英语写作逻辑词

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1、教学内容：英语写作专题训练过渡词众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（TransitionalWords）是连接这些部分的纽带。过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。1. 一、过渡词的分类根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：（1）表并列关系的过渡词:and,also,aswell,aswellas,or,too,notonlybutalso,bothand,eit

2、heror,neithernor（2）表递进关系的过渡词:besides,inaddition（加之，除之外），moreover（此外，而且）,whatsmore，whatsworse(3)表转折对比的过渡词：but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,although,differentfrom,despite,inspiteof,whereas,unlike,nevertheless,notonlybutalso,herethere,yearsagotoday,thisthat,theformerthelatter,thenno

3、w,thefirstwhereasthesecond,oncenow,ontheonehandontheotherhand,someothers(4）表原因的过渡词:because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto(由于）(5）表结果的过渡词:so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,thereby,hence,sothat,suchthat(6)表条件的过渡词:if,unless,onconditionthat,as/solongas(7)表时间的过渡词:when,while,after,befo

4、re,until,assoonas,later,afterwards,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,eventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesametime,next,earlythismorning/year/century,afterawhile,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,formnowon,atpresent,immediately,themoment(8)表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first,firstly,sec

5、ond,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstofall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterward(s)(后来),meanwhile(几乎同时),thereafter(在那以后),last,finally,eventually(终于)(9)表换一种方式表达的过渡词:inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway(10)表进行举例说明的过渡词:forinstance,forexample,like,suchas(11)表陈述事实的过渡词:infact,actually,asam

6、atteroffact,totellyouthetruth(12)表强调的过渡词:certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously（13）表比较的过渡词：like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,similarto（14）表目的的过渡词：forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto（15）表总结的过渡词:inaword（总之，简言之）,ingeneral,inshort（

7、总之）,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。启II就是开头,承I是承接，专I是转折，合I是综合或总结。(1)用于启I的过渡词语用于表示启I的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：first,firstofall,atstartwith,recently,speaking,isoftensaidfirst,inthefirstenerallyItAsnow,atpresent,atpresent

8、,lately,that,place,firstly,tobeingwith,toinrecentyears,ingeneral,gcurrently,ItIttheproverbgoeswithoutisclear/obvioussays，sayingthatthat,Manypeopleoftenask（2）用于承I的过渡词语展句中：second,similarly,inaddition,besides,then,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,whatisworse,forexample,forinstance,certainly,surely,obvio

9、usly,inotherwords,especially,particularly,inparticular,indeed,still,third,truly,infact,atthesametime,nodoubt，ItistruethatEverybodyknowsthat,Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat,NoonecandenythatThereasonwhyisthat,Thereisnodoubtthat,Totakeforanexample（instance）5表示承I的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩Weknowthat,Whatismoreserio

10、usisthat(3)用于专阳勺过渡词语用于专阳勺过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：but,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,inanycase,atanyrate(无论如何),nevertheless(虽然如此),otherwise,or,orelse,while,whereas,but,despite,inspiteof.,yet,instead,Idonotbelievethat,PerhapsyoullaskwhyThismaybetrue,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardt

11、o,Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith,yetdifferenceswillbeound,ThatswhyIfeelthatThus,thisisthereasonwhywemustinaword,ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking，tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary,therefore,asaresult,aboveall,thus，afterall(毕竟),eventually,hence,inshort,inconclusion,in

12、aword,insum(总之),onthewhole(就整体而言),tosumupFromthispointofviewOnaccountofthiswecanfindthat(4)用于卡阳勺过渡词语用于十I的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：Theresultisdependenton二、过渡词的应用有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so，and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得

13、更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：1.学生习作TVandwebsiteTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.Websitesalsohaveifferentsections.YoumaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedTheyaredifferentinmanyways.MovingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation.Itmakesyoufeelthatyouarejustonthespot

14、.Theprogramschangeeveryday.ProfessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.Someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime.Notallofin.itissoupdated.Everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporter.Everymediumhasitsownfeatures.Itishardtosaywhichisbetter.这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将

