动词被动语态

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1、动词的被动语态英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫做主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，叫做被动语态。例如：Wesweptthefloor.我们打扫了地板。（主动语态）Thefloorwasswept.地板被打扫过。（被动语态）1.1、被动语态的构成1）被动语态是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。a被动语态的肯定句Appletreesareplantedinthesouth.苹果树不种在南方。b被动语态的否定句Thebuildinghasntbeencompleted.这座建筑物没有竣工。c被动语态的

2、一般疑问句被动语态的一般疑问句的结构是：Be+主语+过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）AretheymadeinChina?Yes,theyare.它们是中国制造的吗？是的，是中国制造的。Wasthemuseumbuiltin1993?No,itwasbuiltin1986.这座博物馆是在1993年建成的吗？不，它是在1986年建成的。d被动语态的特殊疑问句被动语态的特殊疑问句的结构是Whatisthemachineusedfor?这台机器用来作什么？Wherewerethecarmade?这些小汽车是哪里制造的？疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt）。Itisusedformakingpaper

3、.它是用来造纸的。TheyweremadeinChina.它们是中国制造的。2）被动语态的几种时态形式（以动词ask为例）：1一般现在时结构：主语am/is/are+过去分词主动句：Shecleansherroomeveryday.被动句：Herroomiscleaned（byher）everyday.（肯定句）否定句：Herroomisntcleaned（byher）everyday.一般疑问句：Isherroomcleaned（byher）everyday?注意：被动句的be助动词的变化应按被动句中新主语的人称和数而变化，其时态应与主动句的时态一致2.一般过去时结构：主语+was/were

4、+过去分词主动句：TheworkersmadetheVCDlastweek.被动句：TheVCDwasmadebytheworkerslastweek.（肯定句）否定句:TheVCDwasntmadebytheworkerslastweek.一般疑问句：WastheVCDmadebytheworkerslastweek?3.一般将来时结构：主语+willbe+过去分词主动句：MyfatherwillsendmetoAmericasoon.肯定句：IwillbesenttoAmericabymyfathersoon.否定句：IwontbesenttoAmericabymyfathersoon.一

5、般疑问句：WillyoubesenttoAmericabyyourfathersoon?4. 过去将来时结构：主语+wouldbe+过去分词主动句：Hesaidhewouldpunishthenaughtyboytonight.肯定句：Hesaidthenaughtyboywouldbepunishedbyhimtonight.否定句：Hesaidthenaughtyboywouldntbepunishedbyhimtonight.5. 现在进行时结构：主语+am/is/are+being+过去分词主动句：Heistellingastorynow.肯定句：Astoryisbeingtoldby

6、himnow.否定句：Astoryisntbeingtoldbyhimnow.一般疑问句：Isastorybeingtoldbyhimnow?6.过去进行时结构：主语+was/were+being+过去分词主动句：HewastellingastorywhenIcamein.肯定句：AstorywasbeingtoldbyhimwhenIcamein.否定句：AstorywasntbeingtoldbyhimwhenIcamein.一般疑问句：WasastorybeingtoldbyhimwhenIcamein?7.现在完成时结构：主语+have/has+been+过去分词主动句:Theboyh

7、asfinishedthework.肯定句:Theworkhasbeenfinishedbytheboy.否定句:Theworkhasntbeenfinishedbytheboy.一般疑问句:Hastheworkbeenfinishedbytheboy?8.过去完成时结构：主语+had+been+过去分词主动句:Theyhadbuilttenbuildingsby2003.肯定句:Tenbuildingshadbeenbuiltbythemby2003.否定句:Tenbuildingshadntbeenbuiltbythemby2003.一般疑问句:Hadtenbuildingsbeenbui

8、ltbythemby2003?1.2、什么时候使用被动语态1）在没有指明动作的执行者的情况下。Themeetingwasheldlastweek.会议上周召开了。Englishistaughtinallmiddleschools.所有中学都开设英语课。2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。Teapotsareusedfordrinking.茶壶是饮水用的。Wherescottonproduced?棉花产于何地？1.3、主动语态变为被动语态的方法1）将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。2）把主动结构的谓语动词改为be+过去分词形式。3）将主动句的主语

9、变为介词by的宾语。例如：Peopleuseradiosforlisteningtothenews（.主动）Radiosareuseforlisteningtothenewsbypeople.（被动）Ipostedaletterlastweek.（主动）Aletterwaspostedbymelastweek.（被动）注意：在make,let,see,hear,notice,watch,feel等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但这种句子如果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。例如：WeheardhersinganEnglishsong.（主动）ShewasheardtosinganEn

