医学专业英语-阅读一分册-第一-二-三章翻译

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1、优质文档第一章To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the bodys structure is called anatomy; the study of the bodys function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histo

2、logy, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各局部的组成及其功能，对于相识人体是必需的。探究人体构造的科学叫解剖学；探究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他探究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory

3、system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发觉把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有协助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主

4、要局部。The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They hav

5、e various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made.骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和爱护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规那么的。很多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。A joint

6、is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint

7、that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨和骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨和骨之间的连接太严密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。假如一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨

8、的臼槽里，大辐度的运动如肩关节、髋关节即成为可能。Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infants skeleton is made of cartilage that

9、 is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult.软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的爱护、缓冲层。它把肋骨和胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔和内耳的构造根底。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、骨化，使婴儿长大成人。The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature. Striated muscles

10、can be consciously controlled. The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move just one part of the body, as whe

11、n bending a finger. Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body.肌肉系统使躯体运动，肌肉收缩产生的热有助于维持一个恒定的体温。人体能够有意识地限制条纹肌。结缔组织使肌

12、肉末端附着于不同的骨面上，所以当肌肉收缩时，两骨彼此靠近而产生运动。这也就使整个人体可以运动起来，如走路，运动躯体某个部位，如弯曲手指。心脏收缩和平滑肌收缩就不是被意识所限制的。器官壁内层的平滑肌，如胃肠壁的平滑肌把胃肠中的物质运输到全身。The circulatory system. All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and po

13、ison the body. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which together make up the cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of the bodys defense system. It has antibodies and white blood cells that prote

14、ct the body against foreign invaders. 循环系统：机体的全部局部须要养分物质和氧气来使之发挥功能和生长，也须要在这些器官所产生的废物积聚而危害生命之前将其解除。循环系统运输有用物质，排泄废物。心血管系统是循环系统的组成之一；心血管系统包括心脏、血管及血液。血液也是机体防备系统的一个局部，血液中有抗体及白细胞来防止机体受到外来的侵袭。The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halves: one half receives blood from the lungs and

15、sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins.心脏是一块被分为几乎对等两半的肌肉。一半汲取来自肺部的血液，并将血液运输到机体的其余部

16、位，另一半使流经全身的血液回流人肺。心脏收缩时，动脉把全身血液输送到毛细血管。静脉输送血液返回心脏。Also functioning in circulation is the lymphatic system. Some of the fluid that surrounds cells does not reenter the blood vessels directly. This fluid, called lymph, returns to the heart by way of another system of channels - the lymph vessels. Lymp

17、h nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood. The spleen is a large lymphatic organ that filters the blood.淋巴系统也是循环系统的一个组成局部。一些细胞四周的体液不是干脆回流入血管通道，这种体液叫淋巴液，它是流经另一个管道系统淋巴管而回流人心脏。沿淋巴管的淋巴结将淋巴液过滤，过滤后再回流人血液。脾是一个过滤血液的大淋巴器官。The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and

18、 expels carbon dioxide and water vapor. Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx, and trachea. The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capi

19、llaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood release carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled.呼吸系统从空气中摄取氧气，并将二氧化碳、水蒸气排出体外。空气经鼻腔、口腔人喉管、气管。气管分成左右支气管，各连结左右肺，左右支气管再分枝20屡次，在终端形成大量微小的肺泡。从空气摄取的氧气流经这些肺泡壁内的毛细血管流入血液，血液再经肺泡把释放出的二氧化碳排出体外。The digestive system consists of a tube extending from

20、the mouth to the anus. In it, food and fluids are taken in, moved through the body, and broken down into small molecules that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This breakdown, known as digestion, is both a mechanical and a chemical process.Food enters through the mouth, where chewing and sal

21、iva start to break it up and make it easier to swallow. Next, the food travels down through the esophagus to the stomach. Contractions ofthe stomachs muscular wall continue to break down the food mechanically, and chemical digestion continues when acid and enzymes are secreted into the stomach cavit

22、y.消化系统是一个从口腔直到肛门的管道。食物和液体在消化道里被汲取，在肠道里移动时，被分解成小分子物质后再进入循环系统。这种分解，即消化，是一个机械过程，也是一个化学过程。食物进入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液起先将食物粉碎，使之便于吞咽。接着，食物经食管人胃。胃肌壁的收缩接着机械化地分解食物，而当酸和酶分泌入胃腔时，化学性消化起先。The liquified food gradually passes into the small intestine. In the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum, enzymes from