15、单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。修改后的文章：TVandwebsiteBothTVandwebsitemakemoneyfromads.SimilartoTV,websitsections,sothatyoumaychoosetheoneyoin.arepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemesalsohavedifferentuaremostinterestedinmanyways.AboveHowever,theyaredifferentpicturesareshownonTV

16、withsoundandinterpretation,all,movingwhichmakesyoufeelasifyouarejustonthespot.Then,theprogramschadothereportforTV.UnlikeTV,someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime,butnotallofitissoupdated.Inaddition,everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporter.Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeat

17、ures,soitishardtosaywhichisbetter.ngeeverydayandprofessionalTVreporters修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段第一段第一句为：BothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.第二段第一句为：However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.第三段第一句为：Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Bothand,However,Inaword使全文有序地衔接起来。

18、如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色很多。（见上文）我们常常遇到这样的作文题目，如：发展私人轿车的利与弊、科学发明的利与弊、网上购物的利与弊。这些题目常常是谈论一个事物的两个方面，这时只要使用表示转折的过渡词就能很好地连接上下段。Asanewwayofshopping,onlineshoppingisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinourdailylife.Onlineshoppinghasmanyadvantages.First,onlineshoppingmakesiteasierforustobuythings.Insteadofsearchingac

19、rowdedstore,wejustneedtowatchthecomputerscreenandchoosethethingswelike.Second,itismuchfasterforustodoshopping.Wedonthavetospendalotoftimegoingtoshops.Third,wecanseeagreatdealofgoodsshownonthecomputerscreenatthesametime.However,onlineshoppingisnotsoperfect.Thepicturesofgoodsshownonthecomputerscreenar

20、enotalwayswhattheyare.Asaresult,wecanbecheatedeasily.Whatsworse,wecannotseethethingsindetail.Despitethedisadvantagesofonlineshopping,thinkitisanadvancedwaytodoshopping.Soweshoulddevelopit.2.2005年高考作文题我们主要看一下今年的高考作文题中过渡词的使用2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（1）英语第二节书面表达（满分25分）假定你是李华，正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广

21、告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。1.词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好。2.可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：牛津Oxford费用feeDearSir/Madame,Yours,LiHuaPossibleversion:DearSir/Madame,ImwritingformoreinformationaboutthedaytourtoLondon.AsastudentatOxfordUniversity,Idliketoknowifyouhaveanyspecialpriceforstudents.Asfor

22、themoneyyoucharge,doesitcovertheentrancefeesforvisitingtheplaceslisted?Whataboutlunch?Isitincluded?OrdoIneedtobringalongmyownfood?Howlongwillthetourlast?SinceIneedtopreparemylessonsforthenextday,Idliketoknowthetimetoreturn.Besides,isthereanytimeforshopping?IreallywanttohavealookatthebigstoresinLondo

23、n.Yours,LiHua2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）第一节情景作文（20分）美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。1. 信的开头已为你写好。2.词数不少于60。DearJeff,ImLiHuafromBeijingHongxingMiddleSchool.ImveryhappytolearnthatyouregoingtostaywithmyfamilywhileyoureinBeijing.Bestwishes,LiHuaPo

24、ssibleversion:DearJeff,ImLiHuafromBeijingHongxingMiddleSchool.ImveryhappytolearnthatyouregoingtostaywithmyfamilywhileyoureinBeijing.Whileyouarehere,wellprovideyouwitharoomofyourownwithabed,adesk,acoupleofchairsandaTV.Youllalsohaveyourownbathroom.Ourschoolisquiteclosetoourhome,sowecouldgotoschooltoge

25、therbybike.Atnoonwelleatattheschooldininghall.ImsureyoulllikethedeliciousChinesefoodthere,andenjoytalkingwithfriendsoverlunch.Classesinourschoolusuallyinishat4:00intheafternoon.Youcanthenjoinotherstudentsinplayingballgamesorswimming.Itlblealotoffun.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsorrequests,pleaseletmeknow.Wel

26、ltryourbesttomakeyourstayhereinBeijingapleasantexperience.Bestwishes,LiHua请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。InyourEnglishclass,theteachershowsthispictureofalittleboylookingintoamirror,andaskstheclasstodiscussit.Yourclassmateshavedifferentunderstandings.Lookatthepicturecarefullyandtelltheclasshowyouunderstand第二节

