金融英语阅读

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1、金融英语阅读：支票账户Whenabankmakesapaymentonacheck,itcancelsthecheck.Thatis,itmarksthecheckwithsomekindofstampsothatthecheckcannotbeusedagain.Postagestampsarealsocanceledtoindicatethattheyhavebeenusedandcannotbeusedagain.当银行兑付支票时要予以注销，也就是说，银行要用某种戳记盖在支票上，支票就不会再使用了。邮票也要注销，表明邮票已经用过，不能再用。Ifyouhaveacheckingaccoun

2、t,thebanksendsyouyourcanceledchecksalongwithyourmonthlystatement.Thesecheckscanbeusedinsteadofreceipts.Theycanbeusedasproofthatpaymenthasbeenmade.如果你有支票账户，银行每月把你的付讫支票连同月度清单送给你。这些支票可以代替收据，当作付款的证据。Ifyouopenanaccountorifyouwanttocashacheck,youmustprovideproofofyouridentity.IntheU.S.,adriverslicenseispr

3、obablythemostfrequentlyusedkindofidentification.Passportsarealwaysacceptableforthispurpose.Whenyouopenanaccount,youareaskedtofilloutasignaturecard.Youmustbecarefultosignyournameexactlyasyouintendtowriteitonyourchecks.Thebankcomparesthesignatureonyourcheckswiththatonyoursignaturecard.Ifthereisanydoub

4、taboutthesignature,thebankwillrefusetocashthecheckandwillreturnthechecktotheendorser.Acheckmustbeendorsedbeforeitcanbecashed-thatis,thepersonorcompanytowhomthecheckismadeoutmustsignitontheback.如果你要开户，或想兑现支票，必须提供你的身份证件。在美国，驾照也许是最常用的身份证件，护照一直当作身份证使用。在你开户时，银行会要你填写一张印鉴卡，你必须认真地签字，它要同你今后在支票上的签字完全相符，银行会将支票

5、上的签字与你印鉴卡上的签字核对。如果银行对签字的真实性有怀疑，它将会拒绝兑现支票，将支票退给背书人。支票在兑现之前必须先背书，也就是说，支票向其开出的个人或公司必须在支票的背面签字。Whenyouputmoneyinthebank,youwritethedateandtheamountdepositedonadepositslip.当你到银行存款时，你要在存款凭条上写明日期和所存的金额。Attheendofthemonth,thebanksendsyouastatementofyouraccount.Thestatementprovidesasummaryofthechecksthathave

6、beenpaidandthedepositsthathavebeenmade.Theamountthatisleftinyouraccountafterthecheekshavebeendeductedandthedepositshavebeencreditedisthebalanee.扣除了支票款及贷记的存款额之后，账户上剩下的金额就是余额。IfyoueverwenttotheUnitedStatestostudyinacollegeorauniversity,oneofthefirstthingsyouwouldhavetodoisopenacheckingaccount.Youwould

7、finditsaferandmoreconvenienttoputyourmoneyinabankandwriteoutcheckstopayforyourlargerpurchases.Andcheckingaccountshaveotheradvantagesaswell.Thecanceledchecksthatarereturnedtoyouprovidearecordofwhereyourmoneywasspent,andtheycanserveasproofthatpaymentwasreceivedthatis,canceledcheckscanserveasreceipts.如

8、果你到美国上大学，你必须要做的一件事就是开立一个支票账户。你会觉得把钱存在银行更安全，用支票购买大件商品更方便。而且支票账户还有其他优点。寄回的付讫支票记载了你花钱的地点，当作收到款项的证据，也就是说，付讫支票可以当作收据。Ifyouwenttoabanktoopenanaccount,youwouldprobablygothroughmostofthefollowingprocedures.Notallbankshavethesamerequirementsforopeningnewaccounts,ofcourse,andtheroutinemayvarysomewhat.Firstyou

9、wouldgototheNewAccountsDepartmentandfilloutasignaturecard.Inordertoopenanaccount,youwouldhavetofurnishproofofyouridentity.Apassportisoneofthebestkindsofidentificationtohave,butotherkindsareaccepted,oneofthemostcommonbeingadriverslicense.Youwouldneedtohaveapermanentaddressinthecity,andyouwouldalsobea

