《研究生专业英语》PPT课件.ppt

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1、研究生专业英语 英文科技论文写作程序 选择论题 确立论点 搜集材料 拟定提纲 写作与修改初稿（反复多次进行） 注明参考文献 撰写摘要 打印校对 论文的基本结构 论文题目Title 作者姓名及单位 Author name and affiliation 内容提要Abstract 关键词Key words 正文Text body 致谢Acknowledgements (可省） 参考文献References 附录Appendix (根据需要） 作者简介Resume (视刊物而定） 论文正文构成 引言/概述Introduction 背景分析 Background (视情况而定） 材料和实验 Mater

2、ials and experiments 实验结果Results 讨论Discussion 结论/总结Conclusions 标题 论文题目写在第一行的正中。如果较长，可写成 两、三行。一般居中排列。题尾不加句号。 论文题目一般为名词词组或名词短语，较少使用 完整的句子。在必须使用动词的情况下，一般用 动名词或具有动词性质的名词。例如： Two-dimensional pattern formation in surfactant- mediated epitaxial(取向附生的) growth Dopant diffusion in SiGe：modeling stress and Ge

3、chemical effects 作者名称 论文的作者姓名一般写在论文题目的下面。按 照英美国家的习惯，名（first name)在前， 姓（surname/family name/last name) 在后 。 如果几个人共同撰写，应该逐一写出各自的姓 名，同时注明作者的工作单位。 摘要 摘要一般放在标题页的正文之前，用不同于正文的字 体排版，以突出其显著位置。 摘要是对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度 的概括，使读者不必阅读论文全文即可迅速了解论文 内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的论文有思想准备，或 者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。摘要只对论文 信息进行浓缩，而不架主观评论或解释。一般

4、5000字 数论文，摘要长度小于300字。 注意abstract 与summary的区别。 关键词 关键词既可作为文献检索或分类的标 识，它本身又是论文的主题浓缩。读 者可以从中判断论文的主题、研究方 向、所用方法等。关键词以名词或名 词短语居多。缩略语慎用。 致谢 论文的作者可以在论文的末尾对他 人对自己工作的指导、帮助和资助 表示感谢，即为致谢。一般置于结 论之后，参考文献之前。 参考文献 参考文献的具体内容和形式不统一，大家读比较头痛。 一般包括一下三项内容： 作者、题目、出版事项 出版事项指：书刊名称，出版地点，出版单位 ，出版年份与卷、期、页。 1. T. P. L. Pederse

5、n, A. N. Larsen, and A. Mesli, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4085 (1999). 2. H. Weman, B. Monemar, G.S. Oehrlein, S.J. Jeng, Phys. Rev. B 42 (1990) 3109. Lee SK and Stebbin J, Structure of silicate glasses and melts at high pressure: quantum chemical calculations and solid-state NMR, Journal of Physical Che

6、mistry B, 2004, 108: 5889-5900. 如何写摘要如何写摘要 摘要的内容 摘要的写作必须准确、简洁，概述与细节之间应 该平衡互补。内容取舍的标准首先是对论文本身 重点的内容的理解，其次是应该考虑到读者阅读 的方式。资料性摘要一般包括的内容为： 1、方法手段简介 (Methodology) 2、主要结果 (Results) 3、结论和建议 (Conclusions and Suggestions) 摘要的语言 摘要的时态 1、叙述研究方法和目的时，使用现在时。 2、报道研究结果时，使用现在时。 3、介绍研究过程时，可以用过去时。 4、陈述结论或建议，用现在时。 5、根据需

7、要，也可以适当用完成时。 摘要的语态 主动语态为主，被动语态比其它写作更常见。主动语态为主，被动语态比其它写作更常见。 常用句型和表达方法常用句型和表达方法 1、回顾或介绍相关专业知识 An PTC ceramic is present in this paper. This paper reviews the method for dealing with This article summarizes the theory 2、阐明论文写作目的 The purpose of this study is to explore a new method The paper attempts t

8、o analyze in terms of The study is aimed at finding out the similarities The main objective of this investigation is Based on our research, we intent to find out 3、陈述论文的论点或作者的观点 The carbon-related defects are discussed This paper reports the preparation and the quantum confinement effects of This pa

9、per deals with (concerns) 4、介绍研究过程和研究范围 The characteristic of was investigated. We study the synthesis method of in this paper. The principle of preparing is proposed. The samples of pyroelectric ceramic were collected by The PTC effect is measured by 6、阐述论证或结果 The results show that It is found that

