01环境概论第1讲-概述生态系统与能量

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1、环境概论环境概论Introduction to Environment董董 方方土木与水利工程学院土木与水利工程学院第第1讲讲 Introduction,Ecosystem and Energy概述概述,生态系统与能量生态系统与能量本课程主要参考书之一本课程主要参考书之一Environment 4/e Raven&BergA leading textbook on environmentPeter H.RavenPeter H.Raven is one of the worlds leading botanists and advocates of conservation and biodi

2、versity.For three decades,he has headed the Missouri Botanical Garden,an institution he nurtured into a world-class center for botanical research and education,and horticultural（园艺）园艺）display.Described by Time magazine as a Hero for the Planet,Raven champions research around the world to preserve en

3、dangered plants and is a leading advocate for conservation and a sustainable environment.In recognition of his work in science and conservation,Raven is the recipient of numerous prizes and awards,including the prestigious International Prize for Biology from the government of Japan,the U.S.National

4、 Medal of Science,the countrys highest award for scientific accomplishment,and the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement.Raven was a member of President Bill Clintons Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology.He also served for 12 years as home secretary of the National Academy of Sciences

5、 and is a member of the academies of science in Argentina,Brazil,China,Denmark,India,Italy,Mexico,Russia,Sweden,the U.K.,and several other countries.大师说为何学环境大师说为何学环境The challenge of creating and maintaining a sustainable environment is probably the single most pressing issue that will confront stude

6、nts throughout their lives.Today,environmental science is not only relevant to students personal experiences but also vital to the future of the entire planet.As humans increasingly alter Earths land,water,and atmosphere on local,regional,and global levels,the resulting environmental problems can se

7、em insurmountable.Armed with the proper tools,however,students need not find these issues overwhelming.Environment,fourth edition,equips students with the most essential of these tools:a working knowledge of the ecological concepts that underlie environmental problems.The overarching concept of envi

8、ronmental sustainability has never been more important to the field of environmental science than it is today.We have therefore made sustainability a central theme of Environment by integrating it throughout the text.Part 1,Humans in the Environment环境中的人类环境中的人类,introduces environmental science and c

9、urrent environmental concerns.The three chapters in this section also develop the scientific process and examine policies,and environmental ethics affect the environment.1.Our Changing Environment 变化的环境变化的环境2.Using Science to Address Environmental Problems应用科学处理环境问题应用科学处理环境问题3.Environmental History,

10、Legislation环境历史与立环境历史与立法法Part 2,The World We Live in我们所住的世界我们所住的世界,provides a detailed introduction to basic ecological principles.This part,which consists of four chapters,is organized around the ecosystem,which is the fundamental unit of ecology.4.Ecosystems and Energy生态系统与能量生态系统与能量5.Ecosystem and

11、 Living Organism生态系统与有机生物生态系统与有机生物6.Ecosystems and the Physical Environment生态系统与生态系统与自然环境自然环境7.Major Ecosystems of the World 全球主要生态系统全球主要生态系统Part 3,A Crowded World拥挤的世界拥挤的世界,discusses the principles of population ecology and emphasizes the fact that human populations comply with the same principles

12、of population ecology as other organisms.The two chapters in this part also examine urbanization and other sociological and cultural factors that affect human population growth.8.Understanding Population Change认识人口变化认识人口变化9.Facing the Problem of Overpopulation面对人口爆炸面对人口爆炸问题问题Part 4,The Search for En

13、ergy寻求能源寻求能源,considers the environmental impact of the human quest for energy.This part,which consists of three chapters,discusses key issues associated with the use of fossil fuels,nuclear power,and renewable energy sources.10.Fossil Fuels化石燃料化石燃料11.Nuclear Energy核能核能12.Renewable Energy and Conserv

14、ation可再生能可再生能源与保护源与保护Part 5,Our Precious Resources我们宝贵资源我们宝贵资源,examines the overuse and abuse of natural resources.The six chapters in this section explore resource issues and dilemmas involving water,soil,mineral,biological resources,land and food production.13.Water:A Fragile Resources水水:脆弱的资源脆弱的资