10、skedtosupplythenameofapermanentresidentwhoiswillingtorecommendyou.Forthispurposeyoucouldusethenameofyourlandlordorlandlady,forexample,orthenameoftheforeignstudentadviserattheuniversity.Andlastbutnotleast,youwouldneedtobringsomecashwithyouinordertoopenyouraccount.Manybanksrequireaminimumcashdepositof

11、$50.如果你到银行开立账户，也许会经历以下手续。当然，不是所有的银行都有相同的开户要求，手续可能有些不同。首先，你要到开户部填写印鉴卡，开户时必须提供你的身份证件。护照是一种最好的身份证件，但其他类型的身份证件也行，最常用的一种就是驾照。你须有市区的常住地址，并提供一位愿意作为你开户介绍人的常住居民的名字。为此，你可以用，比如，你的房东、房东太太，或大学外国留学生导师的名字。最后的一项要点是，你要带一些现金以便开户。许多银行规定了最低起存金额50元。Afteryouhadcompletedyourapplication,thebankwouldmakeupanindividualfolder

12、foryouraccount.Yoursignaturecardwouldbekeptinthisfolder.Whenevercheckswerereceivedforpayment,thebankwouldfilethembynumberinyourfolderandcomparethesignatureswiththeoneonyourcard.Iftherewasanydoubtaboutaparticularsignature,thecheckwouldnotbepaidandwouldbereturnedtotheendorser.办完申请手续后，银行会为你制作个人账户的账夹。你的

13、印鉴卡就放在账夹内。当银行收到你的支票要求付款时，它将按账号存放在你的账夹内，并将签字与你预留印鉴卡上的签字核对。如果对不正常的签字有疑问，银行将不予支付，并退给背书人。金融英语阅读：银行的基本功能与业务Banksweredevelopedtokeeppeoplesmoneysafeandtomakeitavailablewhentheyneededit.Sincemoneywasinvented,peoplehavebeenborrowingandlendingit.开办银行是为了稳妥地保管人们的钱财，使他们在需要时能随时提取。自从货币出现以来，人们一直在进行货币的借贷活动。Amodernb

14、ankacceptspeoplesmoneyforsafe-keeping.Italsolendsmoneyandoffersmanyotherservices.Theexperieneeofabusinessmanwillshowsomeofthese.JamesJoneshasafurniturestoreandbuyshisgoodsfromdifferentpartsofthecountry.Itisntconvenientforhimtosendmoneythroughthemail,sohegoestothebankandopensacheckingaccount.Heputshi

15、smoneyinthebankregularly,andthebankkeepsituntilhewriteschecksforthatamount.WhenMr.JonesordersfurniturefromtheModernFurnitureCompanyinanothercity,hesimplywritesacheck.Thischeckisasgoodasmoneytotheownerofthecompany.Theownercantakeittohisbankandcashit,thatis,hecangetmoneyforit.现代银行从客户手中吸收货币并加以妥善保管，也贷放货

16、币，并提供许多其它服务。我们从一个商人的经历可以看到银行是如何办理某些业务的。詹姆斯琼斯开了一个家具店，需要从全国各地购买家具。通过邮局汇款使他感到不方便，因此，他到银行开了一个支票账户。通常他把钱存放在银行，银行保管着这笔钱，直到他开支票提完这笔钱为止。当詹姆斯琼斯从另外一个城市的摩登家具公司定购家具时，他只要开出一张支票。这张支票对公司的老板来说就跟真正的货币一样，该老板可以拿着支票到银行去兑现，也就是说，他可以凭支票取钱。NowandthenMr.Jonesdepositsmoneyinasavingsaccountatthebank.Thebankthenusesthismoneyan

17、dpayshimacertainpercentageoneachdollareveryyear.Forexample,ifhedeposits$1000andthebankpayshim4percent,hewillhaveearned$40bytheendoftheyear.Thispaymentiscalledinterest.琼斯先生时常把钱存放在银行的储蓄账户上，银行就使用这笔钱，每年按每一美元的一定百分率付给他利息。比如说，如果他存1000美元，银行付给他4%的利息，他会在年底得到40美元。这笔钱就是利息。Mr.Jonescanusuallyborrowfromthebankifhe

18、needsmoney.Hecanarrangeforabankloanattheloandepartment.Ifthebanklendshimmoney,hemustpayinterestforitsuse.Sometimes,insteadofputtinghismoneyinasavingsaccount,Mr.Joneswantstoinvestitinsomebusinessfirm,andhemayasktheinvestmentdepartmentofhisbankforadvice.琼斯先生如果需要钱用，通常可以向银行借。他可以在银行贷款部筹到一笔银行贷款。如果银行贷款给他，他

