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1、CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION AND TRENDS ARTICLE: The Evolution of Modern Urban Planning Its very difficult to give a definition to modern urban planning, from origin to today, modern urban planning is more like an evolving and changing process, and it will continue evolving and changing. Originally, moder

2、n urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution; it was physical and technical with focus on land-use. Then with the economic, social, political and technical development for over one hundred years, todays city is a complex system which contains many elements th

3、at are related to each other. And urban planning is not only required to concern with the build environment, but also relate more to economic, social and political conditions. 这是非常困难的给予定义，以现代城市规划，从起源到今天，现代 城市规划更像是一个不断发展和变化的过程，它会继续发展和变化。本来，现代城市规划的出现，以解决 工业革命所带来的问题，它是物理和与土地利用的重点技术。然后，随着经济，社会，政治和技术超过百

4、年的发展，今天的城市是一个复杂的系统包含哪些是相互关联的许多内容。而城市规划不仅要关注与构建 环境，而且还涉及更多的经济，社会和政治条件。 In human history, Industrial Revolution is always viewed as a turning point because it brought tremendous changes to the world. At the beginning, it was just like a myth because machine could produce manufactured goods more quickl

5、y than the human hand. Following that, a large number of factories appeared and a large amount of people left their agriculture land to the factories. This process is called industrialization. It brought with the rapid economic growth, the expansion of city and the immigration of population. Large s

6、cale population growth in city and without any planning caused many problems, especially in the living condition the industrial cities became drab, polluted, unsafe and unhealthy. 在人类历史上，工业革命总是视为一个转折 点，因为它带来的巨大变化给世界。一开始，它简直就像一个神话，因为机器可以生产制成品的速度比人 的手。随后，大量的工厂出现，大量的人离开了他们的农业土地给工厂。这个过程被称为产业化。它带来 了经济的快速

7、增长，城市扩张和人口移民。大规模的城市，没有任何规划人口增长造成了许多问题，特别 是在生活条件 - 工业城市成为单调，污染，不安全和不健康的。 With social reform movement, early modern urban planning was concentrated on dealing with the problems of housing, sanitation and infrastructure, and the spread of cholera and other waterborne diseases. During that period, the i

8、dea of planning was to create a pleasant, self-contained environment providing for work, settlement, and leisure, through careful and expert design. A famous example is Howards Garden City; it planned a beautiful city, which was divided into many districts including the center of city, industrial ar

9、eas, residential areas, schools and greenbelt to allow people to live together in “harmony，health and happiness”. The theory contributed a lot to the practice of early modern urban planning in European. In a nutshell, the beginning of modern urban planning was more like blueprint approach; it was se

10、en as essentially “a technical process of design and drawing, unrelated in its operation to economic or political process”. Along with the urbanization, zoning was begun, and housing, subdivision, and public health codes were created. 随着社会改革运动，早期现代城市规划 是集中在与住房，卫生和基础设施，以及霍乱和其它水源性疾病的传播问题的处理。在此期间，规划理念

11、是创造一个愉快的，独立的环境，提供工作，定居，休闲和专家通过精心设计。著名的例子是霍华德的花 园城市，计划一个美丽的城市，这是为包括城市中心，工业区，住宅区，学校和绿地，让人们生活在了一 起很多地区分为“和谐，健康和幸福。”该理论贡献良多早期现代美国城市规划的做法。概括地说，现代 城市规划的蓝图开始是想更多的办法，它被看作是本质“的设计和绘图技术，在其运作过程无关的经济或 政治进程。”随着城市化，分区是开始，住房，细分和公共健康规范的创建。 The development of modern urban planning depends largely on the development o

12、f social policy, economy and scientific technique. 现代城市规划的发展在很大程度上取决于社会政策，经济和科学技术的 发展 Facing with the urgent need of post-war reconstruction, 1950surban planning showed a pattern oriented toward recovery and economic development. Planning became primarily concerned with industrial development, job c