15、源14.Soils and Their Preservation土壤与保护土壤与保护15.Minerals:A nonrenewable Resource矿藏矿藏:不可再不可再生的资源生的资源16.Preserving Earths Biological Diversity保护地球的保护地球的生物多样性生物多样性17.Land Resources and Conservation土地资源与保护土地资源与保护18.Food Resources:A Challenge for Agriculture粮食粮食资源资源:农业的挑战农业的挑战Part 6,Environmental Concerns环境

16、关注点环境关注点,review the effects of local,regional,and global pollution.We discuss the problems associated with air pollution,acid deposition,global climate change,stratospheric ozone destruction,water and soil pollution,pesticide pollution,and soil and hazardous wastes.19.Air Pollution空气污染空气污染20.Regiona

17、l and Global Atmospheric Changes地区地区与全球大气变化与全球大气变化21.Water and Soil Pollution水与土壤污染水与土壤污染22.The Pesticide Dilemma杀虫剂困惑杀虫剂困惑23.Solid and Hazardous Wastes固体危险废料固体危险废料Part 7,Tomorrows World明日世界明日世界,concludes book with a single chapter that presents the opinions of authors on social responsibilities,ide

18、ntifying some of the most critical issues that must be grappled with today to assure a better tomorrow.24.Tomorrows World明日世界明日世界关键词：生态、大气、水、土壤、能源、全球变关键词：生态、大气、水、土壤、能源、全球变化、生物多样性化、生物多样性环境的定义 l 环境环境(environment)是指某一特定生物体或生物群是指某一特定生物体或生物群体以外的空间，以及直接或间接影响该生物体或体以外的空间，以及直接或间接影响该生物体或生物群体生存的一切事物的总和。生物群体生存的

19、一切事物的总和。l 环境总是针对某一特定主体或中心而言的，是一环境总是针对某一特定主体或中心而言的，是一个相对的概念，离开了这个主体或中心也就无所个相对的概念，离开了这个主体或中心也就无所谓环境，因此谓环境，因此环境只具有相对的意义环境只具有相对的意义。l 在生物科学中，在生物科学中，环境是指生物的栖息地环境是指生物的栖息地，以及直，以及直接或间接影响生物生存和发展的各种因素。接或间接影响生物生存和发展的各种因素。l 在环境科学中，在环境科学中，人类是主体人类是主体，环境是指围绕着人，环境是指围绕着人群的空间以及其中可以直接或间接影响人类生活群的空间以及其中可以直接或间接影响人类生活和发展的各

20、种因素的总体。和发展的各种因素的总体。l 环境有大小之别，大到整个宇宙，小至基本粒子环境有大小之别，大到整个宇宙，小至基本粒子。例如，对太阳系中的地球而言，整个太阳系就。例如，对太阳系中的地球而言，整个太阳系就是地球生存和运动的环境；是地球生存和运动的环境；l 对栖息于地球表面的动植物而言，整个地球表面对栖息于地球表面的动植物而言，整个地球表面就是它们生存和发展的环境；就是它们生存和发展的环境；l 对某个具体生物群落来讲，环境是指所在地段上对某个具体生物群落来讲，环境是指所在地段上影响该群落发生发展的全部无机因素影响该群落发生发展的全部无机因素(光、热、水光、热、水、土壤、大气、地形等、土壤、

21、大气、地形等)和有机因素和有机因素(动物、植物动物、植物、微生物及人类、微生物及人类)的总和。的总和。l 总之，环境这个概念既是具体的，又是相对的。总之，环境这个概念既是具体的，又是相对的。讨论环境时，要包含着特定的主体，离开了主体讨论环境时，要包含着特定的主体，离开了主体的环境是没有内容的，同时也是毫无意义的。主的环境是没有内容的，同时也是毫无意义的。主体的不同或不明确，往往是造成对环境分类及环体的不同或不明确，往往是造成对环境分类及环境因素分类不同的一个重要原因。境因素分类不同的一个重要原因。环境的类型 环境是一个非常复杂的体系，至今尚未形成统一的分类系环境是一个非常复杂的体系，至今尚未形

