阅读理解之猜测词义之定义解释法

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1、怎样猜测词义词义猜测题的命题分析1. 词义猜测题的命题依据高考英语主要考查的是考生对于高中英语基础知识和基本技能的掌握情况，侧重考查考生的综合语言运用能力，特别是运用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。词义猜测题正是对于这种能力的具体考查，它是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解能力和处理生词的能力，对此英语课程标准和高考英语考试大纲都有具体的要求。英语课程标准的要求是：能够根据情景及上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象。高考英语考试大纲要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：1理解主旨和要义；2理解文中具体信息；3根据上下文推

2、断生词的词义；4作出判断和推理；5理解文章的基本结构；6理解作者的意图、观点和态度。词义猜测题的设问特点词义猜测题的提问关键词为mean,referto,bereplaced等。常见的设问方式有：(1)TheunderlinedwordIIinthesecondpassageprobablymeansII.(2)Whichofthefollowingwordscanbesttaketheplaceoftheword_Iinthefirstparagraph?(3) Whatdoestheunderlinedword_IinParagraph3referto?(4) Theunderlinedw

3、ord_IinParagraph1isnearest/closestinmeaningto(5)ThewordIIrefersto/probablymeans/couldbestbereplacedby_I.(6) ThewordIIismostlikelytomean(7) WhatdoyouthinktheexpressionIIstandsfor?(8) BysayingIIwemean(9)asusedinthepassage,cansbtedbeefinedas(10)Theunderlinedword/phrase/sentence3.词义猜测题的选项特点(1)正确选项的特点mea

4、ns忠实于原文的语言，即在文字表述上基本和原文相关语句一致。类似于原文的同义词语或同义结构，即和原文相关句子结构一致，语法表现形式不同，但语义一样。(2)干扰项的特点给出所熟悉词的字面意思或常规含义。(1) 与上下文意思貌似吻合词义猜测题的考查类型_I.考查熟词新义所谓熟词新义是讲考生已经熟悉这个词的基本意思，但在考查语境中其又有新的含义，要求考生能推测出这些词在句中的含义。此类题目的最大特点就是熟词有新义。例如：A. 42.TheunderlinedwordvoiceIIinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymean010年四川卷A篇)【分析】voice是考生非常熟

5、悉的单词，但是这个词在文中却有了新的含义，表示一种写作的方法，正确答案为选项C。(2) 考查生词词义的猜测所谓生词，是指在考纲或教材中没有出现过的词汇，考生完全不了解其含义，主要考查考生通过上下文猜测词义的能力。该类题目的最大特点就是新语境中的新词义。例如：_I.TheunderlinedwordassertivenessIinthelastparagraphprobablymeans(2010年北京卷C篇)beingwillingtospeakonesmindB.beingabletoincreaseonespowerC.beingreadytomakeonesownjudgmentD.be

6、ingquicktoexpressonesideasconfidently【分析】assertiveness词对考生来讲，应该算是一个生词，想要明白其意，必须结合语境来推测。这一类型的题目对于考生来讲，是一种较为公平、客观的能力考查。正确答案为选项D。(3) 考查代词词义的猜测代词的主要作用就是用来指代上下文所出现的名词以及名词词组。由于代词的这种指代性，使得文章的行文更加流畅、逻辑更加严密。该类题目的最大特点是内在的逻辑和指代。例如：TheunderlinedwordthemIIinParagraph2refer(2010年北京卷D篇)【分析】综合第2自然段的段落大意，可判断此处的them指

7、代的是pressingcalls。58.WhatdoestodothatIIrefertointhesecondpar(a20dph年四川卷E篇)【分析】此题属于对文段语境指代能力的考查。需要根据一todothat所在的前后段落大意及文章的中心进行分析，才能作出合理的判断。正确答案为选项C.ToallowJohntoseethechildren。考查对短语含义的猜测短语是由两个或两个以上的词组合起来构成的，考生必须注意词与词之间的关系以及上下文的语境，进而对短语的含义做出猜测。该类题的最大特点是词语之间的关系。例如：duringthe72.Thephrasecommunicationsblac

8、koutIinParagraph1mostprobablyrefersto_2012Olympics.（2010年上海卷C篇）【分析】blackout有停电II、瞬台熄灯之意，communication有传播II、-交流I之意。因此在推测一communicationsblackout这一短语的含义时应注意两者之间的语义关系，答案应为选项B.thecollapseofbroadcastingsystems。考查对句子含义的猜测该类题目的最大特点是要对句子前后的语境进行分析以及对句中重点词语的把握。例如:42.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2mostprobablymea