13、reation and housing provision. However, planners with no background of economic and social training couldnt be sensitive to the wider economic, political and social complexities of urban planning. So planning still emphasized more on physical land-use but to respond the demand of post-war reconstruc

14、tion.随着战 后重建的迫切需要面对，规划 1950surban 显示模式走向复苏和经济发展的导向。规划 PRIMAR 成为与 产业发展，创造就业和住房有关条文。然而，由于没有经济和社会培训背景规划者不能敏感的矛盾的经济， 政治和社会的城市规划的复杂性。所以仍计划强调物理土地使用更多的响应，但战后重建的需求。 Going through the post-war reconstruction, 1960s came with rapidly growing economy and advancing technology. Urban planners were aware to the c

15、omplex urban system of political, economic, technical and environmental problems. As a result, planning started to provide development strategies on socio-economic aspect and environmental protection. Regional Planning and National Planning were rapidly developed to provide general policies and stra

16、tegies, such as large-scale economic framework, population distribution, infrastructure growth, housing development, etc. to guide local planning. Because of the introduction of computers to urban planning process, there occurred planning models. Then urban planning became more scientific. Furthermo

17、re, due to the rapidly growing number of cars, the transportation planning became a more important part of planning. At the same time, environmentalist, by awareness of urban pollution and uncontrolled redevelopment, advocated that planning should pay more attention on environmental protection and u

18、rban conservation. Furthermore, public participation was introduced to the planning process because they realized that urban planning was related to their benefits. 通过战后重建会，20 世纪 60 年代迅速发展的经济和先进技术来了。城市规划者意识到在复杂的 政治，经济，技术和环境问题的城镇体系。因此，规划开始提供有关社会经济方面和环保事业的发展战略。 区域规划和国家规划提供了快速发展的大政方针和策略，如大规模的经济框架，人口分布，

19、基础设施的发 展，房屋开发等，引导地方规划。由于计算机引入城市规划过程中，发生规划模型。然后，城市规划更加 科学。此外，由于汽车数量迅速增加，交通规划成为规划的重要组成部分。在 Sametime 的，环保的污染 和无节制的城市重建的认识，主张规划应更加环保和城市保护的重视。此外，被介绍给公众参与规划的过 程，因为他们意识到城市规划是关系到他们的利益。 1970s capitalist economy began to recess, Traditional values were challenged and planning profession encountered crisis. “P

20、lanning had not been able to fulfill its promise of balancing growth across the country and spreading its benefits widely with society”. During this period, planning was combined to implementation, not just design and reform. And planning was not just following the policy made by officials, but take

21、 part in policy- making, so planning was vested political implication. Most of radical planners wanted a redefinition of planning that would include the goals of social justice, equality, and redistribution of wealth and power. Planning was no longer a design process completed by expertise, but a po

22、litical process that involved citizens of every class to take part in. Related policies or ordinance were established to form an open and equal planning process. Thus, apart from the original land use allocation and socio-economic strategies, planning process，including planning-making, application a

23、nd enforcement, was integrated into planning system. 20 世纪 70 年代资本主义经济开始休会，传 统价值观念受到挑战和策划界遇到的危机。 “规划没有能够 Fulfil 其平衡全国各地的传播与社会发展和它 的好处广泛的诺言”。在此期间，其中合并计划的实施，不仅是设计和规划什么改革，而不是由以下官员 的政策，但参与决策的一部分，所以规划是赋予政治含义。规划师最想要的规划激进的重新定义，其中包 括社会正义，平等，财富和权力再分配的目标。规划不再是一个由专家完成设计过程，而是一个政治过程， 每类涉及公民参加英寸相关政策或法令的一部分，建立，形成一