22、成统一的分类系统。一般可按统。一般可按环境的主体、环境性质、环境的范围环境的主体、环境性质、环境的范围等进行等进行分类。分类。按环境的主体分，目前有两种体系，一种是按环境的主体分，目前有两种体系，一种是以人为主体以人为主体，其他的生命物质和非生命物质其他的生命物质和非生命物质都被视为都被视为环境要素环境要素。这类环。这类环境称为境称为人类环境人类环境。在环境科学中，多数学者都采用这种分。在环境科学中，多数学者都采用这种分类方法。另一种是类方法。另一种是以生物为主体，生物体以外的所有自然以生物为主体，生物体以外的所有自然条件称为环境条件称为环境。按环境的性质可将环境分成按环境的性质可将环境分成自

23、然环境、半自然环境自然环境、半自然环境(被人被人类破坏后的自然环境类破坏后的自然环境)和社会环境和社会环境3类。类。按环境的范围大小可将环境分为按环境的范围大小可将环境分为宇宙环境宇宙环境(或称星际环境或称星际环境)、地球环境、区域环境、微环境和内环境地球环境、区域环境、微环境和内环境。宇宙环境宇宙环境(space environment)宇宙环境指大气层以外的宇宙空间。宇宙环境指大气层以外的宇宙空间。是人类活动进入大气是人类活动进入大气层以外的空间和地球邻近天体的过程中提出的新概念，也层以外的空间和地球邻近天体的过程中提出的新概念，也有人称之为有人称之为空间环境空间环境。宇宙环境由广阔的空间

24、和存在其中。宇宙环境由广阔的空间和存在其中的各种天体及弥漫物质组成，它对地球环境产生了深刻的的各种天体及弥漫物质组成，它对地球环境产生了深刻的影响。影响。太阳辐射是地球的主要光源和热源太阳辐射是地球的主要光源和热源，为地球生物有机体带，为地球生物有机体带来了生机，推动了生物圈这个庞大生态系统的正常运转。来了生机，推动了生物圈这个庞大生态系统的正常运转。因而，它是地球上一切能量的源泉。因而，它是地球上一切能量的源泉。太阳辐射能的变化影太阳辐射能的变化影响着地球环境响着地球环境。例如，太阳黑子出现的数量同地球上的降。例如，太阳黑子出现的数量同地球上的降雨量有明显的相关关系。月球和太阳对地球的引力作

25、用产雨量有明显的相关关系。月球和太阳对地球的引力作用产 生潮汐现象，并可引起风暴、海啸等自然灾害。生潮汐现象，并可引起风暴、海啸等自然灾害。地球环境(global environment)地球环境地球环境(global environment)指大气圈中的指大气圈中的对流层、水圈、土壤圈、岩石圈和生物圈对流层、水圈、土壤圈、岩石圈和生物圈，又称为全球环境，也有人称为地理环境，又称为全球环境，也有人称为地理环境(geoenvironment)。地球环境与人类及生物。地球环境与人类及生物的关系尤为密切。其中生物圈中的生物把的关系尤为密切。其中生物圈中的生物把地球上各个圈层的关系密切地联系在一起地球

26、上各个圈层的关系密切地联系在一起，并推动各种物质循环和能量转换。，并推动各种物质循环和能量转换。The Earth Spheres地球圈层岩石圈The Earth System地球系统区域环境区域环境,微环境微环境,内环境内环境 区域环境区域环境(regional environment)指占有某一特定地域空间指占有某一特定地域空间的自然环境，它是由地球表面不同地区的自然圈层相互配的自然环境，它是由地球表面不同地区的自然圈层相互配合而形成的。不同地区，形成各不相同的区域环境特点，合而形成的。不同地区，形成各不相同的区域环境特点，分布着不同的生物群落。分布着不同的生物群落。微环境微环境(micr

