英语试题20篇(翻译).doc

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1、英语试题公共英语部分注：括号里面的文字的意思：1.根据整篇短文的理解加进去，只是为了正片读起来相对比较通顺而已，省去括号里面的内容也可。2.考虑的翻译的可读性，改变了原本的表述方法，括号里是字面上的意思3.每句与每句之间的衔接的逻辑连接词。4.对前句翻译的说明。另，有些翻译仍然不够通顺，请见谅！_Put the following passage into Chinese:1、Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on forma

2、l learning. 早教的批评者援引有关4岁的小孩是否已经准备好接受正规学习的研究。Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail. 一些教育者们发现那些学步较晚的小孩更能胜任学校的功课，而那些较早学步的小孩反而不尽人意。Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of

3、 the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. 那些4岁半即将5岁的幼儿园小孩，在生理、心理、社交、智力的发展上似乎处于劣势地位。Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throu

4、ghout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. 另外，相比于那些刚刚5岁就被送进幼儿园的小孩，那些接近6岁才进入幼儿园的小孩在他们学校功课中常常能够获得更好的成绩，在成绩测试中也常常获得较高的分数。Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing.（一个小孩）聪明、语言表达能力（是否强）与（他）是否适龄入学似乎并不是

5、一回事。 It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of todays children with inner maturity. 如今小孩身上表现出来沉着、老练与内在的成熟，这两者很容易被混淆。Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative,

6、 have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage over their less-pressured peers.实际上，有证据显示，早教所带来的恰恰适得其反。那些被父母后面督促着而学业有成的小孩（往往）缺乏创造力，而且对于考试他们显得更加焦虑。同时，相对于没有收到重压的同龄人，到学前教育结束之时，他们（已）难以维持最初在学业上的优势。Many psychologists and educators remain s

7、keptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. 对于将4岁小孩放入正式教育的这种做法，许多心理学家和教育家都持怀疑态度。They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home. 通过丰富环境能否显著地改变一个成长在普通家庭（字面：非弱势家

8、庭）孩子的自然成长规律（字面：发展/成长时间表），这是他们有所质疑的地方。They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills.然而，他们也并不否认那些托儿所和幼儿园的发挥的重要性。它们给孩子们提供了家一样的环境，

9、充分自由的玩乐空间，任孩子们慢慢成长（字面：让它们按照自己的步伐成长/发展），同时还培养了它们的社交能力。But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds.但是，它们也指出，以前许多在一年级才要求掌握的事情现在希望还在幼儿园的孩子也要学会，他们甚至还唯恐4岁的小孩知之过少（字面：

10、他们唯恐小孩所要要求的将越来越多）。These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.（同时）这些心理学家和教育家们认为，我们如此这般强压这些孩子以至于剥夺了他们的童年。2、People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. 人的个性和行为习惯是如何形成的？这是困扰着人们很

11、长时间的一个问题。Its not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.为什么人的智力千差万别（一个人聪明，而另一个人却不是）？为什么有些人（一个人）乐于协作，有些人（另一个人）却争强好胜？要解释这些并不易。Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. 当然，这些问题也是社会科

12、学家们所极其关心的问题。They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. 他们想（为我们）解释为什么我们具备特定的个性、表现出一定的行为举止。There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thoughts on the matter have developed. 然而这并没有确切的答案（可言），但是基于这个问题的两个思想流派已经发展起来。As one might expect, the t

13、wo approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. 正如你所料，两种思想流派是截然不同的，而二者理论的支持者之间存在剧烈的争论。The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture.”他们二者（关于这个问题的）争论的往往很容易被归结为“先天得之或后天养成”。Those who support the “nature” si

14、de of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors.那些“先天得之”论的支持者认为，我们的性格和行为模式在很大程度上取决于生物和遗传因素。That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory.

15、我们所处的环境对我们能力、个性、行为（的塑造）甚至可能并没有什么作用，而这一点正是“先天得之”论的核心。Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为，我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的；因此，我们几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or

16、 as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. “后天养成”论的支持者们，抑或是常称之为行为学家，他们声称在决定我们的行为模式时，环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completel

17、y shaped by their surroundings. 一位名叫斯金纳（B.F.Skinner）行为学家认为，人类的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。The behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.行为学家们有关人类的观点是相当的机械的；他们机械的认为，人类对环境刺激的反应是形成他们行为模式的基础。Th

18、e traditional belief that a womans place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions. 女人当主内（应当待家里）以及女人不应该外出工作，诸如上述传统观念在现如今的条件下将很难合理的维系。It is said that it is a womans task to care for the children, but families today tend to be

