跨文化交际(UNIT 7).ppt
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1、ReviewofUnit6 Whatisnonverbalcommunication 2 Whyisnonverbalbehaviorsignificantininterculturalcommunication 3 Illustratesomeculturaldifferencesinnonverbalcommunication InterculturalCommunicationUnit7TimeandSpaceAcrossCultures WarmUp Pleasereadthestoryonpage228 Whatcanwelearnfromthestory TheAmericanan
2、dhissonhavediscoveredthatLatinAmericanuseoftimeandspaceisverydifferentfromtheirsbackintheUnitedStates TheyfeltastoundedatfirstbecausetheyhadnotexpectedthattherewouldbesuchgreatdifferencesintheseaspectsoflifebetweenLatinAmericansandNorthAmericans WhattheyhavelearnedthereisnotjusttheSpanishlanguage bu
3、talsohowtimeandspaceistobeusedwhenyouinteractwithpeopleinthenewculturalenvironment WarmUp Whatisyoursenseoftime GotoanswerthequestionsonGroupWork p235 236 Peoplewhochooseverydifferentanswerstothesequestionsmayfinditdifficulttocommunicateandgetalongwithoneanother fortheyareverylikelytodifferinsenseof
4、timeandhowtimeshouldbeused Sometimeswemaymakeunfairjudgmentsonotherpeopleandtheircharacterssimplybecausetheirunderstandinganduseoftimearedifferentfromours Chronemics Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime Thesenseoftime 1 Timeislinear Westernculturesthinktimeislinear aflowfromthepasttothe
5、presenttothefuture 2 Timeiscyclical Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides Chronemics MonochronicandPolychronicTime p256 257 1 WhatisM TimeandP Time Whichdoyouthinkisthedominatingtimesysteminourculture Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethinga
6、tatime eventsscheduledasseparateitems 2 Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce Chronemics 2 Whatisthephilosophyunderlyingeachofthetimesystem 1 P timestressesinvolvementofpeopleandcompletionoftransactionsratherthanadherencetopresentschedules Appointmentsarenottakenasseriouslyand asacon
7、sequence arefrequentlybroken P timeistreatedaslesstangiblethanM time Weakness Mattersinapolychromiccultureseeminaconstantstateofflux Appointmentsarefrequentlybroken Chronemics 2 Whatisthephilosophyunderlyingeachofthetimesystem 2 InM timesystem socialandbusinesslifeiscommonlyschedule dominated Bysche
8、duling wecompartmentalize thismakesitpossibletoconcentrateononethingatatime butitalsoreducesthecontext M timeisalsotangible M timeschedulingisusedasaclassificationsystemthatorderslife Weakness Lifeingeneralisattimesunpredictable M timereducesthecontextandalienatepeoplefromthemselvesandfromothers Rea
9、dingI Readthearticle TheHeartbeatofCulture p229 232 1 WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperienceinBrazilandthequestionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno InBrazil peopleseemtobeveryflexibleintheirconceptsoftimeandpunctuality Braziliansarelikelytoattributelatenessforappointmentstounfore
10、seencircumstancesthatthepersoncouldn tcontrol Theyseemlessinclinedtofeelpersonallyresponsibleforbeinglate Sotheyexpresslessregretfortheirownlatenessandblameotherslesswhenothersarelate ReadingI Readthearticle TheHeartbeatofCulture p229 232 1 WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperienceinBrazilandth
11、equestionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno TheBrazilianstudentsbelievedthatapersonwhoisconsistentlylateisprobablymoresuccessfulthanonewhoisconsistentlyontime Theyseemedtoaccepttheideathatsomeoneofstatusisexpectedtoarrivelate Lackofpunctualityisabadgeofsuccess ReadingI Readthearticle TheH
12、eartbeatofCulture p229 232 2 Therearen tunanimousperceptionsoftimeamongculturallydifferentpeople Evenwithinonecountry ideasoftimeandpunctualityvaryconsiderablyfromplacetoplace Differentregionsandevencitieshavetheirowndistinctrhythmsandrules 3 Appreciatingculturaldifferencesintimesensebecomesincreasi
13、nglyimportantasmoderncommunicationsputmoreandmorepeopleindailycontact Ifwearetoavoidmisreadingissuesthatinvolvetimeperceptions weneedtounderstandbetterourownculturalbiasesandthoseofothers IdentifyingDifference What stheRush p233 235 PeoplefromSouthAmericadomanythingssimultaneously aremoreconcernedwi
