考研英语语法之词性句子成分基本句型

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1、词类、句子成分、基本句型一、词类可以自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类。实词：名词_、动词_、形容词_、副词_、代词_、数词_虚词：介词_、冠词_、连词_、感慨词_（一）名词名词是表达人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。1. 一般名词是某一类人、事物、某种物质后抽象概念的名称。 teacher market rice magazine sound production2. 专有名词是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一种字母大写。 Hemingway Russia New York United Nations1. 可数名词 shopshops

2、busbuses librarylibraries leafleaves toytoys manmen toothteeth datumdata 2. 不可数名词 advice furniture hair homework information knowledge money news traffic progress absence anger courage music 1. 抽象名词 responsibility law love credibility creativity exploration2. 具体名词 paper house tree soil student teach

3、er（二）冠词冠词放在名词之前，协助阐明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词前，表达某一类人或事物的“一种”。a用在以辅音开头的名词前，an用在以元音开头的名词前。a hotel a chance a double room a useful book an exhibition an honest man定冠词只有一种，即the，表达某一类人或事物中特定的一种或某些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。the TV program the house the Olympic Games（三）代词 1. 人称代词：I, you, she,

4、he, it, we, they 2. 物主代词：my, your, her, his, their, its, mine, yours, hers, theirs, ours 3. 反身代词：myself, yourself, itself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, oneself 4. 互相代词：each other, one another 5. 批示代词：this, that, these, those, such 6. 疑问代词：who, whom, whose, which, what 7. 关系代词：who, whom,

5、whose, which, that 8. 不定代词：some, any, no, all, every, many, a little, someone, something, everybody（四）数词数词是表达“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者为基数词，如one, twenty, thirty-five, one hundred and ninety-five等。后者为序数词，如first, second, twentieth, fifty-first等。（五）形容词形容词是用来修饰名词，表达名词属性的词。如yellow, wonderful, strong, young, busy等。形容

6、词可分为原级、比较级、最高档。（六）副词1. 一般副词：together, well, carefully2. 疑问副词：when, where, how, why3. 连接副词：therefore, then, however, otherwise4. 关系副词：where, when, why副词也有比较级和最高档，构成和形容词同样。（七）介词介词又叫前置词，放在名词、代词或相称于名词的词前面，表达它背面的词与句子中其他成分之间的关系。介词在句中一般不重读，也不能单独作句子成分。1. 简朴介词：in, at, for, since2. 复合介词：as for, out of, into,

7、upon3. 二重介词：until after, from among4. 短语介词：according to, because of, in front of, in the event of5. 分词介词：regarding, considering, including介词背面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语。（八）连词连词是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是虚词，在句中一般不重读，也不能在句中单独作句子成分。1. 并列连词(连接并列关系的的词、短语、从句或句子)：and, or, but, for, not onlybut also, neithernor2.

8、附属连词(连接主从复合句)：that, if, whether, when, although, because, so that（九）感慨词感慨词是表达喜怒哀乐等情感的词，例如oh, well, why, hello等。（十）动词 动词是表达动作或状态的词，例如：sign, support, have, exist等。可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。1. 实义动词有完整的意义，并能作独立的谓语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。(1) 及物动词：背面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，如Give me some ink, please.If you have any questions, you

9、can raise your hands.(2) 不及物动词：背面不跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相称于与一种及物动词。 Heworkshard. JackrunsfasterthanMike.Pleaselookattheblackboardandlistentome. Hegotan“A”thistimebecausehewentoverhislessonscarefully.2. 情态动词表达能力、义务、必要、猜想等说话人的语调和情感。情态动词只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。英语情态动词重要有：can, may, must, could, might

10、., need, dare。3. 助动词常和重要动词一起构成多种时态、语态、语调等动词形式，以及用于否认和疑问等构造中。英语助动词重要有shall, will, have, be, should, would, do等。 4. 系动词 (1) 状态系动词：只有be Manners are a tool to remind us of others around us.(2) 持续系动词：表继续或保持一种状态或态度，重要有keep, remain, stay, continue, rest, lie, stand。 I hope you will keep fit. He stayed sing