19、就必须为使用这笔贷款而支付利息。有时，琼斯先生不把钱存放在储蓄账户上，而是想把钱投到实业中去，他可以向银行的投资部门咨询。Mr.Jonesgetsstillotherservicesfromthebank.Whenhetravels,hebuystravelerschecksfromthebankinsteadofcarryingmoneywithhim.Andhecanrentasafe-depositboxinthebankforhisvaluablepapersandarticles.琼斯先生还可以得到银行的其他服务。当他外出旅行时，不是把钱带在身上，而是从银行购买旅行支票。他还可以租借

20、银行的保管箱，存放有价证券和贵重物品Itshardtoimaginethatpeoplecoulddobusinesswithouttheservicesofabank.很难想象出人们在没有银行服务的情况下做生意的情形。金融英语阅读：银行是如何运用资金的Abankermustalwaysrememberthatheisdealingwithotherpeoplesmoneyandthatheisresponsibleforitssafety.Buthecannotkeephisdepositslyingidleinhissafesandstrongrooms.Hemustusethem-and

21、heisexpectedtousethemtoproduceanincome.Abankeralsoearnsmoneyfromthechargeswhichhemakesforsomeofhisservices,butmuchthegreaterpartofabanksincomecomesfrominvestingandlendingitsdeposits.Fromthesevariousreceiptsthebankerhastomeettheexpensesofrunningthebankincluding,forexample,thesalariesofitsstaff-payint

22、eresttoitsdepositorsandearnaprofitforshareholders.银行家会永远记住，他在和别人的钱打交道，对钱的安全负有责任。但银行家不能将存款一直闲置在保险箱和保险库里，必须运用这些钱一一而且想用这些钱获得收益。银行家还从其提供服务的手续费中获得货币收入，除此而外，银行的绝大部分收入是通过投资和出借储蓄资金而获得的。银行家必须用这些各种各样的收入来支付银行的经营费用一一包括，比如职工薪酬，支付存款人的利息，给股东分配红利等。Howdotheclearingbanksmeettheserequirements?Theirfirstconcernistoseet

23、hattheyalwayshavesufficientnotesandcoinintheirtills,orinreserve,tomeetinstantlyallthedemandsforcashthatmaybemadeuponthem.Customersareconstantlydrawingcashfromtheiraccountstospendandtopaywagesandsalaries,butthismoneyisquicklyreturnedtothebanksbytheshopsandtraderswhoreceiveitandwhopayitintotheirownban

24、kaccounts.Cashisabankersstockintradebutitearnsnothingandcostshimagreatdealtostore,safeguardandtransport,sohewillkeepaslittleofitashecan.清算银行是怎样满足这些需要的呢？他们最关心的是确保钱柜里，或储备有足够的钞票，迅速应付可能发生的各种现金支取。客户随时可能从其账户上支取现金用于消费，支付工资与薪酬，但是这些钱很快通过收到款项的商店和商人回到银行，存入他们自己的银行户头。现金是银行的备用金，没有任何收益，还要花费很大的代价去贮存，保管和运送，因此,银行尽可能保

25、留极少的现金。Toreinforcetheircashreserves,bankskeepanothersizeablechunkoftheirmoneyinassetswhichcanbequicklyturnedbackintomoneywithlittleriskofloss.Theseliquidassets”includeloansmadeforveryshortperiods-oftenovernight-todiscounthouses(whicharespecialfinancialorganizationsintheLondonMoneyMarket).Otherliquid

26、assetsarecommercialbillsandTreasurybillsissuedbytheGovernment.These“bills”aretradedinthemoneymarketandcanalwaysbesoldquickly.为了增补现金储备，银行以资产的形式保存另外很大一部分资金。这些资产可以迅速转变成现金，没有什么损失风险。这些流动资产”包括向贴现公司(贴现公司是伦敦货币市场的专业金融机构)发放的短期一一通常是隔夜贷款。其他的流动资产有商业票据和政府发行的国库券。这些有价证券在货币市场上交易，并能迅速地卖出去。Thebanksshort-termassetsearn