24、个开放的规划程序和平等。因此，除了原 有的土地使用分配和社会经济战略，规划的过程中，包括规划，决策，实施和执行，这将规划系统集成 When times came to 1980s, with the global economic restructuring, business played a vital role in economic system and planning encountered forgetting. Some people thought that market could allocate the resources and balance the demand

25、and require in a more rational way, but planning restricted market. Actually, resources are limit, and city is composed of political, economic, cultural and environmental issues, market is not able to balance them all. Then 1990s is the resurgence of planning. Todays urban planning is a comprehensiv

26、e planning with concerns about the sustainable development of politics, economy and environment. It contains socio- economic development strategy, policies, regulations, decision-making process, environmental conservation as well as land-use planning, urban design and landscape. In addition, along w

27、ith the economic globalization, planning is going beyond the traditionally boundary of nation state. Planning cooperation in regions and all over the world is searched for a better socio-economic circumstance and a sustainable environment. Todays planning is required to put the city in world context

28、, and then figures out promising strategies for its future development. 当时间时间来到 20 世纪纪 80 年代全 球经济结经济结构调调整，企业业在经济经济中发挥发挥了至关重要的作用和规规划系统统遇到遗遗忘。有些人认为认为市场场能增拨资拨资源， 平衡需求和更理性的方式，市场规场规划要求，但受到限制。其实实，资资源限制，城市是政治，经济经济，文化和环环 境问题组问题组成的，市场场是无法平衡所有这这些，然后是 20 世纪纪 90 年代规规划的复苏苏。今天的城市规规划是一个 关于政治，经济经济和环环境的可持续发续发展问题问题的全

29、面规规划。它包括社会经济发经济发展战战略，政策，法规规，决策过过程， 以及环环境保育土地利用总总体规规划，城市设计设计和景观观。此外，随着经济经济全球化，规规划是超越了民族国家的传传 统边统边界。规规划和世界各地的区域合作是寻寻找一种更好的社会经济环经济环境和可持续发续发展的环环境。今天的规规划范 围围是需投入在世界上的城市，然后出其未来发发展前途的战战略数字。 FURTHER READING (2): Trends in Modern Urban Planning of US Urban planning in the United States is quite different tha

30、n elsewhere. Since they are a federal democracy, they do not have the centralized national planning that provides the framework into which local planning must fit. It has not been popular to suggest this centralized approach since most Americans abhor big government. Thus, the 50 states emerge as th

31、e highest levels for planning, and sometimes they are subdivided into regional planning areas. 在美国城市规划是相当比其他地 方不同。由于他们是一个联邦民主，他们没有集中的国家规划框架，提供了地方规划必须适合哪。它没有 得到普及建议本集中的方式，因为大多数美国人深恶痛绝的大政府。因此，50 个州出现作为规划的最高 水平，有时他们纳入区域规划领域细分。 Urban planning occurs at the city and regional level today. Many functions,

32、such as transportation, water supply, sewage treatment, pollution abatement, and economic development, occur at the regional level, although no true general-purpose regional governments have been created. Instead, planning at the regional level tends to be advisory to the already established general

33、-purpose governments at the state, county, and municipal levels. These levels have their own planning processes, which are often linked with regional plans. 城市规划今天 发生在城市和地区的水平。许多功能，如交通，供水，污水处理，污染减排和经济发展，发生在区域一级， 虽然没有真正的通用地区政府已经建立。相反，在区域层面的规划往往是咨询到已经建立的通用在州，县， 市各级政府。这些级别有自己的规划过程，往往与哪些区域规划联系起来。 Urban

34、planning will most likely remain a regional and local process for the foreseeable future. It is a continuous process that does not end with the creation of a plan but proceeds through the decision-making and monitoring and evaluation phases of government. And it has become established to the extent

35、that it can be considered institutionalized. It has gone beyond the need to establish its legitimacy and has become an inherent part of government and business. The next phase in the evolution of planning will be implementation that is, ensuring that good planning will be carried out by both the pub