9、nsthatgamescan.（2010年天津卷B篇）A.describelifeinanexcitingwayB.turnreal-lifeexperiencesintoaplayC.makelearninglifeskillsmoreinterestingD.changepeoplesviewsofsportingevents【分析】通过分析划线句子的前后语境，可以得出答案为选项C。方法与技巧一:定义/解释法即根据给出的定义或解释/举例猜测词义为了解释或说明某个词语的意义，有时作者会用直接定义法或用其它方式对该词进行解释或说明。女口：Anthropologyisthescientifics

10、tudyofman.由此可知anthropology意为一研究人类的科学，人类学、。关键信息词有:is,means,refersto,isconsideredtobe,isknownas,iscalled,canbedefinedas,thatis(tosay),or,beconsideredtobe,inotherwords,namely(即，就是)，破折号，同位语，定语从句等等。1.根据定义(definition)猜测词义定义常用的谓语动词多为：be,mean,dealwith,beconsideredtobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signi

11、fy(意味，表明)等。1. 【实例验证】Acalendarisalistofthedays,weeks,monthsofaparticularyear.2. Abiographyisthestoryofapersonslifewrittenbysomeoneelse.3. Apersonwhoisskilledatmakingorrepairingwoodenobjectsiscalledacarpenter.4. Hisuncleisazoologist,anexpertwhodoesresearchonanimals.5. Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,ea

12、rnsabout650yuanayear.6. Weareonthenightshi什-frommidnightto8a.m.-thisweek.7.Thewordmeanstheperiodbetweenchildrenandadulthood.8. A少儿期B幼儿期C青春期D成人期（2005年湖北卷）Doyouknowwhataterritoryis?|Aterritoryisanareathatananimal,usuallythemale,claims（声称）asitsown.TheYouthSummitwasaimedatincreasingunderstandingandfrien

13、dshipbetweenyoungstudentsofthetwocountriesthroughvisitsanddiscussions.Seventy-fiveAmericanstudentswereselectedtovisitChina.TheyalsovisitedtheNixonLibraryonJuly21beforeleavingforBeijingthenextday.TheheadofthelibrarysaidhewaspleasedtoseetheAmericanandChinesestudentstalkingandlaughingtogether.C. Thewor

14、dsYouthSummit、refertoA.visittotheNixonLibraryB.theChinesestudentsvisittoSheUameetingdiscussingrelationsbetweenChinaandtheU.S.activitiestostrengthenthetiesbetweentheChineseandAmericanstudents根据复述推测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，至少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致义域”意义范围）。复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。（1）同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两

15、部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有信号词or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say,i.e.等。1. （2）定语从句复述：例如（05浙江卷B段）lnfact,onlyabout80ocelots,valuesoftheUSA-money,Successorexpensivethingstobuy.3nslang,thetermiamcfenstitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsitu

16、ation.Modernmedicinebeganwiththestethoscope,amedicaltoolusedforlisteningtothemovementsofapersonslungsandhisheartbeats.4. Theharborisprotectedbyajettyawallbuiltoutintothewater.5. Janeisindecisive,thatis,shecantmakeuphermindeasily.8. Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreelectriccharge,isoneofthemostcommonch

17、aracteristicsofelectroniccircuits（电器装置）.9. Forthepurposeofelectrostatictheoryallmatterscanbedividedintotwofairlydifferentclasses:conductors,inwhichelectricalchargecanfloweasilyfromoneplacetoanother；andinsulators,inwhichitcannot.10.Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittlethatis,itwillbreakeasily.1. Aeasily

18、brokenBsoftinsideCveryhardDexpensive根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。关键词有：suchas,e.g,such,like,forexample/instanee,especially,include,consistof等Todayyoungcoupleswhoarejuststartingtheirhouseholdsoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliancesforexample,washing-machines,fridgesandcolorTVs.2. Thisincludespoultryforma

19、incourse（e.g.chicken,turkey,duck,goose）salad,breadandvegetables,andfeaturesofvarietyofdesserts,forexample,pie,puddingsandicecream.3. Carsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes（杀U车）（04辽宁卷C段）Thecoursegivesyouchancestoknowgreatpowerpolitiesbetweennationstates.Itwillprovidem

20、orespacetostudyparticularissuessuchasrelationshipamongcountriesintheEuropeanUnion,thirdworlddebt,localandinternationaldisagreement,andtheworkofsuchinternationalbodiesastheUnitedNations,theEuropeanUnion,NATO,andtheWorldBank.【真题验证】2004福建卷Es,whosecookhasdevelopedaspecialwayofmixingforeignfoodsuchascari

21、bou,wildboar,andreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.Besttimetovisitisduringtheoff-season,fromearlyMaytomid-June,orinOctober.Thiswayyoucanavoidsharingthehighwaywithmobile（移动的）homeswhichcanbepulledbycars.Butwhatevertheseason,takesomelunchwithyoufromBanf,becausethereareonlyafewfoodstopsontheroad.Fortyminutesn