11、le. Youd have more chance of success if you would stand tall.(3) 表像系动词：表达看起来仿佛，重要有seem, appear, look等。 He looks tired. This type of person seems (to be) someone who has little or no faith in traditional religion.(4) 感官系动词：feel, smell, sound, taste, look. The youngsters feel isolated. He looks honest

12、, but actually hes a rogue.(5) 变化系动词：表达变成什么样，如become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。Teenagers have become increasingly aware of new products and brands.His hair turned grey in few weeks.She went pale at the news.(6) 终结系动词：表达主语已经终结动作，重要有prove, turn out，体现“证明”之意。 The plan turned out a success.

13、The search proved difficult.注意：1. 要特别牢记系动词的固定搭配，如come true, fall ill, go bad, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。2. 要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词，又可以做实义动词的用法。 The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique. The chef is tasting the fish carefully. 动词十六种时态一般时进行时完毕时完毕进行时目前studyam/is/are studyinghave studiedhave

14、 been studying过去studiedwas/were studyinghad studiedhad been studying将来will studywill be studyingwill have studiedwill have been studying过去将来would studywould be studyingwould have studiedwould have been studying注意：不少词可以同属于几种词类，如：smoke, own, just, key等二、句子成分由不同词类的单词（名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感慨词），按照

15、一定的语法规则组合在一起，能体现一种完整意思的语言单位叫做句子。一种句子由各个功能不同的部分构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。英语句子的成分有八种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。（一）主语（subject）是句子所要阐明的人或事物，是句子的主体。主语的位置一般在句首，不省略，可以担当主语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句。Walls have ears.He will take you to the hospital.Three plus four equals seven.To see is to believe.Smoking is not allo

16、wed in public places.Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.（二）谓语动词（predicate verb）是阐明主语的动作或状态的句子成分。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语动词由实义动词或系动词担任。助动词或情态动词加其她动词的合适形式也构成谓语动词。Action speaks louder than words.The chance may never come again.Tom was very sick at heart.Mary has been working at the dress sho

17、p since 1994.（三）表语（predicative）是用来阐明主语的身份、特性和状态的。它的位置在系动词之后。可做表语的有名词、代词、形容词与分词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语、副词及表语从句等。My father is a professor.Whos that? Its me.Everything here is dear to her.The match became very exciting.The story of my life may be of help to others.Three times five is fifteen.His plan is to seek

18、 work in the city.My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.（四）宾语（object）表达动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后或介词后，如果没有，则及物动词无法表达完整的动作。She covered her face with her hands.We havent seen her for a long time.Do you mind opening the window? *Give me four, please.He wants to dream a nice dream. *We ne

19、ed to know what others are doing.I lived in Japan in 1986.（五）定语（attribute）是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子。单词做定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句做定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。可以做定语的有名词、形容词、数词、分词及其短语、不定式、介词短语以及从句等。They are women workers.Toms father didnt write home until yesterday.Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.The play has th

20、ree acts.This is her first trip to Europe.China is a developing country.You havent kept your promise to write us often.My cat has a good nose for milk.Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.（六）状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。状语表达地点、时间、因素、目的、成果、条件、让步、限度、方式、随着状况等。作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词

21、及其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等。These products are selling quickly.He is knee deep in snow.The best fish swim near the bottom.*She sat there doing nothing.Well send a car over to fetch you.She was slow to make up her mind.Strike while the iron is hot.There is no such a word in English so far as I know.（七）宾语补足语

22、：我们懂得，在英语中及物动词要加宾语意思才完整，不及物动词则无需加宾语。但有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语（object complement），来补充阐明其身份、特性、状态或所做的动作，如果丢掉宾补，就不成为句子，或意思走样，这样的及物动词叫不完全及物动词，即只加宾语不能完全体现完整意思。这种“宾语宾语补足语”构造称为复合宾语。宾补一般跟在宾语之后。可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。They elected me captain of the team.He made me ashamed of myself.We found everythin

