动词不定式一般用主动式。I have a lot of meetings to attend this week. 本周我有许多会议要参加。 He has many things to do. 他有好多事要做。 在too to, enough to 结构中，动词不定式总是用主动语态。This essay is too difficult to read. 这篇文章很难读。 This problem is easy enough to deal with. 这个问题处理起来很简单。 5动词不定式的时态和

37、语态 时态： 动词不定式的一般式动词不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或将在其后发生的。They are learning to sing and dance.他们在学习歌舞。 We have to get some money to buy a TV set. 我们得赚些钱来买台电视机。 动词不定式的进行式动词不定式的进行式表示的动作是与谓语动词的动作同时发生的，而且正在进行中。该结构也常与always, constantly, rapidly, fast, slowly等副词连用。The weather seems to be improving. 天气似乎在好转。 He

38、seemed always to be washing his hands. 他好象老是在洗手。Come on, its time to be making for (前往,走向) school. 好了，是上学的时候了。动词不定式的完成式动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语的动作之前。I am pleased to have seen you. 见到了你，我很高兴。He pretended not to have seen me when passing by yesterday. 他昨天从我身边经过时假装没看到我。 语态： 动词不定式的被动式I felt a little bit puzzled to be asked such a question. 被问了这样一个问题，我有点迷惑不解。 I wish to be excused. 我请求原谅。This book is intended to be read but not to be stored away. 这本书是供人阅读而不是收藏的。This infectious disease is said to have been wiped out many years ago. 这种传染病据说好多年前就已经灭绝了。 9 / 10