10、 the amorphous Si show a tendency in The study of those properties indicates The experimental results demonstrate that 7、介绍结论 It is concluded that the absorption spectra of Based on , the following conclusion can be drawn In conclusion, the results shows The research has led to In summary, 8、突出论文的重点

11、 This paper focuses on The primary concern of this paper is Particular attention is on the revolution of This paper concentrates on the effects of The emphasis is on is the main topic of this paper. COVER LETTER (投稿信)实用指 南 什么是cover letter？ cover letter的内容主要包括那些？ 如何写cover letter？ 常用模板 例文 1、 什么是cover

12、letter？ 2、cover letter的内容主要包括那些？ 所投稿件的核心内容、主要发现和意义，拟投期刊， 对稿件处理有无特殊要求等。 附上主要作者的中文姓名、通讯地址、电话、传真和e -mail地址。 有的杂志要求推荐几位审稿人及其联系方式。以及谁 已经阅读过该文。 说明你论文研究的意义，以及与这个杂志的相关性； 写明没有一搞多投等。 临床实验要求写明符合伦理学要求。 3、 如何写cover letter？ 在杂志的guide for authors一般会有要求。 4、常用模板： （1） Cover letter Dear Mr. * The work described has no

13、t been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed. I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Neuroscience. kind regards. Your sincerely, 通讯作者 （2） Dear Dr. 主编na

14、me: We submit our manuscript entitled “ 文章title“ to 杂志名for publication. 接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不 易过多，但要突出新意和关键点。 All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your journal. Thank you very much for your attention and consideration. Sincerely yours, 通讯作者 （3）Dr. * Editor-in-Chief, * (add a

15、ddress) January 22, 2003 Dear Dr. *, Enclosed herewith please find 3 copies of a MS by: *. * and * entitled: “*”, which we would like to submit for publication in the *. Looking forward to your decision, With kind personal regards, Sincerely yours, * Professor of * （4） Dear Prof. Gil: This is a manu

16、script by*and *entitled “.”. It is submitted to be considered for publication as a “.” in your journal. This paper is new. Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other journal. We believe the paper may

17、be of particular interest to the readers of your journal as it Correspondence should be addressed to *at the following address, phone and fax number, and email address: . Thanks very much for your attention to our paper. Sincerely yours, * 例文1 例文2 例文3 例文4 例文5 询问有无收到稿件 背景介绍：稿件通过邮寄方式已经于2009 年1月3日寄出，结果

18、直到现在没有受到编 辑部的任何信息，询问是否已经收到稿件 。 Dear Editors, We dispatched our manuscript to your journal on 3 January 2009 but have not, as yet, receive acknowledgement of their safe arrival. We fear that may have been lost and should be grateful if you would let us know whether or not you have received them. If n

19、ot, we will send our manuscript again. Thank you in advance for your help. 询问论文审查回音 背景介绍： 编辑部收到您的论文时间已经超过12周， 询问论文是否已经被接受或者被拒。 如果您是编辑部的编辑，收到此信后，要 作何答复。 Dear Editors， It is more than 12 weeks since I submitted our manuscript (No: ) for possible publication in your journal. I have not yet received a r

20、eply and am wondering whether you have reached a decision. I should appreciated your letting me know what you have decided as soon as possible. Dear *, Thank you for your e-mail. We would like to sincerely apologize for the long delay in reviewing your article. Your article was sent to many differen

21、t referees, most of whom felt that they were either unqualified or their time was too restricted to review the paper. We understand that you must feel frustrated, and we are sorry for this. Please understand that we rely entirely on the referees to return articles to us speedily. Unfortunately, this

22、 is not always the case. It would be much appreciated if you could suggest an alternative referee for your article, a person who may be able to review the article in a more appropriate time frame. Please forward this persons contact details (e-mail address) to us as soon as possible. We will do our

23、very best to speed up the process. We apologize for any inconvenience that you experienced due to this delay, and we appreciate you understanding and tried patience in this regard. 如何询问稿件以及编辑的答复 背景介绍：稿件已经寄出将近一个月，询 问一下稿件的情况。 Dear Editor, I am not sure if it is the right time to contact you again to i