27、o-environment)指区域环境中，由于某一个指区域环境中，由于某一个(或或几个几个)圈层的细微变化而产生的环境差异所形成的小环境圈层的细微变化而产生的环境差异所形成的小环境。例如，生物群落的镶嵌性就是微环境作用的结果。例如，生物群落的镶嵌性就是微环境作用的结果。内环境内环境(inner environment)指生物体内组织或组胞间的环指生物体内组织或组胞间的环境。对生物体的生长和繁育具有直接的影响。例如，叶片境。对生物体的生长和繁育具有直接的影响。例如，叶片内部，直接和叶肉细胞接触的气腔、气室、通气系统，都内部，直接和叶肉细胞接触的气腔、气室、通气系统，都是形成内环境的场所。内环境对

28、植物有直接的影响，且不是形成内环境的场所。内环境对植物有直接的影响，且不能为外环境所代替。能为外环境所代替。环境科学把人类的环境分为两大方面：环境科学把人类的环境分为两大方面：1自然环境自然环境：主要包括，大气环境、水环：主要包括，大气环境、水环境、土壤环境、生态环境和地质环境；境、土壤环境、生态环境和地质环境；2社会环境社会环境：主要包括，居住环境、生产：主要包括，居住环境、生产环境、文化环境和交通环境。环境、文化环境和交通环境。环境科学研究人类活动对自然界的影响，力环境科学研究人类活动对自然界的影响，力图发现由人的活动给地球环境带来的各种干扰、图发现由人的活动给地球环境带来的各种干扰、危害

29、和负担，并研究人类如何能解决这些问题危害和负担，并研究人类如何能解决这些问题。全球性环境问题全球性环境问题我们通常所说的我们通常所说的环境问题环境问题是指是指由于人类的生产、生活活动，使自然由于人类的生产、生活活动，使自然生态系统失去平衡，反过来又直接或间接地影响人类生存和发展的生态系统失去平衡，反过来又直接或间接地影响人类生存和发展的一切问题一切问题。环境问题伴随人类的产生而产生，并随着人类社会的发展而发展。环境问题伴随人类的产生而产生，并随着人类社会的发展而发展。工业革命之前的人类社会，由于生产力低下，人类对自然环境的破工业革命之前的人类社会，由于生产力低下，人类对自然环境的破坏相对而言是

30、局部或轻微的；随着工业文明的发展，生产力有了极坏相对而言是局部或轻微的；随着工业文明的发展，生产力有了极大的提高，人类在享受工业文明带来的诸多好处的同时，大的提高，人类在享受工业文明带来的诸多好处的同时，消耗了大消耗了大量的资源量的资源，同时，同时，也向环境排放了大量的污染物也向环境排放了大量的污染物。时至今日，由于。时至今日，由于人类的生产、生活活动而产生的环境问题已经成为人类的生产、生活活动而产生的环境问题已经成为严重的全球性问严重的全球性问题，直接危害着人类自身的生存和发展题，直接危害着人类自身的生存和发展。一般认为，当今世界存在十大类全球性环境问题：一般认为，当今世界存在十大类全球性环

31、境问题：全球气候变暖全球气候变暖，臭氧层破坏，酸雨危害，淡水资源危机，资源能源短缺，森林锐减，臭氧层破坏，酸雨危害，淡水资源危机，资源能源短缺，森林锐减，土地荒漠化，生物多样性锐减，垃圾成灾，以及有毒化学品的全球土地荒漠化，生物多样性锐减，垃圾成灾，以及有毒化学品的全球转移转移。我国面临的环境问题我国面临的环境问题（1）大气污染依然严重大气污染依然严重。2005年年,113个大气污染防治重点城市中，仅个大气污染防治重点城市中，仅48个城市个城市达到或好于国家环境空气质量二级标准，占重点城市的达到或好于国家环境空气质量二级标准，占重点城市的42.5%。（2）水域污染问题突出水域污染问题突出。20