23、the pancreas are added. These enzymes complete the chemical breakdown of the food. The digestion of fat is aided by bile, which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. The small intestine of an adult is about 21 feet (6.4 meters) long. Most of its length is devoted to absorbing the nutr

24、ients released during these digestive activities. 液体化食物渐渐进入小肠。小肠的起始局部叫十二指肠，胰腺分泌的酶协助食物消化。这些酶完成食物的化学分解。肝脏分泌的胆汁贮存在胆囊内，胆汁有助于脂肪消化。一个成年人的小肠有21英尺6.4米长。小肠的大局部肠段用来汲取消化过程中释放的养分物质。 The liquid remainder of the food enters the large intestine, or colon, which is about 12 feet (3.7 meters) long. It is more than t

25、wice as wide as the small intestine. In the large intestine most of the fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues are expelled.液状的剩余食物进入大肠，或结肠，它大约有12英尺3.7米长。大肠是小肠的两倍多宽。大局部液体在大肠内被汲取，相对干化的剩余物被排出体外。The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodiu

26、m and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.泌尿系统维持水分及体内某些小分子物质，如钠、钾的正常水平。身体是通过让肾过滤血液来做到这一点的。肾是两个有效的过滤器官，它滤出各种多余的小分子物质，保存那些供给缺乏的小分子物

27、质。The fluid that leaves the kidneys, known as urine, travels through a tube called the ureter to the bladder. The bladder holds the urine until it is voided from the body through another tube, the urethra.从肾流出的液体，即尿，通过输尿管人膀胱。膀胱起贮存尿液的作用，直到尿经膀胱另一端的管道排出。The endocrine system. The two systems that contro

28、l body activities are the endocrine system and the nervous system. The former exerts its control by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by a variety of endocrine glands, which release the hormones directly into the blood stream.内分泌系统。内分泌和神经是调控机体活动的两个系统，前者依靠其化学信使激素发挥作用

29、。激素是由各种内分泌腺体制造，并干脆被释放入血流A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of thesex organs. Because some of the pituitarys hormones stimulate other glands to produce t

30、heir own hormones, the pituitary called the master gland.脑垂体是一个主要腺体，它位于头中部脑下方。它至少分泌八种激素，这些激素对人体生长、肝功能及性器官发育有影响。因为脑垂体分泌的一些激素促进其他腺体分泌 激素，所以脑垂体是主要腺体。Another gland, the thyroid, is located between the collar bones. Its hormone controls the rate of the bodys metabolism. The sex organs (ovaries end testes

31、) make the sex cells and also make hormones that control certain characteristics of males and females. Located on top of each kidney is the adrenal gland, which produces cortisone and adrenaline. The pancreas produces not only digestive enzymes but also 3insulin and glucagon, which control the bodys

32、 use of sugar and starches.另一个腺体，甲状腺，位于锁骨之间。甲状腺激素调控着机体新陈代谢的速度。性器官卵巢、睾丸分泌性细胞和性激素，这些激素限制着男性和女性的某些特征。每边肾上方是肾上腺，它分泌可的松和肾上腺激素。胰腺不仅分泌消化酶，而且分泌胰岛素和高血糖素，这两种激素限制机体的糖分及淀粉的消耗。The nervous system. The brain, the spinal cord and the nerve - also controls body activities. The lower parts of the brain control basic

33、functions such as breathing and heart rate as well as body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Above these regions are the centers for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste, and the regions that direct voluntary muscular activities of the arms and legs. Performed here are the higher functions of integr

34、ating and processing information.神经系统脑、脊髓及神经，也调控机体活动。脑的偏下部位限制着诸如呼吸、心跳、体温、饥渴的根本活动。而脑的偏上部位那么是视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉及味觉中心，也是指挥臂、腿随意肌肉运动的区域。神经系统更高级的功能是整合、处理信息。The brain receives and sends information by means of nerves, many of which lie partly in the spinal cord. The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column.

