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1、Guizhou RadioTV UniversityPractical Project DesignTitle: Emily Dickinsons Refusal to Publish Her Poems 狄金森回绝出版她旳诗歌旳因素Name:WangJin Number: School: Guizhou RadioTV UniversityMajor: English (Education Oriented)Date: March 25th, Tel: E-mail： ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe completion of this thesis would not have b

2、een possible without the encouragement, the guidance, and the support of many other people. First of all, I would extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Professor Xia Shangli, who has given me valuable suggestions and insightful comments in the thesis writing. She has also spent muc

3、h time going through brainstorming with me, put my work on the right track, read in great details every draft of every section of this thesis, and helped improve the appropriateness of English used. My gratitude to Professor Xia knows no bound.Special thanks also go to my family for their unfailing

4、support and love throughout my university study. CONTENTSAbstract in English.1Abstract in Chinese.1 I. Introduction.1II. Emily Dickinsons personality22.1 Introverted.22.2 High-hearted .4III. Purpose of Emily Dickinsons writing. .5IV. The character of Emily Dickinsons poetry.64.1 The using of omissio

5、n64.2 The using of dash7V. The publication history of Emily Dickinsons poetry9VI. Conclusion. 10BIBIOGRAPHY.11DECLARATION12Emily Dickinsons Refusal to Publish Her PoemsAbstract: Dickinson is a famous American poetess. She is a literary genius. She wrote a lot of poetry during her lifetime but publis

6、hed very little of her poems. From the information available, It can be seen that she was introverted and a little arrogant, high-hearted; she was not good at dealing with people, and she had no interest on social life; her poetry does not follow grammar rules，so it was hard for the editors and read

7、ers to read. These are the reasons why her poems were not published during her lifetime. In this paper, the writer is going to explore the reasons why she refused to publish her poems by studying her personality, the character of her poetry, and the publication history of her poetry.Key words：Dickin

8、son; personality; refused to publish摘要：狄金森是美国出名旳女诗人，她是个文学天才，但是她生前写了诸多诗歌却很少刊登她旳诗歌。从既有旳资料看出，她性格内向而又有些傲慢，不善于社交也无心解决世事，她旳诗歌不注重语法规则是当时旳读者乃是编辑很难读懂，这些是她旳诗歌在她旳生前始终得不到出版旳因素。本文要通过对她旳个性、诗歌旳特点及诗歌出版旳历史旳研究来探讨她不出版诗歌旳因素。核心词：狄金森；个性；回绝出版I. IntroductionEmily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830, in Amherst, Massach

9、usetts, the oldest daughter of Edward Dickinson, a successful lawyer, member of Congress, and for many years treasurer of Amherst College, and of Emily Norcross Dickinson, a timid woman. Dickinson was fun-loving as a child, very smart, and enjoyed the company of others. Her brother, Austin, became a

10、 lawyer like his father and was also treasurer of Amherst College. The youngest child of the family, Lavinia, became the chief housekeeper and, like her sister Emily, remained at home all her life and never married. The sixth member of this tightly knit group was Susan Gilbert, Emilys ambitious and

11、witty schoolmate who married Austin in 1856 and who moved into the house next door to the Dickinsons. Emily Dickinsons family had a conservative tradition. She had receipted orthodox religious education since her childhood. When she was a youth, her life was monotonous and calm and she rarely go out

12、. She started writing at age 20, and most of the early poems have been lost. She kept herself indoor since 1858. Researchers still can not understand the reasons for her long-term seclusion. She didnt publish her works during her lifetime. After her death, her friends and her younger sister publishe

13、d her works, and she became as famous as Whitman for her well-loved works. She left 1775 poems. She had accessed to Emersons thought when she was young. Emerson opposed to authority, advocated the view of intuitive. Most of her poems write about arrogant loneliness, disappointment with the pursuit o

14、f religion, and serene death. This reflects her complex psychological status. Her poems focus on content, rather than focus on the rules of grammar. She used a lot of various punctuation marks, especially dash. Emily Dickinson died on May 15, 1886. Her sister and friends selected and edited her poem

15、s. Then they published 3 sets in the late 19th century. During her reclusive life in her own house, she wrote a lot of poems and correspondences that contain great literary value. But she published few of them. Why she wrote many but published few has become a common topic to the people, and this is

16、 also the topic purpose of this thesis. As a famous writer, she and her works have been studied by a lot of people, such as Ferlazzo Paul J, as well as Chinese scholars Jiangfeng and Liu Shoulan. Basing on previous studies, this thesis is going to specifically discus the reasons why she did not publ

17、ish her poems.II. Emily Dickinsons personality2.1 Introverted Emily was introverted, and she disliked dealing with people. So she didnt want to show her talent.Her father Edward was indeed harsh and arbitrary. At the memory of Emily, her father immersed in legal matters all day, simply didnt care ab

18、out her much. Since she was a little child, she had a sense of awe toward her father. She thought that her father looked like Cromwell or Ancient Romes General. Before the age of 20, her father had always been the backbone of her life, and the major influence that formed her personality.With the gro

19、wth of age, Emily began to feel dissatisfied toward her fathers strictness. And the sense of worship toward her father had gradually replaced by the feelings of contradiction. On the one hand, her father had an unwavering love to Austin, but didnt spare a glance on her own intellectual superiority.