19、 small and with a year or two between children.（传统观念）还认为，女人的天职就是照顾小孩，然而现如今家庭规模在逐渐变小，小孩之间的年龄差距也就一两岁。Thus a womans whole period of child bearing may occur within five years. 如此一来，一个女人用来照顾小孩得所有时间也就五年之内。Furthermore, with compulsory education from the age of five or six, her role as chief educator of her

20、 children soon ceases. 此外，随着五六岁适龄入学，女人作为孩子首席教育家的工作也很快就停止了。Thus even if we agree, that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only for about ten years.因此，即使是我们同意，对于大多数女人来说，待在家里照顾孩子直到他们适龄入学，这段时间也仅仅是10年而已。It might b

21、e argued that the house-proud women would still find plenty to do about the home. （然而，仍然）有可能会有争论说，那些以家庭为重的女人仍然可以找到很多与家庭有关的事情去做。That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, mending and sewing. 女人们确有可能如上所述，但是究其一生去做煮饭、修补和缝纫的活已经不再是一个女人所必须的了。Washing

22、 machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes. 洗衣机的问世将洗衣房里枯燥乏味的工作解放，最新式的洗衣机能完成将大量衣物洗涤到烘干的所有工作，而这些工作都是全自动的。Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-coo

23、ked foods are obtainable in tins. 电冰箱的问世使得长时间储存食物成为可能，（与此同时）许多预熟的食物都保存到了罐头中。Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week. （这样一来）我们只需一周采购一次，而不是每天如此。The new man-made fibres are more hardwearing than natural fibres and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes

24、 are cheap and plentiful. （另外，）新型的人造纤维织物比自然纤维的织物更耐磨，在大大节省了修补工作的同时，这些成衣更便宜且更方便批量化。3、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers right is in the air.不吸烟者的权利问题正在一个又一个国家里议论开了。While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control s

25、moking.虽然大多数的国家（对此）极少甚至不采取任何行动，然而有30个国家已经通过立法措施来控烟。Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.一些国家通过出台多项法律来保证非烟民不被动吸二手烟（字面：还非烟民洁净的空气），或者通过法律减少香烟消费。 In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more o

26、r less stabilized. 在一些发达国家，香烟消费或多或少已趋于稳定。However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progressand is even encouraged.然而，在许多发展中国家，吸烟（个人认为应该翻译成，烟草消费）被视作经济发展的标志，更有甚者他们还鼓励吸烟。As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in

27、those countries. 随着烟草公司的国际化，这些国家的烟民便成了烟草公司们的新大陆（字面：烟草公司需要在这些国家的烟民中找到新的市场）。For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africawhere U.S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.例如，美国烟草业在1974年向中东和北非输出的烟草总额增加了27%以

28、上，为此他们做出了巨大的努力。 Smoking is harmful to the health of people. 吸烟有害健康。World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. 世界各国政府应该开展严肃的禁烟运动。Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theatres, cinemas and res

29、taurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking. 限制香烟广告，在烟盒上标识吸烟危害，在剧院、影院、饭馆等公共场所禁烟（等），这是大多数国家为了保证非烟民利益以及控烟的普遍做法。But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his

30、 habit.然而，世界各国所关注的下一步重点是，如何让这些烟民更加自觉并且让他们意识到吸烟是陋习Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.（同时，）我们应该尽最大努力去告诫年轻人沾上吸烟这个陋习将会带来的恶果。And cigarette price should be boosted.与此同时，香烟的价格应当提高。 In the long run, there is no doubt that everyb

31、ody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.在这漫长的禁烟赛跑中，毫无疑问，每个人的生活都将因禁烟而变得美好，然而人们却并没有为这场激烈的禁烟战争做好准备。4、这一篇用了很多比喻及隐喻，还有类比，所以翻译起来比较难，到后面长句较多，超出我的能力范围。We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world

32、has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme, Panoroma. 据我们所知，大众媒体是迄今为止最好的启迪民智的方式，比如在英国，时事节目“全景”（Panoroma）每一期都吸引了数百万的观众。It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimation

33、s about societies. 确实，同时让如此众多的人如此频繁密集地置身于形形色色的社会暗示当中，像这样的情况，在人类历史中还从未有过。（这一句当中intimations about societies 社会暗示 翻译不好，请见谅）This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgement, a sense of the variety of possibl

34、e attitudes. 置身于其中或许是一种获取某些重要知识、富有想象力的品质、广泛的判断力以及对事物各种可能态度的起点。Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development.然而单凭如此置身其中却并不能使我们的智力和想象力有所增益。It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedra

35、l.这莫不如采石场中堆卧如山的顽石，你可信，他日将成筑造教堂之材。The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. 大众媒体并不能筑起教堂，他们如此这般展示这些顽石也并不能使其成为可用之材。For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply

36、to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.因为作为这些顽石本身，他们都各自处在一个独立的、自足的世界当中，由于他们的含蓄，我们无非就只能这么看着他们，因此，身处这样的环境，快速的浏览这些顽石各自的闪光点足矣。Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to or feel we should try to make decisions, as

37、 citizens or as private individuals. 确实，生活本就是各种问题的结合体，因此，身处这种环境中，作为公民或者作为个人的我们，都不得不去抑或觉得理应试着去做决定。（或者这么翻译：生活充满了许多不管我们作为公民还是个人都必须做出决定的问题。）But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. 然而

38、，这些抉择本身所具有的真实难度，还有抉择时所带来令人烦恼的难题，这一切都没有在大众媒体上得到报道和体现。（communitcated意为沟通，交流，若直译读起来不太通顺）The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy. 大众媒体不愿给出明确的答案，这种行为，不能简单的将其视为一种想要取乐顾

39、客的商业手段。It is within the grain of mass communications. 它是存在于大众传媒的产物之中的。The organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violentl

40、y rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such enquiries might really hurt. 官方的机构（州、教会、志愿者协会、政党），无论他们是否可能是善意的，

41、都注重自己的既得利益，确保公众的反应不是太激烈，注重自己在社会中的地位不被动摇，并极尽所能的对那些在大众媒体中工作的人造成影响，使他们不知不觉为政府机构的生产形式而左右，尽管这些新闻从业者会走个讨论、询问的过场，但这并不会触及到政府的关键之处。(触及到要害)They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted clich-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichs n

42、or to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. 他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行。既不对这些老一套的表示出一点过激的疑问，在涉及现代生活时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itse

43、lf; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo (现状).他们会通过电视节目来施以刺激，但是出于利益的角度，这种做法很快的变成一种煽动；最后反过来又成为让大家接受现状的推手。There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic. （当然）这种情况也有例外，然而却不是典型的。The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs

44、as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press.在广播电视节目中常能看到这样的处理结果，就如同公共媒体应对普通的公共事件一样简单明了。Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving at judgement. 公众媒体需要考虑到不同层次观众或读者的背景

45、情况，然而常常发生的是Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the “stimulation” they offer than for the fact that stimulation (repeated at regular intervals) may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to judgements carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses.Mass communications, the

46、n, do not ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castrate (使丧失活力) them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything. 5、Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards. 作为一种职业，写作能为作者提供一系列的回报。It enables people to express themselves, as well as t

47、o entertain, inform, and influence others. 写作让人表达自己的同时，同样能够娱乐、告知、影响他人。With only a few tools - paper, a typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal computer, a writer can have an impact on the surrounding world.仅仅需要一张纸、一台打印机、一支笔或者一台个人电脑，作家就可以凭此写出惊世之作。But most authors spend hundreds of hours perfecting

48、 their skills before they can sell any of their works.然而，绝大多数的作家能够以写作养活生计之前，他们都需要花费时日去磨练他们的写作技艺。 A person who wants to be a writer should set aside some time to write every day. 要想成为一个作家，每日行文是必须的。Learning to express ideas clearly and effectively in writing takes a great deal of practice. 想要在文章中清晰、有效

49、地表达自己的想法需要做大量的写作练习。Many experienced writers keep a journal. 许多有经验的作家都有记日记的习惯。A journal can serve as a storehouse for information, observations, and ideas. 日记是储存信息、观察和想法的宝库。It can also be a place to develop new material.它同样也可以是提炼新素材的宝库。 Beginning writers should read many kinds of writing encountered

50、every day and pay special attention to what they find most interesting. 初学写作的人应该阅读日常碰到的各式各样的作品，要特别留意那些他们特别感兴趣的文章。News items, feature stories, textbooks, cookbooks, repair manuals, poems, essays, short stories, novels, and plays differ in their methods of organizing and presenting material. 新闻、特写、教材、

51、食谱、维修手册、诗歌、散文、短篇故事、小说和戏剧在组织和呈现素材的时候各有各的手法。A beginning writer who reads widely and carefully will develop an appreciation of different writing approaches and styles. 通过广泛而细致的阅读可以帮助初学写作的人提高对不同写作手法和写作风格作品的鉴赏能力。In time, the writer can acquire a more flexible approach to his or her own work.随着时间的推移，作家就可以

52、在他/她的作品中游刃有余。 Successful authors write about subjects they know and understand. 成功的作家写的主题是他们知晓的领域。They sometimes take weeks or months revising or refining an article, poem, or story. 有时候他们会花数周甚至数月时间去修改、精炼一篇文章、诗歌或者故事。Beginning writers usually benefit from finding one or more friendly critics who will