22、orthofBanf,sidebysidewiththeBanfNationalPark,sitsworld-famousLakeLouise.Thissurprisinglysmallbodyofwaterisattractivewithtoweringmountainsaroundit.Glaciers,hugemassesofice,movingveryslowlyagainstrocks,producewhatiscalledglacierrockflour,makingitswaterdarktosee.Itisworthtakingawalkaroundthegroundsofth

23、eChateauLakeLouise,anotherbeauty,proudofitsearly20thcenturyhistory.Backontheroad,anditstimetocontinuenoetasiontshiingColumbiaIcefield,thenturnoffthehighwayandtaketheshortroadtothebaseoftheAthabaskaGlacier.Youcanrenticecleats（夹板）anddosomeclimbingordoamorepleasantsnowmobiletour.Eitherway,youcanenjoyen

24、dlessbeautifulsights.FinallyyoullreachJasper,theusualturningaroundtheplacefortheBanJffisperloop（回路）.ItworthridingtheJasperSkytram,andbesuretovisitthewonderfulJasperParkLodge,alsodatingbacktothe1920s.Ifyoucanhavelunchthere,doit.Therestauranthasanadventurousmenuandtheirwinelistwouldputasmileonanyvisit

25、orsface.72.Accordingthepassage,ThePinesisa.A.placeinwhichyoucanseemanymobilehomesmountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalleytownwhichhappenstobeneartheBanfNationalParkrestaurantwhereyoucanaskforsomespecialkindsoffood2004上海卷CWeareallinterestedinequality,butwhilesomepeopletrytoprotecttheschoolandexamin

26、ationsysteminthenameofequality,other,stillinthenameofequality,wantonlytodestroyit.Anysocietywhichisinterestedinequalityofopportunityandstandardsofachievementmustregularlytestitspupils.Thestandardsmaybechangednoexaminationisperfectbuttohavetotestsorexaminationswouldmeantheendofequalityandofstandards.

27、Therearegroupsofpeoplewhoopposethisviewandwhodonotbelieveeitherinexaminationsorinanycontrolsinschooloronteachers.Thiswouldmeanthateverythingwoulddependonlucksinceeverypupilwoulddependontheefficiency,thevaluesandthepurposeofeachteacher.Withoutexaminations,employerswilllookforemployeesfromthehighlyres

28、pectedschoolsandfromfamiliesknowntothemaformoffavoritismwillreplaceequality.Atthemoment,thebrightchildfromanillrespectedschoolcanshowcertificatestoproveheorsheissuitableforajob,whilethelakeofcertificateindicatestheunsuitabilityofadullchildattendingawellrespectedschool.Thisdefendofexcelleneeandopport

29、unitywoulddisappearifexaminationsweretakenaway,andthebrightchildformapoorfamilywouldbeaprisonerofhisorherschoolsreputation,unabletocompeteforemploymentwiththechildfromthefavouredschool.Theopponentsoftheexaminationsystemsuggestthatexaminationsareanevilforcebecausetheyshowdifferencesbetweenpupils.Acco

30、rdingtothesepeople,theremustbenospecial,different,academicclass.Theyhaveevensuggestedthatthereshouldbenoformofdiffereneeinsportoranyotherarea:alljobsorpostsshouldbefilledbyunsystematicselection.Theselectionwouldbemadebypeoplewhothemselvesareprobablyselectedbysomecomputer.82.ThewordfavoritismIIinpara

31、graph3isusedtodescribethephenomenonthat.A. brightchildrenalsoneedcertificatesgogetsatisfyingjobs.childrenfromwellrespectedschoolstendtohavegoodjobspoorchildrenwithcertificatesarefavouredinjobmarketschildrenattendingordinaryschoolsachievegreatsuccess2010重庆卷AOnemorningmorethanthirtyyearsago,Ienteredth

32、eTrackKitchen,arestaurantwhereeveryonefromthehumblest（卑微的）tothemostpowerfulcameforbreakfast.Inoticedamemptychairnexttoanelderly,unshavenman,wholookedsomewhatdisheveled.Hewaswearingaworn-outhatandwasalone.IaskedifImightjoinhim.HeagreedquietlyandIsatdowntohavemybreakfast.Wecautiouslybeganaconversionan

33、dspokeaboutawiderangofthings.Weneverintroducedourselves.Iwasconcernedthathemighthavenomoneyandnotbeabletoaffordsomethingtoeat.SoasIrosetogobacktothecounterandbuyasecondcupofcoffee,Iasked,MyIgetyousomething?IIAcoffeewouldbenice.IIThenIboughthimacupofcoffee,Wetalkedmore,andheacceptedanothercupofcoffee