23、g there in good order.I should advise you not to miss the chance.I could feel my heart beating fast.Put your book into your schoolbag.Keep the water boiling for ten minutes.They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country.宾补浮现的场合：1. 在表达心理状态的动词后做宾补，如：consider, think, believe, discover, find,

24、imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。构造：to be + 形容词或名词。think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. He proved that theory (to be) very important. I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.2. 使役动词make, have, leave背面。 The heavy rain made it impossible for u

25、s to go out. What make the grass grow? They had us laughing all through the meals. Ive had my radio repaired so soon because my father had me do it. Leave the door open when you go out. They walked off and left me sitting there alone.3. 感官动词hear, feel, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe, sme

26、ll等背面，若接不定式做宾补，要把to去掉，但在被动语态中to要加上。 I saw him drive the car at high speed yesterday. Ive never heard the song sung. Do you smell something burning?4. 表达情感状态的词背面，如：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 Id prefer you to leave him alone. I dont want there to be any trouble.注意： 在完整的句子中，如果谓语动词是不

27、完全及物动词，而背面接的宾语是短语或从句，后再接宾语补语时，必须将作宾语的短语或从句放在宾语补语之后，把it放在它的本来位置,这时it是形式宾语,短语或从句是真正宾语。I think it wrong to tell lies. 我觉得撒谎是错误的。it是形式宾语，不定式短语to tell lies是真正宾语,wrong是宾语补语。Did you make it clear why she didnt come? 你弄清晰她没有来的因素了吗?（八）主语补足语（subject complement）是对主语的补充，如果把宾语补足语所在的构造变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语

28、补足语。可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。I was elected captain of the team.The water was kept boiling for ten minutes.Everything there was found in good order.Some goods are left unsold. The boy was made to work hard 10 hours a day.但尚有一类主补不是出目前被动语态的句子中。英语有一定数量的不及物动词，完全保存了自身的词汇意义，同步又发挥着系动词的功能。它们与主语补足成分连用，因

29、此此类词被称为“准系动词”。用于“S+Vi+Cs”(S代表主语，Vi代表不及物动词，Cs代表主语补足语)这一句式的动词都属于这种用法。有时，主语补足语不紧跟系动词，有也许被其他状语成分隔开。He left home a poor worker ten years ago and came back a rich business man.His father died young.The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm at night.We parted the best friends.词类与句子成分的关系： 词类与句子成分既有

30、区别又有联系。词类是孤立地单词分类；而句子成分则指单词、词组、短语或从句在句中的作用。句子的多种成分总是由属于一定词类的单词或词组、短语、从句来担当的。因此在词类和句子成分之间存在着某种相应关系。主语谓语宾语表语定语状语宾（主）补足语动词名词代词形容词副词数词不定式分词动名词介词短语三、基本句型所谓基本句型(basic sentence pattern)就是集中基本的谓语构造的格局。千变万化的句型都是由她们演变而来的。英语的基本句型有五种。主-谓 S-V主-谓-宾 S-V-O主-系-表 S-linkV-P主-谓-间宾-直宾 S-V-IO-DO主-谓-宾-宾补 S-V-O-C（一）主-谓 S-V

31、此句型句子共同特点：句子的谓语动词都能体现完整的意思，因此都是不及物动词，背面常跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等做状语。SV（不及物动词）Timeflies.The moonrose.The mancooked.We alleat and drink.Everybodylaughed.Iwoke.Theytalked for half an hour.Hewalked yesterday.He is playing.Theyhave gone.（二）主-谓-宾 S-V-O此句型句子共同特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能体现完整的意思，必须跟有一种宾语，及动作的承受着，才干使意思完