36、lic and the private sectors. This means that planning, while largely concerned with the built environment, will have to relate better to economic, social, and political conditions. 城市规划将极有可能仍然是区域和本地进程在可预见的未来。这是一个持续的过程，不结束， 创造了一个计划，而是通过决策，监测和评估阶段的政府收益。它已成为既定的，它可以被认为是制度化 的程度。它已经超越了需要建立其合法性，并已成为政府和企业固有

37、的一部分。在规划发展的下一个阶段 将实施 - 也就是说，确保良好的规划将由公共和私营部门进行。这意味着，规划，而很大程度上与环境 建设方面，将更好地与经济，社会和政治条件。 Urban planning can make no claim to solving all of society s problems, but it can be an effective and efficient process for building cities and their regions in the best way possible. Here, planning must be a subt

38、le process that is open, participatory, and flexible. It requires both technical skills and the arts of compromise, negotiation, and consensus. Urban planners in the modern world must be part reformer, visionary designer, and politician. 城市规划可以使没有解决社会所有问题的说法，但它可以成为建设的最好的方式他们的城市和 地区的有效和高效的流程。在这里，规划必须

39、是一个潜移默化的过程是开放的，参与性，和灵活。这既需 要技术技能和妥协的艺术，谈判，并达成共识。在现代世界城市规划者必须成为改革者，有远见，设计师 和政客。 From this evolution of urban planning there have arisen several long-term trends. 从这个城 市规划的演变有出现几个长期趋势。 Growth Control, and Decline Management Growth control is found most commonly in Sunbelt cities, resorts, coastal area

40、s, mountainous regions, and other environmentally and climatically appealing places. A common situation is when long-term residents and recent in-migrants decide that growth is occurring too rapidly and destroying the quality of life that attracted development. They ask urban planners to control gro

41、wth in order to preserve that quality of life as well as to relieve the pressures on the infrastructure, public services, and public costs created by new development. Urban planners use mechanisms that can slow, ameliorate, or redirect growth. While the practice remains controversial in legal terms,

42、 many court decisions have upheld the right of state and local governments to plan and control the tempo, location, and extent of development. 生长控制，管理和衰落 增长的控制是最常见于阳光地带城市，度假村，沿海地区，山区和其他环境和气候有吸引力的地方。一个 常见的情况是长期居民和流动人口增长的决定是最近发生的太迅速，破坏了生活质量，吸引发展。他们要 求城市规划者，以控制增长，以维持该生活质量以及减轻压力的基础设施，公共服务，并通过新的发展创 造了公共成

43、本。城市规划人员使用机制，可以减缓，改善，或重定向增长。虽然这种做法在法律上仍然有 争议，许多法院判决维护了国家和地方政府有权计划和控制节奏，位置和发展程度。 Decline management is relatively new to urban planners, because the present redistribution of people, jobs, and development is without precedent in the United States. Until recently, urban planners did not have to deal w

44、ith declining urban populations. Many cities in the Snowbelt and Rustbelt, most heavy industrial centers that are obsolete, old transportation centers, and other areas subject to difficult climates and changing economic trends are experiencing declines. This does not mean decay necessarily, since so

45、me places have redeveloped and improved their quality of life with fewer people living there. It does mean a far more difficult and risky approach to urban planning. This approach involves elements of preserving what is good about these cities while encouraging change and innovation for things that

46、do not seem to be viable any longer. It essentially means that urban planners can no longer rely upon principles and standards that evolved from planning practice during times of unlimited growth. Now planners must use methods that seek to improve cities while managing their decline. 拒绝管理是比较新的 城市规划师