35、 Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord at each level of the body, traveling to and from the arms, legs, and trunk. These nerves bring information from the various sense organs. The information is processed by the brain, and then messages are carried back to muscles and glands through out the body.脑

36、通过神经收集并传送信息，很多神经局部地分布在脊髓里。脊髓由脊柱爱护。在机体每一级，神经传人、传出脊髓，来回于臂、腿、躯体。这些神经输送来自各种感觉器官的信息。信息经脑处理后输送回全身及腺体The reproductive system is constructed differently for males and females. The male reproductive system is responsible for producing, transporting and maintaining viable sperm (the male sex cell). It also pr

37、oduces the male sex hormone, testosterone, which regulates the development of a beard, pubic hair, a deep voice and other bodily characteristics of the adult male.男、女性的生殖系统不同。男性生殖系统产生、输送、维持能存活的精子男性性细胞。它也分泌男性激素、睾酮，以此调整胡须、阴毛、深厚嗓音极其他成年男子身体发育的特征。The female productive system is responsible for producing

38、and transporting ova (the female sex cells), eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and providing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilized by sperm, and nourishing anewborn child. The female reproductive system also produces the female sex h

39、ormones, estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the development of breasts and other bodily characteristics of the mature female.女性生殖系统产生、输送卵子女性性细胞，将未受精的卵子排出体外，而当精、卵结合时，女性生殖系统造就、供给胚胎生长场所，并孕育新生儿。女性生殖系统也分泌女性性激素雌激素和孕酮，以此调整乳房及其他成熟女性身体发育的特征。The skin is a complete layer that protects the inner structur

40、es of the body, and it is the largest of the bodys organs. It keeps out foreign substances and prevents excessive water evaporation. The nerves in the skin provide tactile information. The skin also helps keep the bodys temperature close to 37 C, heat is conserved by reducing blood flow through the

41、skin or is expended by increasing blood flow and by evaporation of sweat from the skin. Hair and nails are accessory structures of the skin.皮肤是爱护肌体内层构造的完整层，也是机体的最大器官。皮肤防备外来侵袭，防止过多水分蒸发。皮肤上的神经供给触觉信息。皮肤也能将体温维持到98.6华氏度约37摄氏度。通过皮肤的血流量降低时，热量就被储存起来，通过皮肤的血流增加及汗液蒸发时，热量就散发。头发及指甲是皮肤的附属构造。其次章Human DiseasesThe b

42、rief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and f

43、unctional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.第一章中，通过对人体的概论，即解剖学和生理学，我们对两种被认为是医学根底的不同学科

44、有了一个大致的印象。然而假如我们不考虑病理学，这门涉及由疾病带来的构造和功能变更的学科，上述的人体概论就不是完整的。事实上，现代对疾病的探究方法强调了病理学和生理学方面的亲密关系，强调了我们在治疗任何人体疾病方面须要了解病理学和生理学根底的重要性。Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can s

45、uccumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.那么什么是疾病呢？它可能被定义为正常的功能或是局部功能遭遇损害时的一种状态。每一种生物、植物和动物，都会受制于疾病。例如，人类时时被微小的细菌所感染，但是，反过来说，细菌又能够被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own

46、 particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.很多种疾病存在于世。每一种都有其特定的病

47、症、征兆和线索，医生能以此诊断疾病之所在。病症是病人自己就能觉察到的，比方，高烧、流血，或是难过。而征兆那么是医生能够视察到的，比方，血管扩张或是体内器官肿大。Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a

48、quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute

49、and chronic, another type is called subacute.疾病可以划分为不同的种类，例如，流行病是一种在某一社区内侵袭很多人的疾病。当它年复一年地攻击同一社区，就成了一种地方病。急性病发作快，但病程短，举个例子来说，急性心脏病发作时时没有前兆，而且会很快致命。慢性病发作那么慢，但病程有时会长达几年之久。风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性失调病慢性病。而介于急性和慢性之间的另一种类型，就被称为亚急性。Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an inf

50、ectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means ofairborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So can tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survive

51、s in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.疾病也可以依其病原体来划分，例如，传染病也叫作可传播的疾病，就是一种通过咳嗽和打喷嚏造成的空

52、气小粒来传播的疾病。微小的有机体，如，细菌和真菌可导致传染病。病毒和小虫子也不例外。不管病原体会是什么样，只要它存活于人体内就能够传染给别人。有时，一个致病的有机体侵人人体后，该人却没有显示带病的病症。于是无病症的病原携带者甚至在自己也不知情的状况下就把疾病传染给了他人。Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood formation and flow.