14、thpeopleandthepresentmomentthanwithschedules believethattheyareincommandoftimeratherthanarebeingcontrolledbyitsotheydon trushtodothingsandtendto belate often However peopleintheUnitedStatesemphasizeschedules thesegmentationoftime andpromptness Theyprefertodoonlyonethingatatimeandbelievethattimeismon
15、ey So peoplefromSouthAmericamaythinkthatpeopleintheUnitedStatesdon tunderstandthetruemeaningoflifeandhavenoideaofenjoyingitwhilepeopleintheUnitedStatesmayregardpeoplefromSouthAmericaaslazyorirresponsible AmericanConceptofTime PeopleintheUnitedStatesemphasizeschedules thesegmentationoftime andpromptn
16、ess Theyprefertodoonlyonethingatatimeandbelievethattimeismoney Americansseetimeasavaluableresource Maybethat sProfessionalscarryaroundpocketplanners someinelectronicform tokeeptrackofappointmentsanddeadlines Peopledoalltheycantosqueezemorelifeoutoftheirtime ToAmericans punctualityisawayofshowingresp
17、ectforotherpeople stime Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointmentusuallycallsforanapology andmaybeanexplanation Whenpeopleplananevent theyoftensetthetimedaysorweeksinadvance Also peoplehesitatetocallotherslateatnightforfeartheymightbeinbed ReadingII Readthearticle TheLanguageofSpace p239 243 Whatare
18、thedifferencesamongAmericans theIndia theJapaneseandtheArabtowardsspace IntheUnitedStates HallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU S peopleinteract theintimatezone thepersonalzone thesocialzone andthepubliczone Thestudyofspatialterritoryforthepurposeofcommunicationusesfourcatego
19、riesforinformalspace theintimatedistanceforembracingorwhispering 6 18inches thepersonaldistanceforconversationsamonggoodfriends 1 5 4feet socialdistanceforconversationsamongacquaintances 4 12feet andpublicdistanceusedforpublicspeaking 12feetormore ReadingII InIndia thereareelaboraterulesabouthowclos
20、elymembersofeachcastemayapproachothercastes InJapan theprivatebubbleandthepersonalspacearemoreacreationofthemindthananactualexistence TheJapaneseconnectprivacywithmentalspace IncrowdseachJapanesebecomesanislandandheisaloneaslongashedoesnotacknowledgeanyoftheotherpeople InArab Arabsofthesamesexdostan
21、dmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator Supplement Proxemics Afascinatingareainthenonverbalworldofbodylanguageisthatofspatialrelationships orproxemics thestudyofman sappreciationanduseofspace Asaspecies man
22、ishighlyterritorialbutwearerarelyawareofitunlessourspaceissomehowviolated Spatialrelationshipsandterritorialboundariesdirectlyinfluenceourdailyencounters Maintainingcontroloversuchspaceisakeyfactorinpersonalsatisfaction observingspatialinteractionsineverydaylifeisakeytopersonalawareness Supplement P
23、roxemics i Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace a fixedfeaturesofspace b semifixedfeaturesofspace and c personalspace a fixedfeaturesofspaceForexample apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahighwayformilesandneverseeasignofpeopleordwellings Therefore hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina
24、b semifixedfeaturesofspaceSemifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom suchasfurniturearrangementandseating Supplement Proxemics c personalspaceorprivatespace p239 241 Behavioralstudyindicatesthatindividualsperceiveadistancethatisappropriatefordifferenttypesofmessage
25、s theyalsoestablishacomfortabledistanceforpersonalinteractionandnonverballydefinethisastheirpersonalspace Researchsupportsthehypothesisthattheviolationofthispersonalspacecanhaveseriousadverseeffectsoncommunication Thus ifanindividualistobemutuallysatisfiedinacommunicationencounterhis herpersonalspac
26、emustberespected Shouldanintruderinvadethispersonalspacewhilealsotrespassingwithinterritorialboundariesheplacedhimselfindoublejeopardyandmustcompensatefortheother sincreasedanxiety Supplement Territoriality Territorialityreferstohowspacecanbeusedtocommunicatemessages Territorialclaimsdifferfromperso