53、 read their work and discuss its strengths and weaknesses with them.初学写作的人往往能从友善的评论家（的点评）那受益，因为这些评论家会研读他们的作品并与他们一同讨论作品的优点和缺点。 High schools and colleges offer many learning opportunities for young writers. 高中和大学为年轻的作家提供了许多学习的机会。Composition and literature courses can be helpful. 作文和文学课程（对于年轻的作家）也非常有帮助

54、。Creative writing and journalism courses may further assist a beginning writer in developing his or her skills. 创意写作和新闻写作课程可以更加深入的帮助一个初学写作的人提升他/她的写作能力。Many students work on literary magazines, newspapers, or yearbooks published by their schools. 许多学生在位文学杂志社、报社或者学校年鉴出版出版社工作。They may write stories, ed

55、it articles, or gain other valuable experience.他们可能在那儿写故事、编辑文章，或者（为写作）积累宝贵的经验。6、Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child-rearing, but what do fathers do? 鲜少有人怀疑母亲在照顾孩子方面的根本重要性，然而，爸爸（的重要性）呢Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. 他们

56、对家里面的贡献仅仅是作为家里面第二个成年人所做的。Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. 拉扯大一个小孩往往是吃力的、有压力且疲惫的。Two adults can support and make up for each others deficiencies and build on each others strengths.两个大人（爸爸妈妈）可以相互支持，互补不足各取所长。Fathers also bring an array of unique qualities. 爸爸（在养育孩子方面，同样）可以取得

57、一系列特别的作用（字面：独特的品质）。Some are familiar: protector and role model. 其中一些为人们所熟知，即保护者和（孩子的）榜样。Teenage boys without fathers are notoriously prone to trouble. 众所周知，没有父亲的男孩更容易招惹麻烦。The pathway to adulthood for daughters is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from their fathers, in ways they cannot from

58、 their mothers, how to relate to men. 女孩的成人之路相对来说要简单一些，然而，她们也必须仍然要从父亲那儿学习如何与男性相处，这一点是她们无法从母亲那儿学来的。They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference. 她们从父亲那儿学会了对异性的信任、亲密与区别。They learn to appreciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives

59、. 她们要从一个男人身上学习欣赏自己身上的女性温柔之美，而这个男人在她生命当中是那么特殊。Most important, through loving and being loved by their fathers, they learn that they are love-worthy.最重要的是，通过从她们的父亲那儿学到爱与被爱，她们将会明白她们不负所爱（字面：她们是值得被爱的）。Current research gives much deeper - and more surprising - insight into the fathers role in child-rearin

60、g.对于儿童成长阶段父亲的角色，最近的研究给出了更加深刻且令人意外的发现。One significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is play. 其中一个显然被忽略的方面就是玩耍。From their childrens birth through adolescence, fathers tend to emphasize play more than caretaking. 从呱呱坠地到青春期，父亲往往着重于与孩子们玩耍多过照顾。The fathers style of play is likely to be both physicall

61、y stimulating and exciting. 与父亲玩耍的是的方式更加倾向于身心的激励（字面：身体上的刺激和让人兴奋）。With older children it involves more teamwork, requiring competitive testing of physical and mental skills. 与年长一点的孩子相处时，玩耍中要包含了更多的团队合作，还需要有关心理和生理方面的小竞赛。It frequently resembles a teaching relationship: come on, let me show you how. 这常常类

62、似于一种教学关系来吧，让我来教你怎么做。Mothers play more at the childs level. 母亲与孩子之间的玩耍多在孩子们的孩童时期。They seem willing to let the child direct play.她们对孩子们玩耍的期望较为直接。（字面：她们更希望让孩子们直接玩。）Kids, at least in the early years, seem to prefer to play with daddy. 至少在最初的几年里，孩子们更愿意与他们的爸爸玩耍。In one study of 2-5-year olds who were given

63、 a choice, more than two-thirds chose to play with their father.一个对2-5岁这个年龄段小孩的研究指出，当让这些小孩选择跟谁玩时，超过三分之一小孩得选择是他们的爸爸。The way fathers play has effects on everything from the management of emotions to intelligence and academic achievement. 与父亲玩耍的方式会对很多方面产生影响，从情绪控制到智力发展，甚至是学业成绩。It is particularly importa

64、nt in promoting self-control.特别是在情绪控制方面有非常重要的促进作用。According to one expert, children who roughhouse with their fathers quickly learn that biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptable. 按照一位教授的原话：“那些与他们父亲打闹的孩子们，早早就明白了打人和踢人或者其他形式的暴力行为都是不允许的。”They learn when to shut it down.他们知道何时“住手”。At play and in other realms, fathers tend to stress competition, challenge, initiative, risk taking and independence. 在玩耍亦或是其他的一些地方，父亲往往会强调竞争、挑战、主动、冒险和独立Mothers, as caretakers, stress emotional security and personal safety. （而）母亲