10、glishsongbyus.（被动）1.4、主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型1）谓语动词只有一个宾语的。例如：Theworkersarebuildingaship.（主动语态）Theshipisbeingbuiltbytheworkers.（被动语态）Ihavefinishedtheexercises.（主动语态）Theexerciseshavebeenfinishedbyme.（被动语态）2）谓语动词有两个宾语的，其中一个变为被动句的主语，另一个仍作为宾语，称为保留宾语。例如：Isenthimapresent.（主动语态）Hewassentapresentbyme.（被动语态）Apresent

11、wassenttohimbyme.（被动语态）注意：a）在主动句中有些动词，如ask,answer,teach等变成被动句时，一般将间接宾语（指人的）改成被动句的主语。例如：Heaskedusalotofquestions.（主动语态）Wewereaskedalotofquestionsbyhim.b）在主动句中有些动词，如build,buy,choose等变成被动句时，将直接宾语（指物的）改成被动句的主语。例如：Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.（主动语态）Thenewbikewasboughtformebymyfather.（被动语态）3）谓语动词后跟复合宾语，只把宾语改为

12、被动句的主语，宾语补足语不变。例如：Heleftthedooropen.（主动语态）他让门开着。Thedoorwasleftopenbyhim.（被动语态）门由他打开着。4）许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。例如：Wemusttakegoodcareofourbooks.（主动语态）Ourbooksmustbetakengoodcareof.（被动语态）我们应该保管好我们的书本。我们的书本应保管好。（被动）5）谓语动词含有情态动词时，只变及物动词

13、为被动语态，构成为：情态动词+be+过去分词（vt.）例如：Wemustfinishitatonce.（主动语态）我们必须马上做完这件事。Itmustbefinishedatonce（被动语态）这件事必须马上做完。6）带有begoingto结构的被动语态，被动结构表现在不定式上。结构为：sthbegoingtobedone。例如：Iamgoingtoclosethedoor.（主动语态）我将去关门。Thedoorisgoingtobeclosed.（被动语态）门将要关上。1.5、被动语态中应注意的几个问题1）在被动语态句子中要注意主语与谓语在人称和数方面要保持一致。2）主动语态不能变为被动语态

14、的情况：a. have（有）以及和have构成的短语动词不能用于被动语态b. 不及物动词没有动作的承受者，不能用被动语态。c. 主动句的宾语是eachother或反身代词时，不能变成被动句的主语。d. 主动句的宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不能变成被动句的主语。3）注意有时用主动语态表示被动意义的情况。例如：Thiskindofclothwashesverywell.这种布很禁洗。ThemachinemadeinChinasellwellabroad.中国制造的机器在国外畅销被动语态专项练习1. Goodbooksagainandagain.A.shouldbereadedB.shoul

15、dbereadC.mustreadD.oughttoread2. Thechildrenbythenurse.A.werelookedB.lookedafterC.werelookedafterD.looked3. He_somepiecesofadvice,buthetothem.A.gave,didntlistenB.wasgiven,wasntlistenedC.give,wasntlistenedD.wasgiven,didntlisten4. Whentheaccident?A.was,happenB.did,happenC.is,happenD.was,happened5. The

16、questionbyussoon.A.isgoingtodiscussB.willdiscussC.isgoingtobediscussedD.hasbeendiscussed6. Thelababoutfiveyearsago.A.wasbuildedB.wasbuiltC.buildsD.hasbeenbuilt7. Alotoftallbuildingsinhishometowninthelastthreeyears.A.havesetupB.havebeensetupC.weresetupD.setup8. Theyprinting500copiesbytheendoflastmont

17、h.A.hadfinishedB.havefinishedC.hadbeenfinishedD.havebeenfinished9. Rice_alsointheirhometown.A.is.grownB.is.grewC.was.grewD.was.grown10. Hebytheteachers.A.isalwayspraisedB.praisesC.havebeenpraisedD.alwaysispraised11. Greatchangesplace.Manynewschools.A.havetaken,havebeenopenedB.take,areopenC.aretaken,