47、，因为人，就业和再分配发展到今天，在美国没有先例。直到最近，城市规划师没有处理减少 城市人口。在 Rustbelt Snowbelt，最重的是过时的，旧的运输中心的工业中心，并受经济困难的气候变 化趋势和其他地区的许多城市都面临下降。这并不一定意味着腐烂，因为有的地方重建和改善人民生活较 少有他们的生活质量。它意味着一个更为困难和风险的方法，城市规划。这种方法涉及到保护这些城市是 什么样的好内容，同时鼓励变化和事情，似乎并不可行再创新。本质上，它意味着城市规划者不能再根据 原则和标准，从规划实践发展过程中的无限增长时代依靠。现在，规划者必须使用的方法，设法提高他们 的城市，同时管理下降。 Hi

48、storic Preservation and Adaptive Reuse In both the decline management and growth control contexts, the preservation of significant historic areas and buildings is a major trend in urban planning. There has been a lamentable insensitivity to historic preservation until fairly recent times, when Ameri

49、cans came to realize that historic areas and buildings were being destroyed and that a heritage was being lost forever, Most cities and states now have vital preservation programs that seek to preserve what is truly significant. A great number of programs and incentives have arisen to control demoli

50、tion and encourage conservation. 古迹保存与活化再利用 在这两个下降和增长管理控制的情况下，该地区的显著历史和建筑保存是一个城市规划的大趋势。有一种 可悲的历史保护不敏感，直到相当最近，当美国人认识到，历史悠久的地区和建筑物被摧毁，而遗产被永 远失去了，大多数城市和国家现在有重要的保护方案，谋求保护什么是真正的显著。一个伟大的计划和奖 励数量已经出现控制拆迁和鼓励节能。 An especially interesting part of this trend is the adaptive reuse of older buildings. This conce

51、pt holds that attractive, sound; historically significant buildings that may have outlived their original functions can be reused for new purposes. Thus, urban planners might assist in reusing an abandoned schoolhouse for a technology office, in transforming an old mansion into a cultural center, in

52、 turning an abandoned jail into a bar, and even in giving an unused gas station new life as a quality restaurant. In fact, these are real examples of recent projects that have been made possible by urban planning and the use of incentives for adaptive reuse. 这方面的一个趋势，特 别是有趣的部分是旧建筑活化再利用。这一概念认为，吸引力，声音

53、，历史上显著，可能已经失去原有的 功能，可重复使用的新用途的建筑物。因此，城市规划者可能有助于重用被抛弃了改造成文化中心的老豪 宅科技厅校舍，在转变成一个栏废弃监狱，甚至给一个未使用的气站的优质餐厅的新生活。事实上，这些 都是已经由城市规划，并为可能的活化再利用的激励最近的项目实际使用的例子。 Neighborhood Planning Closely related to the historic preservation and adaptive reuse trend in older cities is neighborhood planning. Planning assistanc

54、e is provided to neighborhood groups that are organized to preserve their neighborhoods and prevent decline. A planning department often supplies special staff and financial assistance to such groups. In some cases, planners themselves may actually be involved in organizing such neighborhood groups.

55、 邻里规划 密切相关的古迹保存与活化再利用的旧城市的趋势是邻里的规划。规划援助提供给社区团体 - 这是有组 织的，以维护他们的居民区和预防的下降。一个规划部门的工作人员经常物资和财政援助，以这种特殊的 群体。在某些情况下，自己实际上可能是在组织社区团体参与规划审查。 Even in growing cities, there is a trend toward neighborhood planning. This has resulted both from neighborhood demands and from recognition by planners that the mode

56、rn city is an organism composed of individual cells, or neighborhoods. The neighborhood offers an ideal unit in which to concentrate planning programs, which are especially effective when there is an overall urban planning strategy. 即使是在发展的城市， 有一个对邻里规划的趋势。这导致无论是从邻里和规划要求，从认识到，现代城市是单个细胞，或邻里组 成的有机体。邻里提

57、供了一个理想的单位中集中规划方案，特别是有效的，当有哪一个是城市总体规划 的战略。 Design The trend now is to incorporate the principles of urban design more fully into urban planning. This trend evolved in recent years when it became apparent that urban planning had been ignoring the appearance, design, and beauty of the built environment