27、nalspaceinthatthepersonalzoneaccompaniestheindividualwhileterritorialityisrelativelystationary Semi fixedfeaturespaceisoftenthecriteriausedtoestablishaterritorywithinanyenvironment itbecomesaman ssafetyzonewhereherestsfromtherigorsofdefendingpersonalspacefrominvasion thedramaticorsuddenentryintoanot
28、her spersonalzone Humans likeanimals indicatetheirownershipofthisestablishedterritoryandwillconsequentlydefenditagainstallinvasions Supplement Territoriality Comparethedifferencesamongtheculturesofthecountriesmentionedin HomeinVariousCultures p244 247 America showingvisitorsaroundhome peoplearenotal
29、lowedtolockdoorsexceptthebathroomdoor kitchenistheplacefornegotiationbetweenthemotherandthechildren theparents bedroomismostlyoff limits Germany requiresawideareaofprivacy formalandregimented doorsarefirmlyshutbetweenrooms anentrancehalltoleadvisitorsintothehousewithoutshowingspecificroomsandspoilin
30、gthefamily sprivacy NorthernEuropeancountries rudeifnotcallinadvance nottoexpectthetourofthehost shome Supplement Territoriality France neverdropinunannounced notourofthehouse guestsareusuallyreceivedinthelivingroom withthedoorstotheotherroomsclosed Italy youcandropinanytimewithoutcallingfirst excep
31、tfortherestinghoursof2 00to4 00pm Spain callahead normalvisitinghoursare4 00to6 00pm LatinAmericancountries guests evendroppinginwithoutwarning aregreetedwarmly oftenwithhugsandkisses tocommunicateinthediningroom TheMiddleEasterncountries thelayoutofthesalon CaseStudy Case25 Page250 251 Inthiscase t
32、otheChinesedirectoraswellasmanyotherChinesepeople itisnaturaltohandletheotherthingswhichneededtobedealtwithimmediately Hemayhavethoughtthat inthisway heutilizedthetimebest ButtoKatherineandmostWesterners it squitedifferent Theytendtodothingsstrictlyaccordingtotheirscheduleandappointmentswithothers w
33、hichistheirconceptofusingtimebest CaseStudy Case26 Page251 JackfelthisprivacyviolatedandJackimmediatelyshowedhisemotionasaconditionedreflex whichwroteonthelook saying Iamcompletelynothappytoseeyou Afewsecondslater hesmiledandsaid Hi Magid comeonin ThisobviouschangeonhisfacewascertainlynoticedbyMagid
34、 JackhadtopretendhewasveryhappytoseeMagid buthewassodispleasedwiththisdearoldfriendfornothavingphonedtosayhewascomingthathemighthaveexpressedhisunhappinessfromtimetotimethroughnonverbalmessages suchasfacialexpressions handmovementsandbodypostures Thesemessagesmightcontradicthiswords Magidcouldmoreor
35、lessperceivethissubtleawkwardnessthathemightbeperplexedabout CaseStudy Case27 Page252 WeChinesepeopleusuallyattachgreatimportancetotakinggoodcareofourguests Weoftengooutofourwaytomakeaguestfeelcomfortable andourkindnessoftenknowsnoboundwhenitcomestoaforeignvisitor ButwesternersincludingNorthAmerican
36、saretrainedtospendtimealoneandtodothingsforthemselvesfromthetimetheyarestillveryyoung Therefore theymayfeeluncomfortablewhentheyarealwayssurroundedbypeopleattemptingtobekindtothem Hospitalityitselfmaybesomethinguniversal buttheformandamountofhospitalitydiffergreatlyfromculturetoculture CaseStudy Cas
37、e28 Page253 ThemoststrikingfeatureoftheJapanesehousewaslackofprivacy thelackofindividual inviolablespace Itisimpossibletoliveundersuchconditionsforverylongwithoutacommonhouseholdidentityemergingwhichnaturallytakesprecedenceoverindividualwishes AlthoughithasbecomeastandardpracticeinmodernJapanforchil
38、drentohavetheirownrooms manymiddle agedandnearlyallolderJapanesestillliveinthisway Theyregardthemselvesas oneflesh theirpropertyascommontoall thehouseholdisconstitutedaccordingtoaprincipleofindivisibility Thesystemofmoveablescreenmeansthattheroomscouldbeusedbyallthefamilyandforallpurposes Homework Read CulturalConceptionsofTime p253 257 Somesaythattimeismoneywhileotherssaythattimeislife Whatdoyouthinkofthetwosayings Aretheyverydifferentfromeachother
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