18、openD.havebeentaken,areopened12. ThepictureinOctober,1996.A.wastakingB.hadbeentakenC.wastakenD.hadtaken13. Wecantusethebridgenow,becauseit.A.hasbeenrepairedB.isrepairingC.isrepairedD.isbeingrepaired14. Ithewaytotherailwaystationbyapoliceman.A.wasshownB.showedC.haveshownD.wasshowing15. Thewarin1941.A

19、.brokeoutB.hadbeenbrokenoutC.wasbrokenoutD.hadbrokenout16. Whenwater,itwillbechangedintovapour.A.isheatedB.heatingC.hasheatedD.heats17. Wecantentertheroombecauseitsdoor.A.lockedB.locksC.islockedD.islocking18. Theydayandnight.A.aremadeworkB.aremadetoworkC.madetobeworkedD.aremakingtowork19. ChanganRoa

20、disofpeople.A.filledB.fillC.fullD.fulled20. Man-madesatellitesintospacebymanycountries.A.wassentupB.issentupC.havebeensentupD.hasbeensentup21. ThisEnglishsongoftenbythechildren.A.is,singingB.is,sungC.will,singD.was,sung22. Thewindowsofourhouseonceaweek.A.mustcleanB.havecleanedC.iscleanedD.arecleaned

21、23. WhenthePeoplesRepublicofChina?A.was,foundB.was,foundedC.did,foundD.does,found24. Marysradiobymybrotherjustnow.A.willbemendedB.hasmendedC.wasmendedD.mended25. Yourexercisebooksafterclass.A.willhandinB.musthandinC.handedinD.mustbehandedin26. Sometreesmayatothertimesoftheyear.A.beplantedB.plantC.ar

22、eplantedD.willbeplanted27. Thesunatnightasusual.A.canbeseenB.cantseeC.cantbeseenD.doesntsee28. AnewEnglishplaytherenextweek.A.willputonB.willbeputonC.isgoingtoputonD.willbeputtedon29. Astrangethinginourschoolyesterday.A.washappenedB.hasbeenhappenedC.happenedD.wasgoingtohappen30. Theglass.ItbylittleT

23、omthismorning.A.broke,isbrokenB.isbroken,wasbrokenC.wasbroken,brokeD.hasbeenbroken,broken参考答案1.B2.C3.D4.B5.C6. B7.B8.A9.A10.A11.A12.C13.D14.A15.A16.A17.C18.B19.C20.C21.B22.D23.B24.C25.D26.A27.C28.B29.C30.B一.相关知识点精讲1.let的用法1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to的不定式。例如：Theyletthestrangego.他们放陌生人走了。-Thestrange

24、wasletgo.2）当let后宾补较长时，let通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit代替。例如：Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那护士让我去探望住院的同学。Iwasallowed/permittedtoseemyclassmateinthehospital.3.表示据说或相信的词组，基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等组成。例如：Itissaidthat.据说Itisreportedthat.据报道I

25、tisbelievedthat.大家相信Itishopedthat.大家希望Itiswellknownthat.众所周知Itisthoughtthat.大家认为Itissuggestedthat.据建议Itistakengrantedthat.被视为当然Ithasbeendecidedthat.大家决定Itmustberememberthat.务必记住的是4. 不用被动语态的情况1）不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear,diedisappear,end（vi.结束），fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometru

26、e,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等没有无被动语态。2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongt等。例如：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.这把钥匙只配这把锁。Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.你说的与

27、我们听说的一致。3）系动词无被动语态，女口appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn等。例如：Itsoundsgood.听上去不错。4）带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death,dream/dream，live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.她昨晚做了个恶梦。5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：（对）Shelikestoswim.（错）Toswimislikedbyher.

28、5. 主动形式表示被动意义1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.这本书销路好。Thisknifecutseasily.这刀子很好用。2）blame,let（出租），remain,keep,rent,build等。例如：Iwastoblamefortheaccident.事故发生了，我该受指责。Muchworkremains.还有许多活要干。3）在need,require,want,worth（形容词），deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：Thed

29、oorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了。Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。4）特殊结构：makesb.heard/understood（使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：Explainitclearlyandmakeyourselfunderstood.解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。6.被动形式表示主动意义，如bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated（from）,beprepared（for）,beoccupied（in）,getmarried等。例如：Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意：表示同某人结婚，用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.均可。例如：Hemarriedarichgirl.他与一个富妞结婚了。Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.7. need/want/require/worth当need,want,require,beworth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如:Yourhairwantscutting.你的头发该理了。Thefloorrequireswashing.地板需要冲洗。