27、开放作文（15分）thepicture.Writewhatyouwouldsayonthenextpage.请将开放作文写在右侧横线内Onepossibleversion:Wecanseeinthepicturealittleboystandinginfrontofamirror.Heslettinghisimaginationfly.Whatheseesinthemirrorisnothisphysicalselfbutwhathewillbelikeintwentyyears.Althoughheissmallandshortnow,hebelieveshewillgrowuptobeat

28、allandstrongyoungmanlikeYaoMing,whoheadmires.Ithinkthispicturetriestotellusthatweshouldalwayslookintothefuturewithhopeandconfidence.2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（3）英语第三节书面表达（满分30分）假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所在班级讨论的情况。请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。赞成迁出：反对迁出：1.游客多，交通堵塞2.郊区环境好1.建于1906年，中外闻名2.搬迁易造成动物死亡1.词数100字左右，信的

29、开头已为你写好。2.可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3.参考词汇：郊区suburbJune3,2005DearEditor,Recently,ourclasshashadaheateddiscussionaboutwhethertheBeijingZooshouldbemovedoutofthecity.June3,2005DearEditor,Recently,ourclasshashadaheateddiscussionaboutwhethertheBeijingZooshouldbemovedoutofthecity.Someofmyclassmatesareinfavorof

30、themove.Theysaylargecrowdsoftouriststothezoowillresultintrafficjams.Theyalsosaythatoncemovedanimalswillhavemorespaceandbetterlivingconditionsinthesuburbs.However,otherstudentsareagainsttheidea,sayingthattheBeijingZoo,builtin1906,hasahistoryof100years,andiswell-knownathomeandabroad.Soitshouldremainwh

31、ereitis.Whatsmore,movingmaycausethedeathofsomeanimals.Tomoveornot,thisisabigdecisionwhichhastobemadebypeopleinBeijing.Yourstruly,LiHua句子的运用对英语句子的认识一.教学内容：对英语句子的认识意义：英语的句式与中文的不同。我们在学习英语的时候要注意到这一点。有的同学在学习中对此没有足够的认识，常常受中文的干扰。在写作中表现出不能写出正确的句子。I.什么是句子？长的是句子，短的是词。XV无论字数多少，只要有主语和谓语(动词)，而且能表达完整的意义的一句话就是一个句子

32、。Iamtired.PressingonespalmtogetherandrestingonesheadonthebackofoneshandwhileclosingtheeyesasifsleepingmeansIamtired.11(双手合拢，闭上眼，把头靠在手背上像睡觉的样子，意思是说-我累了。II)这两个句子都具备了主语和谓语。都是完整的句子。要记住：在英语中，一个句子必须且只能有一个谓语。省略主语的句子Comein,please.(You)Openthedoor.Sitdown.Standup.1. Whataday!(Whataterribledayitis!)一个句子不能同时有两

33、个谓语。典型错误：1)Theoldmanlikestakeawalkinthevillageaftersupper.LTheoldmanlikestotakeawalkinthevillageaftersupper.2)Ienjoytalkwithhimoveracupofcoffee.LIenjoytalkingwithhimoveracupofcoffee.3)Theboyrantohismothercry.LTheboyrantohismothercrying.4)Afterwritethenotice,heputituponthewall.LAfterwritingthenotice,

34、heputituponthewall.Afterhewrotethenotice,heputituponthewall.3.不要把从句的谓语当成句子的谓语,或把主句的谓语当成从句的谓语。如果是一个复合句，主句和从句都应该分别有自己的主语和谓语。典型错误：1)1)Thosewhoeattoomuchwilleasilyill.LThosewhoeattoomuchwilleasilygetill.2)Whenhewalkinginthepark,hefeltalittletiredII.1.LWhenhewaswalkinginthepark,hefeltalittletired3)WhenIa

35、tschool,Istudiedveryhard.LWhenIwasatschool,Istudiedveryhard.判断以下是否是句子。flyPractice:Birdscan2.ThebirdsinthecagewhichIboughtyesterday不是3.Waitformeatthestation是4.Ifyouknowhowtoplaywithwordstomakepeoplelaugh不是5.AwayofsayingImsorryI不是6.Pattingthestomachbeforeameal不是7.Thebreadmymothermakesismuchbetterthanw