27、interestbutlessthanthatobtainedthroughInvestments”and“Advancestocustomers”.ThebanksinvestmentsarenearlyallinsecuritiesissuedorguaranteedbytheBritishGovernmentandquotedontheStockExchange.Liketheshort-termassets,theytoocanbereadilysold,shouldtheneedarise,buttheirpricecanvary.银行的短期资产能够获得利息，但与通过投资”和对客户的

28、预付款”所获利息相比要少。银行投资几乎都是由英国政府发行或担保的有价证券，并由股票交易所报价。这些有价证券和短期资产一样，如果有市场需求，可以随时出售，但价格时常有变化。Advancesaretheamountswhichthebankslendtotheircustomers.Theyearnahigherrateofinterestthanthebanksotherassets,butasweshallsee,thereisalotofworkinvolvedinmanagingthemand,despitealltheprecautionswhichabankmaytake,theyar

29、eseldomentirelyfreefromrisk.Advancescannotbesoconvenientlyandquicklyturnedintocashasmostofabanksotherassets.英汉营销学常用词汇三PacificElectric太平洋电气panelofexperts专家小组partiesinvolved交换中的各方pay-offcontrol支出控制Pepsi-Cola百事可乐perceivedquality感知到的质量预付款是银行贷给客户的钱，所获利息要高于银行的其他资产。但我们也要看到，管理这些预付款要做大量工作，尽管银行采取了各种预防措施，还是不能够

30、避免所有的损失。预付款和银行的其他资产不一样，不能够那么方便、那么迅速地变现packaging包装parentage渊源paymentterms支付条款penetrationpricing渗透定价perceivedcustomervalue顾客感知价值perceivedvalue感知到的价值percentageofsalespromotionbudgetingmethod销售额百分比促销预算法perceptionsofconsumers消费者感知/理解perceptual(product)pisitioning感知(产品)定位perceptualmap感知图perceptualorganiza

31、tion感知组织perceptualvigilance感性的警惕performanceevaluation业绩评估performanceobjective绩效目标performance功能personalselling人员推销personneldevelopment人力资源开发pharmaceuticalsindustry医药行业physicaldescriptors物理变量Pillsbury皮尔斯博瑞PizzaHut必胜客planningandcontrolsystemareaauditpointofsaleinformation销售点信息point-of-sales(POS)data销售点

32、数据popularity通用性portfoliomodelsforresourceallocationpositionintensity地位集中程度possessionutility拥有效用post-purchaseevaluation购买后评估performancedimension业绩标准performancemeasures表现/业绩测度performancestandards绩效标准perishability非持久性personalsources个人的信息来源persuasive说服性的physical(product)positioning物理(产品)定位physicaldistri

33、bution实物分销pioneers先入者placeutility地点效用计划与控制系统领域的审计point-of-purhcase(POP)promotion采购点促销pontificator保守派populationtrends人口趋势资源配置的资产组合模式positioning定位post-purchasedissonance购买后的不协调post-purchase/after-saleservice售后服务potentialadvantages潜在优势potentialcustomer潜在顾客potentialmarket潜在市场potentialtargetmarket潜在目标市场p

34、owerindistribution分销权力powerofbuyers购买者能力predatorypricing掠夺性定价法preferentialtreatment特惠待遇presentcompetitors现有的竞争者powerofsuppliers供应商能力pre-emptingscarceresources先占稀缺资源premiums额外奖励presentingsalesmessage提供销售信息pre-testmarketresearch测试前市场研究pricediscrimination价格歧视priceelasticityofdemand需求的价格弹性pricefixing价格设

35、定priceleaders价格领导者pricelining价格排列定价法pricepromotion价格促销pricequotation报价pricesensitivity价格敏感度pricestructure价格结构price价格price/earningsration价格/收益比price-offpromotions降价促销price-settingprocess定价过程pricingadjustments定价调整pricingpolicies价格策略pricing定价primarydemand基本需求primarysources第一类/主要数据printmedia印刷媒体private/

36、for-profitorganization私营/盈利性组织PRIZM(PotentialRatingIndexforZipMarkets)按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactivenew-productdevelopmentstrategy进取型新产品开发战略probabilitysampling概率抽样problemidentificatioin确定问题Procter&Gamble(P&G)宝洁公司productavailability产品的可获得性problemformulation界定问题processmanagement过程管理productline产品线productcate