32、05年全国七大水系中，有年全国七大水系中，有4大水系中度或重度污染，大水系中度或重度污染，仅长江水系和珠江水系水质良好。仅长江水系和珠江水系水质良好。（3）水土流失难以遏制水土流失难以遏制。2005年全国水土流失面积年全国水土流失面积356万平方千米（万平方千米（km2），），占国土面积的占国土面积的37.1%。水土流失范围遍及所有的省、自治区和直辖市。水土流失范围遍及所有的省、自治区和直辖市。（4）土地荒漠化问题依然严峻土地荒漠化问题依然严峻。目前，我国荒漠化土地为。目前，我国荒漠化土地为263.62万万km2，占国，占国土面积的土面积的27.46%；沙化土地面积为；沙化土地面积为173.9

33、7万万km2，占国土面积的，占国土面积的18.12%。我。我国是世界上荒漠化最严重的国家之一。国是世界上荒漠化最严重的国家之一。（5）频危物种生境缩小频危物种生境缩小。建国五十多年来，已有。建国五十多年来，已有200多种高等植物灭绝、多种高等植物灭绝、400多多种野生动物濒临危机。种野生动物濒临危机。（6）水资源短缺水资源短缺。华北、胶东、辽中南、西北地区和。华北、胶东、辽中南、西北地区和300座城市常年缺水。因座城市常年缺水。因缺水全国每年粮食减产缺水全国每年粮食减产50亿斤，工业产值损失近亿斤，工业产值损失近1000亿元。亿元。（7）耕地逐年减少耕地逐年减少。每年全国净减少耕地。每年全国净

34、减少耕地500万亩。全国遭受污染的土地已达万亩。全国遭受污染的土地已达1.5亿亩。亿亩。（8)我国我国1/3的土地遭遇过的土地遭遇过酸雨袭击酸雨袭击；（9）城市中按照环保方式处理的垃圾不足城市中按照环保方式处理的垃圾不足20%。ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE(环境科学环境科学)How humans can best live within Earths environment is the theme of what is loosely called environmental science,the interdisciplinary study of humanitys re

35、lationship with other organisms and the nonliving physical environment.Environmental science is interdisciplinary 交叉学科because it uses and combines information from many disciplines,such as biology 生物学(particularly ecology生学态),geography地理学,chemistry化学,geology地质学,physics物理学,economics经济学,sociology社会学(p

36、articularly demography人口统计学,the study of populations),cultural anthropology文化人类学,natural resources management自然资源管理,agriculture农业,engineering工程,law法律,politics政治,and ethics伦理.环境科学的内涵环境科学的内涵 Environmental science encompasses many complex and interconnected problems involving human population,Earths na

37、tural resources,and environmental pollution.Pollution is an alteration of air,water,or soil that harms the health,survival,or activities of humans and other living organisms.The Goals of Environmental Science 环境环境科学的目的科学的目的l Environmental scientists try to establish general principles about how the

38、natural world functions(理解自然界的一般规律）.They use these principles to develop viable solutions to environmental problems-solutions that are based as much as possible on scientific knowledge.（利用科学解决环境问题）l Environmental problems are generally complex,however,and so our scientific understanding of them is o

39、ften less complete than we would like it to be.Environmental scientists are often called on to reach a scientific consensus before the data are complete（环境问题很复杂，环境科学并不完善，但必须解决环境问题）.As a result,they often make recommendations to elected officials based on probabilities rather than precise answers.Env

40、ironmental Sustainability 环境环境可持续性可持续性l Environmental sustainability is the ability to meet humanitys current needs without compromising牺牲牺牲 the future generations to meet their needs.l Sustainability implies that the environment can function indefinitely without going into a decline from the stress

41、es imposed by human society on natural systems(such as fertile soil,water and air)that maintain life.l When the environment is used sustainably,humanitys present needs are met without endangering the welfare of future generations.Environmental sustainability applies at many levels,including individu

42、al,community,regional,national,and global levels.（环境可持续性包括不同层次，个人，社区，地区，国家，全球）Environmental sustainability is based in part on the following ideas:1.We must consider the effects of our actions on the health and well-being of the natural environment,including all living things.（必须考虑我们行为的影响）2.Earths r

43、esources are not present in infinite supply.We must live within limits that let renewable resources such as fresh water regenerate for future needs.（资源并非无限）3.We must understand all the costs to the environment and to society of products we consume.（考虑环境成本）4.We must each share in the responsibility f