32、整。此类动词叫做及物动词。SV(及物动词)O（宾语）Whoknowsthe answer?Shelaugh ather.HeunderstandsEnglish.Hemade cakes.Theyatesome apples.Dannylikesdonuts.Iwantto have a cup of tea.Hesaid“Good morning”.（三）主-系-表 S-linkV-P此句型句子共同特点：句子的谓语动词都不能体现完整的意思，都必须加上一种表白主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才干体现完整的意思。此类动词叫连系动词。SLink-V(系动词)P（表语）Thisisan Engli

33、sh dictionary.The dinnersmellsgood.Hefelthappy.Everythinglooksdifferent.Heistall and strong.The bookisinteresting.The weatherbecamewarmer.His faceturnedred.（四）主-谓-间宾-直宾 S-V-IO-DO此句型句子共同特点：句子的谓语动词必须根由两个宾语才干体现完整的意思。这两个宾语一种是动作的直接承受着，另一种是动作的间接承受者。一般这一间接承受者用一种介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被忽视。SV(及物)

34、IO（多指人）O（多指物）Shepassedhima new dress.Shecookedhera delicious meal.Hebroughthis sona dictionary.Heboughtyounothing.Ishowedhermy pictures.Igavehima hand.Itoldhimhow to run the machine.Heshowedmethat the bus was late.（五）主-谓-宾-宾补 S-V-O-C此句型句子共同特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一种宾语还是不能体现完整的意思，必须加上一种补充成分来补足宾语，才干使意思完整SV(及

35、物)O（宾语）C（宾补）Wekeepthe tableclean.Theypaintedthe doorgreen.They callsupperdinner.Theyfoundthe housedirty.What makeshimsad?Wesawhimout.Heaskedmeto come back soon.Isawthemgetting on the bus.辨别：复合宾语VS 双宾语同窗们对下面两种句型常常混淆： 及物动词+宾语+名词宾补（即复合宾语） 及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（即双宾语） They made him captain of the ship. She told

36、 the children an interesting story. 在句中，him与captain之间在逻辑上有主语和表语的关系，即“He was captain.“句中him为宾语，captain为宾语补足语，两者合称“复合宾语”。在句中，children与story之间的关系是及物动词与波及到的人与物之间的关系。一般表达人的(children)为间接宾语，表达物的(story)为直接宾语，两者合称“双宾语”。可以看出，间接宾语与直接宾语在逻辑上没有主语与表语的关系，即不能说：“The children were story”，但可以改写成：“She told an interestin

37、g story to the children”，即间接宾语可以加介词to（或for）后置，而“复合宾语”不能。综上所述，辨认“复合宾语”和“双宾语”的措施是看宾语与它背面的词在逻辑上的关系，能改写为主语和表语关系的，是“复合宾语”；若不能，只是及物动词所波及到的人与事物之间的关系，并且表达人的宾语可以加介词后置的，则为双宾语。 基本句型练习：1. They worked hard. 2. The flower is dead. 3. Plants need water. 4. He gives me some seeds. 5. We should keep the plants in th

38、e shade. 6. Many animals live in tress. 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. They went hunting together early in the morning. 5. His job is to train swimmers. 6. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 7. There i

39、s going to be an American film tonight. 8. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 9. His wish is to become a scientist. 10. He managed to finish the work in time. 11. Tom came to ask me for advice. 12. He found it important to master English. 13. Do you have anything else to say? 14. To be honest; yo

40、ur pronunciation is not so good. 15. Would you please tell me your address? 16. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 17. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 18. He noticed a man enter the room. 19. The apples tasted sweet. We found the hall full. We found the great hall full of studen

41、ts and teachers.We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.同一种动词由于有着不同的含义，可以分属不同的类型。I havent g

42、ot far with the book. We will get depressed easily. Both children and adults get Christmas presents, although children usually get many more. He got her a splendid present. He got his shoes and socks wet. 在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思: I found the book easily. 我很容易地找到了这本书。 I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。

43、 I have to do something. 我得做点事。 I have something to do. 我有点事做。 辨析：By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.