34、,Finally,Irosetoleave,wishedhimwell,andheadedfortheexit.AtthedoorImetoneofmyfriends.Heasked,HowdidyougettoknowMr.Galbreath?IIWho?IIcouldhardlybelieveit.Iwasbuying,offeringafreebreakfast,andfeelingpityforoneoftheworldsrichestandmostpowerfulmen!MyfewminuteswithMr.Galbreathchangedmylife.NowItrytotreate

35、veryonewithrespect,nomatterwhoIthinktheyare,andnomatteranotherhumanbeingwithkindnessandsincerity.56.WhatdoestheunderlinedworddisheveledIImean?A.Unfriendly.B.Untidy.C.Gentle.D.Kind.2010江西卷DModerminventionshavespeededuppeopleslivesamazingdyarMoOverahundredmilesinlittlemorethananhour.Aircraftcrossthewo

36、rldaday,whilecomputersoperateatlightningspeed.Indeed,thisloveofspeedseemsnever-ending.Everyyearmotor-carsareproducedwhichgoevenfastereachnewcomputerboasts（吹嘘）ofsavingprecioussecondsinhandlingtasks.Allthissavestimc,butataprice.Whenweloseorgainhalfadayinspeedingacrosstheworldinanairplane,ourbodiestell

37、usso.Wegettheuncomfortablefeelingknownasjet-lag;ourbodiesfeelthattheyhavebeenleftbebindinanothertimezonesAgainspendingtoolongatcompulersresultsinpainfulwristsandfingers.Mobilephonesalsohavetheirdangersaccordingtosomeseientists;toomuchusemaytransmitharmfulradiationintoourbrains,aconsequeneewedonotlik

38、etothinkabout.However,whatdowedowiththetimewehavesaved?Certainlynotrelax,orsoitseems.Wearesoaccustomedtoconstantactivitythatwefinditdifficulttositanddonothing,orevenjustonethingatatime.Perhapsthedaysarelonggonewhenwemightlistenquietlytoastoryontheradio,lettingimaginationtakeusintoanotherworld.Therew

39、asatimewhensomepeopleslivesweredevotedsimplytothecultivationofthelandorthecareofcattle.Nomulti-taskingthere;theirliveswenlonatamuchgentlerpace,andinafamiliarpattern.Thereismuchthatwemightenvyaboutawayoflifelikethis.Yetbeforewedoso,wemustthinkofthehardtasksourancestorsfaeed;:theyfarmedwithbarehands,o

40、ftenlivedclosetohunger,andhadtofashiontoolsfromwoodandstone.Modernmachineryhasfreedpeoplefromthatprimitiveexistenee.69.WhatdoesthedaysIIinParagraph3referto?2011年江西卷A篇Mum,whatdoesitmeanwhensomeonetellsyouthattheyhaveaskeleton（骨骼）inthecloset（衣橱）?IIJessicsasked.Askeletoninthecloset?hrmotherpausedthough

41、tfully,Well,itssomethingthatyouwouldrathernothaveanyoneelseknowabout.Forexample,ifinthepast,someoneinDadsamilyhadbeenarrestedforstealingahorse,itwouldbe?askeletoninhisfamilyscloset.Hereallywouldntwantanyneighbortoknowaboutit.IIWhypickonmyfamily?Jessicafathersaidwithanger.Yourfamilyhistoryisnsogood,y

42、ouknow.Wasntyougreatgreat-grandfatheraprisonerwhowastransportedtoAustraliaforhiscrimes?YesbutpeoplethesedayssaythatyouarenotarealAustralianuniessyourancestorsarrivedasprisoners.IGoshsorryIasked.IthinkIunderstandnow,IlJessicacutinbeforethingsgrewworse.Afterdinner,thehousewasveryquiet.Jessicasparentsw

43、erestillquiteangrywitheachother.Hermotherwasironingclothesandeverynowandthensheglaredatherhusband,whohidbehindhisnewspaperpretendingtoread.Whenshefinished,shegatheredthefreshlypressedclothesinherarmsandwalkedtoJessicascloset.Justassheopenedthedoorandreachedintohangaskirt,abonyarmstuckoutfromthedarkd

44、epthsandabundleofwhitebonesfelltothefloor.Jessicasmothersankintoafaint（晕倒）,wakingonlywhenJessicaputacold,wetclothonherforehead.Shelookeduptoseetheworriedfacesofherhusbandanddaughter.Whathappened?WhereamI?IIsheasked.Youjustdestroyedtheschoolsskeleton.MuexplainedJessica.Ibroughtithometohelpmewithmyhea

45、lthproject.Imeanttotellyou,butitseemedthatassoonasImentionedskeletonsandclosets,itcausedaproblembetweenyouandDad.IIJessicalookedinamazementasherparentsbegantolaughmadly.Theyrebothcrazythought.56.AccordingtoJessicasmother,askeletoninthecloset.IImeansA.afamilyhonorB.afamilysecretC.afamilystoryD.afamilytreasure