37、gory产品类别productdecisions产品决策productclass产品类别productdesign产品设计productdevelopment产品开发productevolution产品演变productdimensionorattributes产品维度/属性productfeatures产品特征productintentshare产品倾向份额productleadership产品领导能力productlifecycle(PLC)产品生命周期productline产品线productlifecyclecurve产品生命周期曲线productmanageraudit产品经理审计p

38、roductoffering供应品productorganizaitonofsalesforce按产品组织销售队伍productpolicies产品策略productpositioning产品定位productquality产品质量productscope产品范围productspace产品位置productspecifications产品规格productsystems产品体系producttype产品类型productusage产品用途product产品product(ion)-orientedorganization产品/生产导向型组织production生产product-linepr

39、icingadjustments产品线定价调整product-managementorganizationalstructure产品管理组织结构product-marketentrycontrol产品市场进入控制product-relatedbehavioraldescriptors与产品相关的行为变量productsmarketcharacteristics产品的市场特征product-usetesting产品使用测试pro-environment环保profitimpactofmarketstrategy(PIMS)市场战略的利润影响profitabilityanalysis盈利性分析pr

40、ofitability盈利性/盈利能力profitablesurvivorstrategy有利可图的生存者战略project-companyresourcecompatibility项目与公司资源的协调性projectedprofit-and-lossstatement预计损益表projectivetests投影测试promotiondecisions促销决策promotionmix促销组合promotionpolicies促销策略promotion促销promotionalallowance促销折让promotionaleffort促销努力promotionalpricing促销定价prom

41、ptness及时性propectorstrategy探索型战略prospectingforcustomers寻找顾客psychographics心理统计特征psychologicalcost心理成本psychologicalpricing心理定价法publicorganization公共组织publicrelations公共关系publicutilities公共设施publicity公共宣传pullstrategyforcontrolofdistributionchannels分销渠道控制的拉式战略pupildilation瞳孔扩张purchasepredisposition购买倾向purch

42、asingagent采购代理purchasingcontract采购合同purchasingmanager/agent采购经理代理purchasingpowerperity(PPP)购买力平价指数pushmoney/spiffs佣金pushstragtegyforcontrolofdistributionchannels分销渠道控制的推式战略Qqualifyingprospects审查潜在顾客资格qualitydimensions质量维度quality质量quantitydiscount数量折扣questionmarks问题类questioning询问法quotas定额RR&Dexpendit

43、ure研究开发战略raceandethnicorigin种族和民族rackjobbers供应超级市场的批发商radio无线电广播rankordering排序rateofadoption采购率rate-of-return/targetreturnpricing回报率/目标回报定价法rationalappeals理性诉求rationale基本原理rawmaterials原材料reactiveandproactiveresponses反应及前摄策略reactivenew-productdevelopmentstrategyreactorstrategy反应型战略realestate房地产rebate

44、s回扣recalltests记忆测试receiver接收者reciprocity利益互惠recognitionofproblem/need发现问题/需求recognitiontests认知测试recreation娱乐业recruitmentandselection招聘与选拔recyclingofpackaging包装回收(利用)Reebok锐步referencegroup参照群体referentpower参照权refocus巩固refunds退款refusaltodeal拒绝经营regressionanalysis回归分析法regulation管制related/concentricdiver

45、sification相关/同心多元化relationalVMSs相关式垂直营销系统relativeattractivenessofdecliningmarkets衰退市场的相对吸引力relativemarketpotential相对市场潜力relativemarketshare相对市场份额reliability可靠性repeatpurchasebehavior重复购买行为repetition重复repositionings重新定位产品requirementsplanning需求计划reseller中间商residentbuyers常驻采购员resourceallocation/deployme

46、nt资源配置responsestrategies反应策略responsetocommunication传播响应responsivestrategy反应型新产品开发战略responsiveness响应性retailcoveragestrategy零售范围战略RetailIndex零售指数retailoutlets零售店retailsales零售额retailerco-operatives零售商合作社retailer零售商retailingtrends零售趋势ReturnonEquity(ROE)权益回报率ReturnonInvestment(ROI)投资回报率ReturnonNetAssets(

47、RONA)净资产回报率reverseengineering反向工程rewardsystems奖励系统rivalrydeterminants竞争决定因素rivalry竞争对手RobertMiles罗伯特迈尔斯Rockwell洛克威尔Rolex劳力士Rolls-Royce劳斯莱斯roster名册Rover罗佛公司Ssalary薪金salesagents销售代理商salesanalysisbycustomer顾客销售分析salesanalysisbyordersize订货规模的销售分析salesanalysisbyproduct产品销售分析salesanalysisbyterritory区域销售分析