44、or environmental sustainability.（分担可持续发展的责任）可持续发展可持续发展“可持续发展战略可持续发展战略”被提出的背景：“可持续发展战略”是1992年6月在巴西里约热内卢召开的“联合国环境与发展大会”上提出的。“可持续发展”关注的方面有：生态可持续性、社会可持续性、文化可持续性。可持续发展社会可持续发展社会是一种既能满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足其生存能力构成危害的新型社会发展模式。Human society is not operating sustainably because of the following human behaviors1.We

45、are using nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels as if they were present in unlimited supplies.（使用非可再生资源）2.We are using renewable resources such as fresh water and forests faster than they can be replenished naturally.（过度使用可再生资源）3.We are polluting the environment with toxins as if the capacity

46、of the environment to absorb them is limitless.（毒物污染环境超过自然自净能力）4.Our numbers continue to grow despite Earths finite ability to feed and sustain us and absorb our wastes.（人口过快增长）If left unchecked,these activities may reach the point of environmental catastrophe（灾难）（灾难）,threatening the life-support sy

47、stems of Earth to the extent that recovery is impossible.可持续发展可持续发展战略的九项原则：战略的九项原则：人类必须有福共享、保护地球、考虑子孙后代，人类不能人类必须有福共享、保护地球、考虑子孙后代，人类不能对自然界竭泽而渔。人类选择的生活方式要充分尊重并不对自然界竭泽而渔。人类选择的生活方式要充分尊重并不得超越自然的承受能力。它的原则包括九个方面，也称为得超越自然的承受能力。它的原则包括九个方面，也称为九项原则九项原则：1建立一个可持续性社会；建立一个可持续性社会；2尊重和保护生活社区；尊重和保护生活社区；3改善人类生活质量；改善人类

48、生活质量；4保护地球的生命力和多样性；保护地球的生命力和多样性；5维持在地球的承载能力之内；维持在地球的承载能力之内；6改变个人的态度和生活习惯；改变个人的态度和生活习惯；7使公民团体能够关心自己的环境；使公民团体能够关心自己的环境；8建立协调发展与保护的国家网络；建立协调发展与保护的国家网络；9创建全球性联盟。创建全球性联盟。l Three factors-environmentally sound decisions环境合理性环境合理性,economically viable decisions经济可行性经济可行性,and socially equitable社会社会公平性公平性 deci

49、sions-interact to promote sustainable development.Environmentally sound decisions do not harm the environment or deplete natural resources.Economically viable decisions consider all costs,including long-term environmental and societal costs.Socially equitable decisions reflect the needs of society a

50、nd ensure that costs and benefits are shared equally by all groups.多层次可持续发展多层次可持续发展社会公平吗?Ethics伦理伦理 Ethics is the branch of philosophy that is derived through the logical application of human values.The values are the principles that an individual or society considers important or worthwhile.Values

51、are not static entities but changes as societal,cultural,political,and economic priorities change.Ethics helps us determine which forms of conduct are morally acceptable or unacceptable,right or wrong.Ethics plays a role in whatever types of human activities involve intelligent judgment and voluntar

52、y action.Whenever alternative,conflicting values occur,ethics helps us choose which value is better,or worthier,than other values Environmental ethics 环境伦理环境伦理l Environmental ethics is large and complex field of applied ethics that considers the moral basis of environmental responsibility and how fa

53、r this responsibility extends.l Environmental ethicists try to determine how we humans should relate to the natural environment.For example,what role should humans play in determining the fate of Earths resources,including other species?l Environmental ethics considers not only the rights of people

54、living today,both individually and collectively,but also the rights of future generations.l By defining our environmental ethics,we are in a better position to use science and technology for long term environmental sustainability.代表性环境伦理代表性环境伦理 天人合一观(中国道教文化)人地矛盾观(马尔萨斯人口论)人类中心论 anthropocentrism 人定胜天论

55、(毛泽东)生物中心论biocentrism 纯自然生态观 deep ecology 地球整体论 代际均等 科学发展观(胡锦涛)Deep ecologyDeep ecology绿色建筑Green architecture The Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies at Oberlin College is one of the best examples of ecological design in the United States.It uses about 20%of the energy that a new buil