36、hatyoucanbuyatthestore.是8.Tomakefriendsintheschoolwhichwasnotfarfrommynewhome不是9.Ifyouwanttoknowwhatitfeelsliketofallthroughtheair,takeoffinarocket,flyahelicopterorfightaliencreaturesinouter是space不是III.常见的句子结构由于英语动词种类的不同，构成了不同的句子类型。和中文不同的是，英语的动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。表达同一个意思时，有的是及物动词，有的就是不及物动词。如：表示听II这个意义时，li

37、sten是不及物动词；hear是及物动词。表示看II这个意义时，look是不及物动词，see,watch和notice就是及物动词。表示到达II,arrive是不及物动词，reach是及物动词。不及物动词是不能接宾语的。只能加上一个介词，才能接宾语。如：listento,lookat,arrivein等等。1.主语+不及物动词e.g.Hecamein.TheairplanefromHongKongarrivedatfourp.m.Onhisarrivalhewentstraighttothecounter.Tocatchupwithothers,youdbetterworkharder.How

38、didtheaccidentoccur?InJuly,theshipsetoutforthePacific.Australiahaschangedalotinthepastfortyyears.Theylivedbyhuntinganimals,birdsandfish.2.主语+系动词+表语常见的系动词有：be,seem,appear,become,go,get,grow,turn,look,sound,feel,taste,smelle.g.Sheisveryhappy.Iamastudent.Hebecamenervouswhenthinkingofstealing.Itisimposs

39、ibletofindashopthatisopenafter5p.m.inthisarea.Weareproudofourfriends.Tobecomeatopgymnast,itisimportanttostartveryyoung.Itsmuchcheapertocampthantostayinahotel.Itisuselesstryingtoarguewithhim.Igotcaughtinthetraffic.Justthen,thetrafficlightturnedred.Heseemedtohavemisunderstoodyou.3.主语+及物动词+宾语e.g.Welear

40、nEnglishatschool.HewonderedwhetherBillhadmanagedtoescape.Ididntmeantobesorude.Mostpeoplehereearntheirlivingbyfarming.Wewillsendthesegoodstothefloodedarea.Youmustkeepyourword.Itooksomephotosofsomebeautifulactress.IhopethatonedayIshallbeabletorepayyou.被动：Englishislearntatschool.Thesegoodswillbesenttot

41、hefloodedarea.when4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语有些动词需要接两个宾语。间接宾语一般由人担任，直接宾语一般由物担任。give,offer,teach,tell,read,ask,bring,pass,lend,return,write,throw,allow,send,cost,make,buy,do,get,save,cook,sing,find等。e.g.Mybrothergavemeabook.Whosentyouthecomputer?MymotherwouldreadmeastorybeforeIwenttobed.Iwonttellyouanythinga

42、boutit.CanyousingusanEnglishsong?Passmethenewspaper,please.这样的句子变为被动时可根据需要，将任何一个宾语作为句子的主语。e.g.Iwasgivenabook.Abookwasgiventome.5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补e.g.Unfortunatelytheyfinditdifficulttorepaythismoney.ThegrowthinpopulationmadeNewYorkthelargestcityintheUSA.Doyouthinkitpossibletofinishitinoneday?Wearemaking

43、ourcountrymoreandmorebeautiful.【模拟试题】改错练习：1.Pleasespeakloudersothateverybodycanlistenyou.2.Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.5.Doesyourparentsallowyoumakeyourowndecision?9oclock.4.Hetoldmedontcallhimbeforey.7.Becausetheprofessorhadfallenill,sohewasnotabletobepresentattheconference.8.InJapan

44、,apersonseestheOKIIgesturemaythinkitmeansmoney.9.WhenIpasthisroom,IheardhimsinginganEnglishsong.6.AlthoughitisonlyAugust,buttheweatherisgettingworsedail【试题答案】1.listenthear2.去掉been3.uknockingtisknocking4.donttnotto5.umakettomake6.去掉but7.去掉so8.useeswhosees9.pasttpassed或upastwalkedpast句子的运用如何写出好句子一.教学内