48、salesanalysis销售分析salesforcasting销售预测salesforceestimates销售人员估计salesforcesize销售队伍规模salesforce销售队伍salesforecasting销售预测salesmanagement销售管理salesorganization销售组织salesperformance销售表现/业绩salespersonnelincentives销售人员激励salespersonnel销售人员salesplanning销售计划salespotential销售潜力salespromotion销售促进/促销salesterritory销售地区

49、salestrends销售趋势sales销售额sales/pricereduction销售/价格下降sampledesign样本设计samplesize样本大小sampling抽样sampling提供样品scaleefficiency规模效率scaledmeasures比例测度scoringmodels评判模型screeningofideas创意筛选sealedbidding招标Sears西尔斯secondarysources第二类/次要数据second-but-betternew-productdevelopmentstrategy后者居上型新产品开发战略security证券业segment

50、ationandtargeting细分与目标选择segmentationcriteria细分标准segmentationdescriptors市场细分变量segmentation市场细分Seiko日本精工株式会社（全球著名的打印机生产商）selectivedemand选择性需求selectivedistribution选择分销selectiveexposure选择性接触selectiveperception选择性感知/理解selectiveretention选择性保留self-employedperson独立经营的个人self-managingteams自我管理团队self-oriented自

51、我导向型sellinggroups销售团队sellingproposition销售计划/提议selling推销/销售serviceguarantees服务保证serviceindustry服务产业serviceorganization服务组织servicequality服务质量service服务serviceability服务能力serviceability适用性serviceschannels服务渠道servicingproducts服务产品servicingtheaccount客户服务settingquotas确定定额shake-outstage动荡阶段sharedprograms/fac

52、ilities分享计划/设备share-growthstrategiesforfollowers追随者的市场份额增长战略shareholdervalue股东价值share-maintenance份额保持ShermanAct,USA美国谢尔曼法案shoppinggoods消费品short-termmemory短期记忆signalvehicle/carrier信号载体simulatedtestmarketing模拟市场测试single-factorindex单因素指数法single-linemass-merchandiserstores单一类型产品专营连锁店SKF瑞典轴承公司skimmingand

53、earlywithdrawal撇脂与尽早撤离战略skimmingpricing撇脂定价法sleepwalker/contentedunderachievers梦游者/很容易满足的人slottingallowance安置津贴socialacceptability社会可接受性socialclass社会阶层socialobjectives社会目标socioculturalenvironment社会文化环境softgoods非耐用品softtechnology软技术soleownershipentrystrategy独享所有权的进入战略Sony索尼sourcecredibility信息来源的可信度so

54、urce广告信息来源sourcesofdata数据来源sourcesofnew-productideas新产品创意来源specialitygoods特殊品specialityretailers专营零售商specialitystores专营商店specialization专门化spokesperson代言人Sprint斯普林特StandardIndustrialClassification(SIC)标准工业分类代码standardizationstrategy标准化战略standbypositioning备用定位staplegoods日常用品Starbucks星巴克stars明星类stateme

55、ntofjobqualifications工作要求说明stocklevels库存水平stocklesspurchasearrangement无存货采购计划storebrands零售商品牌straightcommissioncompensationplan纯佣金制薪酬方案straightrebuy直接再购straightsalarycompensationplan纯薪金制薪酬方案strategicalliances战略联盟strategicbusinessunit(SBU)战略经营/业务单位strategiccontrol战略控制strategicfit战略协调性strategicgroup战略

56、组strategicinertia战略惯性strategicintent/objective战略目标strategicmarketingprogram战略营销计划strategicpricingobjectives战略定价目标strategicwithdrawal战略撤退strategyconstraints战略影响因素strategyformulationandimplementation战略制定和实施strategyimplementation战略实施strategyreassessment战略重估subculture亚文化subfactor次级因素substitutegoods替代品su

57、bstitutionthreat替代产品的威胁successrates成功率Sumitomo住友商事SunMicrosystems太阳微系统supermarkets超级市场supplementarymedia辅助性广告媒体suppliersbargainingpower供应商的讨价还价能力surrogateproducts替代产品survey调查survivalpricing生存定价法sustainablecompetitiveadvantage可持续的竞争优势sweepstakes彩票抽奖switchingcost转换成本symbols符号synergy协同作用Ttabulation制表Ta