53、 Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the bodys defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system.非传染性疾病是由身体功能失调引起的。这包括血管或组织退化、异样细胞生成，以及异样的血液生成和血液循环。

54、当然其中也包括胃、肠、内分泌系统和泌尿生殖系统的紊乱。一些疾病也可能是由饮食缺乏、身体反抗力下降、或是神经系统工作不造成的。Disability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. These ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused health problems.心理因素和社会因素也会引发残废和疾病，这些病包括吸毒成性、肥胖、养分不良和由污染造成的安康问题。Furtherm

55、ore, a thousand or more inheritable birth defects result from alternations in gene patterns. Since tiny genes are responsible for producing the many chemicals needed by the body, missing or improperly operating genes can seriously impair health. Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are calle

56、d inborn errors of metabolism. Some forms of mental retardation are hereditary.而且，有上千种乃至为数更多的遗传性诞生缺陷是由于基因变更而造成的。由于小小的基因负责着生产很多身体所需的化学物质，它的遗失或是工作状态不良都会紧要损害安康。因基因失调而被影响了的身体化学反响被称之为先天性代谢失调。一些眢力发育缓慢就是因遗传而造成的。How Germs Invade the Body病菌是怎样侵袭身体Humans live in a world where many other living things compete

57、for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, or pathogens, often broadly called germs, that cause many diseases are able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs. Ordinarily, the bodys defense system can ward off these invaders.人类生活在有一个有很多其它生物竞争食物和求得繁衍的世界里

58、。很多致病的有机体或病原体，通常被我们广义地称为病菌的东西能侵入人体并利用其细胞和组织液来供它们自身的需求。一般来讲，身体防备系统能够阻挡这些入侵者。Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some - such as these that cause the common cold, pneumonia, and tuberculosis - are breathed in. Others - such as those that cause venereal diseases - enter through sexu

59、al contact of human bodies. Still others - such as those that cause hepatitis, colitis, cholera, and typhoid fever-get in the body through contaminated food, water or utensils.病原有机体能通过多种方式进入身体。它们的一些是被呼吸进体内的，比方那些引起平凡感冒、肺炎和肺结核的病菌；其它的是通过人体性接触进入的，比方那些引起花柳病的病原体；还有另外的一些是通过污染了的食物、水或器皿进入体内的，比方那些引起肝炎、霍乱和伤寒热的

60、病原体。Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and beverages. Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector.昆虫作为媒介动物或是病原携带者会传播疾病。苍蝇能将病菌从人类的废物或其它腐烂的材料中带到食物和饮料中去。通

61、过蚊子、虱子或其它媒介动物的叮咬，病菌也可能进入体内。How the Body Fights Disease身体是怎样反抗疾病的As a first line of defense, a healthy body has a number of physical barriers against infection. The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resistance to invasion by bacteria and other infec

62、tious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however, large areas of the body might become infected.作为第一条防线，一个安康的身体有很多屏障来抵挡感染的发生。覆盖在体表或者器官开口处的皮肤和粘膜能在很大程度上反抗细菌或其它感染体的入侵。假如这些屏障遭到了损坏或烧伤，

63、身体对感染的反抗力就会下降。在一些病情较轻的病例中，疥子和小脓胞可能会发生。在病情较重的病例中，身体的大面积区域那么可能会被感染。Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mucus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave like a fie

64、ld of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract. In addition, foreign matter in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing. Unfortunately, repeated infection, smoking and other causes can damage the respiratory passageways a

65、nd make them more susceptible to infection.呼吸通道尤其简单受到感染，幸运的是，呼吸道内覆盖满了能分泌粘液的细胞，它们能捕获微小的有机体和尘粒。另外，被叫做纤毛的细小的毛发也覆盖了呼吸道，它们象微风下麦田里的小麦一样舞动着，轻轻地将异物扫出呼吸道。除此之外，呼吸道内的异物还时时因为擤鼻涕、咳嗽、打喷嚏和清喉咙而被弹出。不幸的是反复感染、抽烟或其它别的缘由会损坏呼吸道，并且使它们简单受到感染Many potential invaders cannot stand body temperature (98.6 F or 37 C). Even those

66、that thrive at that temperature may be destroyed when the body assumes higher, fever temperatures. 很多潜在的人侵者不能在华氏98.6度或摄氏37度下生存。假如体温再提升一点， 到达高烧温度，甚至一些在从前温度下能蓬勃繁殖的病菌也可能会因此而遭到消灭。Wax in the outer ear canals and tears from eye ducts can slow the growth of some bacteria. And stomach acid can destroy certain swallowed g