45、容：如何写出好句子如何写出好句子：好句子的标准应是：用词准确、逻辑清晰、简洁明了、可读性强。1.学会运用复合句复合句包括：名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句用复合句增强句子之间的逻辑关系，使你的句子变得紧凑练习根据句子之间的关系，用正确的连词使其成为复合句。1)Childrengrowolder.Theyprefertobemoreindependentratherthanbeatthemercyoftheirparents.Whenchildrengrowolder,theyprefertobemoreindependentratherthanbe(2)Iwasveryatthemercyexc

46、ited.oftheirparents.Icouldntexpressmyselfinwords.Iwassoexcited3)WethatIcouldntexpresswillhaveafurtherdiscussion.myselfinWedrawawords.finalconclusion.Wewillhaveafurtherdiscussionbeforewedrawafinalconclusion.4)Theeconomyinthisareaisdevelopingrapidly.Thequalitiesofsomecitizensarestillnotsatisfactory.Al

47、thoughtheeconomyinthisareaisdevelopingesofsomecitizensarestillnotsatisfactory.rapidly,thequalitindslowly.Youareallowedtodrivemycaronconditionthat/aslongasyoushoulddrivecarefullyandslowly.（6）Theteacherhadreadmycomposition.Hegavemehisopinion.Aftertheteacherhadreadmycomposition,hegavemehisopinion.（7）Yo

48、uhavegotthesecret.Pleasedontspreaditinpublic.Ifyouhavegotthesecret,pleasedontspreaditinpublic.（8）oTheyarrivedatthefarm.Theywerewelcomedbythefarmers.Themoment/Assoonastheyarrivedatthefarm,theywerewelcomedbythefarmers.（9）TheInternationalRedCrossisanorganization.Itspurposeistohelpthesickandtheneedy.The

49、InternationalRedCrossisanorganizationwhosepurposeistohelpthesickandtheneedy.（10）Idecidedtofindajob.Icouldearnthemoney.IdecidedtofindajobsothatIcouldearnthemoney.2.学会运用非谓语动词用非谓语动词使你的句子简洁。练习运用非谓语动词完成下列句子：（1）MostoftheartistswhohadbeeninvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.Mostoftheartistsinvitedtothepart

50、ywerefromSouthAfrica.（2）Thepricesofthecomputerswhicharebeingshownherearestillunknown.Thepricesofthecomputersbeingshownherearestillunknown.（3）Afterhehadbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldntfindhiswaythroughthejungle.Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldntfindhiswaythroughthejungle.（4）Nowadaystheoldpeopleof

51、tendomorningexercisesintheparkinorderthattheycouldkeephealthy.Nowadaystheoldpeopleoftendomorningexercisesintheparktokeephealthy.（5）Thechurchwasbuiltin1829.ItistheoldestEuropeanstructure.Thechurchbuiltin1829istheoldestEuropeanstructure.（6）Janewasdisturbedbythenoise.Sheturnedofftheradio.5）Youareallowe

52、dtodrivemycar.YoushoulddrivecarefullyDisturbedbythenoise,Janeturnedofftheradio.（7）Garywastired.Hedecidedtogotobed.Beingtired,Garydecidedtogotobed.（8）AsIfelthungry,Idecidedtowalktotheshopandbuysomefood.Feelinghungry,Idecidedtowalktotheshopandbuysomefood.（9）Isenthimane-mailandhopedtogetfurtherinformat

53、ionaboutSARS.Isenthimane-mail,hopingtogetfurtherinformationaboutSARS.（10）AssoonasIenteredtheclassroom,IfoundallmyclassmateswerebusystudyingEnteringtheclassroom,Ifoundallmyclassmateswerebusystudying3.学会句式的变化用不同的表达方法来丰富你的句式5.Thepeoplewereindeepsorrowwhentheyheardthissadnew练习改写句子，填入适当的词使句意与原句意义相同。1.ItwasnotlongbeforehehadtoleaveforanotherplaceBeforelong,hewasforcedtomoveon.2.Theroomissosmallthatwecantputthepianoinit.Theroomistoosmallforustoputthepianoin.