24、nquire about the status of my submitted manuscript (ref: *) although nearly one mouth have passed since I contacted you last time. I would be greatly appreciate if you could spend some of your time check the status for me. Best regards * 邀请函上没有老外签名，无法签证 背景介绍：老外的签名跟我们的盖章差不 多，没有签名的东西是不正式的，我（ Whyerect）

25、去参加某次国际会议，签证的 时候才发现，粗心的老外给我的邀请函没 有他的签名，我只好e-mail给她（ Ms. Rose）询问，并马上传真给我。 Dear Ms. Rose: I am Whyerect from China, who plans to participate the 11th International Symposium on Data Mining 2002 in Syndney. The poster number of my paper is 007. I found the OFFICIAL ACCEPTANCE LETTER you sent to me was

26、lack of your signature. I am afraid this would cause trouble when I go to the embassy for my visa. Could you please send me a fax or electronic version of OFFICIAL ACCEPTANCE LETTER with your autograph? Thank you! Regards Whyerect 老外的答复 Dear Whyerect: Thank you for your message. I am sorry that the

27、corrected invitation has not reached you. I have requested a new mailing to be sent to you today. Best Regards, Rose 你希望老外最好给你传真一份，这样你可以有足 够的时间来签证，按照大使馆的规定，签证可能 需要2-3周，再写信说明你的意思。 Dear Ms. Rose, Could you please fax a copy of my acceptance letter first so that I could have enough time for my visa app

28、lication? The visa application will take me about 2-3 weeks according to the embassy. Thanks a lot! Regards Whyerect Dear Whyerect, The invitation letter for your presentation at SPIEs International Symposium Data Mining (22-27 October 2002) has been mailed. An Adobe acrobat pad file of the letter i

29、s attached to this message for your use. We look forward to your participation in Sydney. Best regards Rose 一、投稿信 二、询问有无收到稿件 三、询问论文审查回音 四、关于论文的总体审查意见 五、给编辑的回信 四、关于论文的总体审查意见 1. This is a carefully done study and the findings are of considerable interest. A few minor revision are list below. 2. This i

30、s a well-written paper containing interesting results which merit publication. For the benefit of the reader, however, a number of points need clarifying and certain statements require further justification. There are given below. 3. Although these observation are interesting, they are rather limite

31、d and do not advance our knowledge of the subject sufficiently to warrant publication in PNAS. We suggest that the authors try submitting their findings to specialist journal such as 4. Although this paper is good, it would be ever better if some extra data were added. 5. This manuscript is not suit

32、able for publication in the journal of because the main observation it describe was reported 3 years ago in a reputable journal of - . 6. Please ask someone familiar with English language to help you rewrite this paper. As you will see, I have made some correction at the beginning of the paper where

33、 some syntax is not satisfactory. 7. We feel that this potentially interesting study has been marred by an inability to communicate the finding correctly in English and should like to suggest that the authors seek the advice of someone with a good knowledge of English, preferable native speaker. 8.

34、The wording and style of some section, particularly those concerning HPLC, need careful editing. Attention should be paid to the wording of those parts of the Discussion of and Summary which have been underlined. 9. Preliminary experiments only have been done and with exception of that summarized in

35、 Table 2, none has been repeated. This is clearly unsatisfactory, particularly when there is so much variation between assays. 10. The condition of incubation are poorly defined. What is the temperature? Were antibody used? 五、给编辑的回信 1. In reply to the referees main criticism of paper, it is possible

36、 to say that One minor point raised by the referee concerns of the extra composition of the reaction mixture in Figure 1. This has now been corrected. Further minor changes had been made on page 3, paragraph 1 (line 3-8) and 2 (line 6-11). These do not affect our interpretation of the result. 2. I h

37、ave read the referees comments very carefully and conclude that the paper has been rejected on the sole grounds that it lake toxicity data. I admit that I did not include a toxicity table in my article although perhaps I should have done. This was for the sake of brevity rather than an error or omis

38、sion. 3. Thank you for your letter of and for the referees comments concerning our manuscript entitled “”. We have studied their comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with their approval. 4. I enclosed a revised manuscript which includes a report of additional experiments do

39、ne at the referees suggestion. You will see that our original findings are confirmed. 5. We are sending the revised manuscript according to the comments of the reviewers. Revised portion are underlined in red. 6. We found the referees comments most helpful and have revised the manuscript 7. We are p