56、ding typically uses.中国建筑领域显示CO2排放显著减少的典型例子绿化平台和太阳能光电遮阳板外形是根据对位置和北京特殊气候条件的分析而设计。该楼座落在密集的市区环境，周围都是一些高层建筑物,在冬天可满足对太阳能的需要，在夏天则具有防晒保护作用。天然和人工照明：反射和半反射的薄板和天窗将允许阳光在冬天透射入房间，而在夏天则被反射出去,减少建筑物的能源消耗。双面照明和人工照明将以高效灯具和装置为基础,由一个调光系统控制，能根据室内的实际照明需要，并结合天然照明度来调整灯光强度。当房间无人时，控制系统将自动关灯。HVAC(暖气、通风和空调)系统：舒适的暖气条件由主通风(通过一个置换

57、通风系统)+辐射天花板系统提供。这种组合使泵和风机的耗电量减到最低。轻质辐射天花板可令冬天气温较低，而在夏天则较高，从而减少能源消耗；而且，当房间中有很少人或没有人时，感应器以及CO2感应器可调节气流和天花板温度，这样就避免了无必要的能源消耗。在夏天夜晚有冷气。(气、电、冷)三生系统：煤气发动机是这栋大楼能源系统的核心。它们与发电机结合，生产大部份所需的电能。发动机废热在冬天被用于供暖,在夏天则通过吸冷器放冷气，并用于全年的热水生产。一个复杂的“智能”控制系统调控该设备。因为生产的电能比较干净，SIEEB楼每平方米的CO2排放量将远低于目前中国商业建筑物。The attractive buil

58、ding in the opening photo-the Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies at Oberlin College in Ohio-does not at first glance appear to be anything special,but it represents a vision implemented by dedicated students,faculty members,architects and many others.Dedicated(落成)in 2000,the building

59、 is an award-winning example of green architecture,which encompass environmental considerations such as energy conservation,and recycled or reused building materials.The Lewis Center is designed to work like a natural ecosystem such as a forest or pond-that is,it obtains its energy from sunlight,pre

60、serves biological diversity,and produces few wastes that cannot be recycled or reused.An advanced-design,earth-coupled heat pump,which extracts heat from 24 geothermal wells in the ground,supplies some of the energy for heating and cooling the building.On the roof,an array of photovoltaic(PV)cells c

61、ollects the suns energy to meet most of the buildings electricity needs.On sunny days,the PV cells produce more electricity than the building uses,so the excess is sold to the Ohio power grid.On cloudy winter days,the building buys the extra energy it needs from the grid.Energy is saved by the tripl

62、e-paned windows,which allow sunlight to enter the building but insulate against heat loss during winter and heat gain during summer.Classrooms in the building have motion sensors that detect when people are not in the room,triggering the energy-efficient lighting fixtures and ventilation systems to

63、shut down.The buildings wastewater from sinks and toilets is cleansed and recycled by a so-called living machine.This organic system consists of a series of tanks that contain bacteria,aquatic organisms,and plants.These organisms interact to remove organic wastes,nutrients such as nitrogen and phosp

64、horus,and disease-causing organisms from the water as it moves through the tanks.After it has been cleaned,the water is stored and reused in the buildings toilets.The acoustic panels in the auditorium are made from agricultural straw wastes,and the computer table in the resource center is constructe

65、d from the old campus bowling alley.All new wood used in the building came from nearby forests that are certified to produce sustainably harvested wood.All the steel frames used in the building are composed of recycled steel.The carpets in the classrooms are installed in squares that are easy to rem

66、ove.As the carpet wears out,it is not disposed of in a landfill.Instead,the squares are returned to the manufacturer,where they are recycled into“new”carpet.The landscape surrounding the building is carefully designed to highlight a variety of natural and agricultural ecosystems.Because most of Oberlin Colleges students come from urban areas,these landscaped grounds supply an outdoor classroom that exposes students to the natural environment.Much of the area on which Oberlin College was built or