58、coBell塔可钟tangibility有形性TantemComputerstargetaudience目标受众targetlevelofproductquality产品质量标准targetorhurdlelevel目标或难度水平targetreturnprice目标回报价格targetingstrategy目标市场选择战略targeting目标市场选择taste口味/喜好teamselling团队销售technicalselling技术销售telecommunicationsindustry电讯产业telemarketing电话销售televisionaudiencemeasurement电

59、视观众测量televisionhomeshopping电视家庭购物territorialrestrictions地区限制territories区域territorydesignanddeployment区域设计及部署territoryinventory地区存货testmarketing市场测试testingnewproduct测试新产品theAmericanAssociationforPublicOpinionResearch美国公共意见研究协会theCouncilofAmericanSurveyResearchOrganization美国调查研究组织委员会theFishbeinModel菲什

60、宾模型theMarketingResearchAssociation营销研究协会theatretests现场测试threatofnewentrants新进入者的威胁threeorder-hierarchymodels三阶段层级结构模型Tide汰渍Tiffany达芙妮Time时代周刊timeframe时间框架/要求timepricing时间定价timeutility时间效用Timex天美时title所有权Toshiba东芝totalcost总成本totalqualitymanagemnt(TQM)全面质量管理toughcustomer苛刻的顾客ToyotaMotorCorporation丰田To

61、ysRUs美国著名玩具零售商trackingandmonitoring跟踪与监控trademark商标tradepromotion贸易促销tradeselling贸易销售trade/functionaldiscounts贸易/职能折扣trade-inallowance以旧换新折让tradingcompanies贸易公司traditionalstores传统商店training培训transactiionalefficiency交易效率transactioncostanalysis(TCA)交易成本分析transportation运输trends趋势turnkeyconstructioncont

62、ract监督建筑契约turnover人员流动two-sidedpresentations双向信息陈述tyingcontracts附带条件的合同Tylenol泰诺typesofadverstising广告种类typesofbrand品牌种类typesofcosts成本种类Uultimatecustomers/endusers最终顾客/用户underlyingdimension基本组成要素uniformdeliveredpricing统一运费定价法Unilever联合利华UnionPacificRailroad联合太平洋铁路unitcost单位成本unitsales单位产品销售额unitarypr

63、iceelasticity单位需求价格弹性UniversalProductCode(UPC)统一商品编码universe(样本)总体unrelated/conglomeratediversification复合多元化unsoughtgoods非渴求产品UPS联合包裹服务USPatentOfficeoftheDepartmentofCommerce美国商务部专利局USAToday今日美国usage用途usetests使用测试users使用者utility/pricerelationship效用/价格关系VVALS2价值与生活方式体系2value价值value-basedplanning价值基础计

64、划variability变化性variablecosts可变成本variableincentive可变激励措施variancedecompositionanalysis偏差分解分析VCR(videocassetterecorder)录像机vendingsales自动售货业vending-machineoperators自动售货机经营商vendoranalysis供应商分析verticalintegration垂直/纵向一体化verticalmarketingsystems(VMS)垂直营销系统vision愿景Volvo沃尔沃WallStreetJournal华尔街日报Wal-Mart沃尔玛Wa

65、ltDisney迪斯尼want欲求warranty质量保证weight加权Wella维拉Wendys温迪Whirlpool惠而浦wholesaleclubs批发俱乐部wholesaler-sponsoredvoluntarychains批发商发起的自愿连锁wholesalingtrends批发趋势win-backprogram赢回（顾客）方案workingcapitalinvestment周转资金投入workloadapproach计算工作量方法WorldWideWeb（WWW）万维网XXerox施乐YYamaha雅马哈youngurbantrendsetters年轻的城市潮流领导者Zzerodefect零缺陷zonepricing分区定价法TheCreditCrunch/krntf/信贷紧缩AmanseeingthereisnomoneyinhiswalletHemightbefeelingthepinchIfyouwatchthenewsinBritainorlookataBritishnewspaperatthemoment,atermyouaremorethanlikelytocomeacrossiscreditcrunch.Ithasbecomeabitofabuzzword,butwhatdoesitmean?Well,itsafinancialtermanditm