40、leased to note the favorable comments of reviewers in their opening sentence. 8. Thank you for your letter. I am very pleased to learn that our manuscript is acceptable for publication in Cancer Research with minor revision. 9. We have therefore completed a further series of experiments, the result

41、of which are summarized in Table 5. From this we conclude that intrinsic factor is not account. 10. We deleted the relevant passage since they are not essential to the contents of the paper. 11. I feel that the reviewers comments concerning Figures 1 and 2 result from a misinterpretation of the data

42、. 12. We would have include a non-protein inhibitor in our system, as a control, if one had been available. 13. We prefer to retain the use of Table 4 for reasons that it should be clear from the new paragraph inserted at the end of the Results section. 14. Although reviewer does not consider it is

43、important to measure the temperature of the cells, we consider it essential. 15. The running title has been changed to “”. 16. The Materials and Methods section now includes details for measuring uptake of isotope and assaying hexokinase. 17. The concentration of HAT media (page12 paragraph 2) was i

44、ncorrectly stated in the original manuscript. This has been rectified. The authors are grateful to the referees for pointing out their error. 18. As suggested by both referees, a discussion of the possibility of laser action on chromosome has been included (page16, paragraph 2). 19. We included a ne

45、w set of photographs with better definition than those originally submitted and to which a scale has been added. 20. Following the suggestion of the referees, we have redraw Figure 3 and 4. 21. Two further papers, published since our original submission, have been added to the text and Reference sec

46、tion. These are: 22. We should like to thank the referees for their helpful comments and hope that we have now produced a more balance and better account of our work. We trust that the revised manuscript is acceptable for publication. 23. I greatly appreciate both your help and that of the referees

47、concerning improvement to this paper. I hope that the revised manuscript is now suitable for publication. 24. I should like to express my appreciation to you and the referees for suggesting how to improve our paper. 25. I apologize for the delay in revising the manuscript. This was due to our doing

48、an additional experiment, as suggested by referees. 没有出席会议，索要论文集 背景：会议论文被录用，但没有出席会议 ，对方邮寄了光盘，询问是否有纸质论文 集。 Dear Sean Thanks for sending the CD-ROM copy, but I have not received the book (the prodeeding), I want to know whether a book should be included. As you know, the printed copy would be more bel

49、ievable and useful as a reference, If I want one how much it cost? Thank you. Best wishes Jinke Hello Dr., A printed version is 125 plus whatever shipping and currency conversion costs. They can be ordered and paid for through the same route ad previously. Cheers Dr. Sean D. Dessureault 2005 APCOM C

50、hairman 科技英语写作语法错误举例 英语写作表达的几个问题 科技英语写作语法错误举例 1 Subject-Verb Agreements Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Dangling Modifiers（垂悬修饰语） 4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs 1 Subject-Verb Agreements 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environment

51、s are described. 说明 The subject is “application”, which is singular. Application of this technique to is described. Sometimes, two singular subjects joined by “and” cause this error. 例2 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described Growth and isolation of M13 virus were described. Exception: A sub

52、ject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb. 例3 The name and address of each contributor is given on the title page. 例4 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists. However, when two or more subjects are joined by “or”, the verb takes the

53、number of the closest subject. 例5 Application or uses were noted. Uses or application was noted. 例6 The appropriate metal ion concentration or the rate constants were used. The rate constants or appropriate metal ion concentration was used. Collective nouns(集合名词) take a singular verb when the group

54、as a whole is meant; in that case they are often preceded by the word “the”. Collective nouns take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant; in that case, they are often preceded by the word “a”. contents majority range couple number series dozen pair variety group 例7 The series is arra

55、nged in order of decreasing size. 说明 Refers to the series as a unit. 例8 A series of compounds were tested. 说明 Refers to each compound. 例9 The number of metal amides synthesized was the largest to date. (Refers to the number as a unit.) A number of metal amides were synthesized. (Refers to each amide

56、.) 例10 The series of compounds was prepared to test the hypothesis. (Refers to the series as a unit.) A series of compounds were tested. (Refers to each compound.) “Data” can be a singular or plural noun. 例11 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results. 说明 Refers

57、 to the data as individual results. 例12 After the data are distributed, we can meet to discuss them. After the data is distributed, we can meet to discuss it. 说明 Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit. 例13 None of the samples was soluble. None of the samples were soluble. 说明 Refers to individuals. 例14 This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities. This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities. 说明 Refers to the group as a unit.