58、 While few if any planners would argue that design can solve social and economic problems by itself, most would concur that the way cities look is vitally important. 设计设计 现在的趋势是将其纳入城市规划对城市设计的原则更加充分。这种趋势在最近几年发展的时候，很明显，现在的趋势是将其纳入城市规划对城市设计的原则更加充分。这种趋势在最近几年发展的时候，很明显， 城市规划一直忽视了外观，设计和建筑环境规划师美虽然几乎没有人认为设计可以

59、解决社会问题和自身的城市规划一直忽视了外观，设计和建筑环境规划师美虽然几乎没有人认为设计可以解决社会问题和自身的 经济，大多数人会同意的这样的城市看是非常重要的。经济，大多数人会同意的这样的城市看是非常重要的。 The San Francisco zoning regulations of the mid-1980s were a benchmark for the new trend to incorporate design into urban planning. These regulations not only dealt with the land use, height, bu

60、lk, and density of buildings, but also went beyond them to establish design standards. They thus went much further than the New York City ordinances of the 1920s, for they dealt with the spatial envelopes and design styles that give form to new buildings. This meant that zoning and other planning co

61、ntrols could be used to require certain design configurations for building construction and for built areas, and it greatly increased the attention to design in urban planning. 旧金山分区的旧金山分区的 80 年代中期的规定是一个新趋势，将其纳入城市年代中期的规定是一个新趋势，将其纳入城市 规划设计基准。这些法规不仅涉及土地使用，高度，体积和建筑密度，但也超出他们去建立设计标准。因规划设计基准。这些法规不仅涉及土地使用，

62、高度，体积和建筑密度，但也超出他们去建立设计标准。因 此，他们就远远超出了此，他们就远远超出了 20 世纪世纪 20 年代纽约市的条例，因为他们与空间信封和设计风格，让新的建筑形年代纽约市的条例，因为他们与空间信封和设计风格，让新的建筑形 式来处理。这意味着，分区和其他规划控制可用于要求对建筑施工和建成区一定的设计配置，并大大提高式来处理。这意味着，分区和其他规划控制可用于要求对建筑施工和建成区一定的设计配置，并大大提高 了重视城市规划设计。了重视城市规划设计。 Negotiation For many years urban planning played a regulatory role

63、 since it dealt with ways to ensure conformity to public master plans and zoning ordinances. This regulatory function often resulted in litigation when property owners objected to these requirements. There was little in the way of compromise, negotiation, and arbitration. During the 1980s, the trend

64、 to use negotiation as an alternative to litigation and as a way to reach agreements on regulatory aspects of planning began to take hold. 协商 多年来，城市规划起到了调节作用，因为它与方法，确保符合区划条例和总体规划的公共处理。这种调节 功能往往导致诉讼时业主反对这些要求。有一点在妥协，谈判和仲裁的方式。在 20 世纪 80 年代，这一 趋势以此作为谈判和诉讼替代，以此来达到对规划管理方面的协议开始占据上风。 The negotiation approac

65、h for resolving conflicts in urban planning is an interesting trend because it arose primarily from universities, research centers, and private foundations and was then transferred to practice. This is unusual, because trends in urban planning usually start in practice and then take on a theoretical

66、 and intellectual format. 为解决城市规划冲突的谈判方式是一个有趣的趋势，因为它 PRIMAR 源于大学，研究 中心，私人基金会和然后转移到实践。这是不寻常，因为在实践中通常从城市规划的趋势，然后在理论和 智力格式服用。 The breadth and depth of the use of negotiation in planning have not been tapped. It can be expected that the formal negotiation models and their applied variants will be found increasingly effective for the future of urban planning. 的广度和谈判的深度利用规划还没有被挖掘。可以预 计，正式谈判模型及其变种，会发现越来越多的应用为今后有效的城市规划。 Conclusion Urban planning has undergone a long evolution from an