20、It made her sad and emerge the feelings of resistance; On the other hand, the irresistible authority of fathers status in the family and charisma remained functioning as an absolute dominant role in her life, and they were her spiritual support for survival. In order to maintain harmony at home and

21、relative independence, she has been silent to deal with the various contradictions in life. In order to be her fathers obedient daughter, Emily seldom left Amherst, and she was also rare to drop a friends house. That was why she was so introverted.June 16, 1874, while Edwards was speaking at the con

22、ference of Massachusettss legislative bodies, he fell to the ground suddenly because of a heart attack. He supported to walk to the hotel, and died two hours later. Her fathers death made her grief and loss, and it made her became more introverted. She thought that her home was no longer a home sinc

23、e her fathers death.During the last 20 years of her life, Emily often communicated with Bowles, one of her best friends, by correspondence. Interestingly, when Bowles visited the Dickinsons, he couldnt see Emily, but received her letter the next day.In Emilys last few years, Mabel often went to play

24、 the piano in Emilys home. When Mabel was playing the piano in the room, Dickinson always set quietly on the stairs, not allowing people to see. When Mabel finished playing, Emily would send some cake, wine and poetry to Mabel to show gratitude.As introverted as she was, sometime she even didnt want

25、 to see her close friends, how could a woman like this would publish her poetry to the world?2.2 High-heartedIn 1847 autumn, at the age of seventeen Emily left for South Hadley, Massachusetts to attend the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. This schools school objective was to train the opposite sex com

26、panions for pastors who go abroad to do their missionary work. That year, in the early morning prays of Christmas days preceding day, the school Principal Lyon announced that all the students and teachers must have a fasting in Christmas day. The girls were not allowed to leave the bedrooms, but to

27、pray and think of faults quietly. However, Emily and her roommates refused to do like that. The Principal was startled by this action that disregarded authority. She punished the students, who refused to follow her announce, to stand in front of the schoolteachers and other students. Finally, Emily,

28、 who looked delicate, stood in the public with no fear. Judge Ottis Phillips Lord was not only her fathers good friend, but also her close friend. After her fathers death, in Emilys 40s, their friendship even developed into love. Dickinson was intense to enjoy the true love, and she told it to Lord,

29、 hoping that she could become Emily Lord. However, when Lord understood and accepted this love, and proposed to marry her, Emily refused decidedly. She said that rejection could bestow her to happiness, and the word no is the most frantic word in our language. From her words, we can see how arroganc

30、e she was. Although her dry mind needed love to moisten, and although she was willing to be his captive, she was actually not willing to enable her desire to be obtained easily. But she only hoped to take the man she loved as her father. Perhaps, she just wanted to live in the fantasy, to immerse in

31、 her spirit world. From the tow stories above, we can see that Emily Dickinson was a high-hearted woman. She was arrogant. She wanted to aloof from worldly affairs.III. Purpose of Emily Dickinsons writingDifferent people have different purposes of writing. Some people write to disclose the social co

32、ntradiction, some people write to earn money, but Emily Dickinson just wanted to write down her thought. Lu Xun, a famous Chinese writer, studied on Medicine at first. But in order to wake up Chinese people, he gave up his studying on Medicine, and began to write. He wrote many articles to disclose

33、all kinds of ugly social phenomena. In order to achieve the purpose of his writing, he must publish his articles.Dickinsons living environment did not have much serious contradiction. Although she was dissatisfied with the shackles of religion, after all she was impacted by the thought of Puritan. S

34、he was opposed to the male authority, but she wasnt hostile to men. She had no desire to conquer men, but she just would like to surmount the obstacles that restrict her action. Although she had been dissatisfied with his fathers harsh, she respected her father very much.Another well-known Chinese w

35、riter Han Han, he can earn a lot of money from writing books. It is said that the money he get from a book he wrote could buy a sports car. He is a youth with open personality. He enjoys playing, and he likes sports car. In order to improve the quality of his life, he has to write and publish books

36、to make money. Compared with him, Dickinson was introverted. She was born in a rich family, so she wasnt lack of money. In addition, her introverted personalities made her do not want to let the public know her thought.Dickinsons writing purpose was to vent her personal feelings. A girls delicate in

37、ner world would not be opened, because it was secret. Her family was rich, and she had a younger sister, who never married during her life, to take goof care of the whole family. Under the condition of no stress, she could explore the life and death, as well as spiritual significance.Her writing pur

38、pose determined that there was no need for her to publish her poems.IV. The character of Emily Dickinsons poetry4.1 The using of omissionOmission was the rhetorical device that Dickinson used to use. Because of the omitted phenomenon that runs counter to traditional norms of grammar always occurred,

39、 her poetry has also become more difficult to understand. No wonder that many of her contemporaries, both readers and critics, thought that her language was very bad. Even if when her close friend Higginson decided to publish her poetry, he still thought firmly that even though her ideas could conqu

40、er the readers, but the defect in grammar standard is actually obvious. Perhaps, precisely because of these weird language features, her poetry was confusion for a long time for the publishing industry.Let us taste these features by reading her poetry.Four Trees - upon a solitary Acre - Without Desi

41、gn Or Order, or Apparent Action - Maintain - The Sun - upon a Morning meets them - The Wind - No nearer Neighbor - have they - But God - The Acre gives them - Place - They - Him - Attention of Passer by - Of Shadow, or of Squirrel, haply - Or Boy - What Deed is Theirs unto the General Nature - What

42、Plan They severally - retard - or further - Unknown (, Christine)The poem shows a fragmented scene. On the screen there are the trees, land, squirrels, children and the shadow. This scenario reminds us something described in her another poem. She described the long shadow and That Darkness. (poem No

43、.764) On the screen, it seems that all are deeply in a flash, even if the sun and wind are just a brief appearance. The only thing that stays with them for long-term is the closer neighbor God. However, even the almighty God can not understand why these things are not linked, or put them into one or

44、ganic entity, because he can not know their plan and action.From the syntactic level, it is obviously that this poem does not follow the traditional rules of grammar. For instance, in the first section, the contact verb “remain” which shows no dynamic doesnt appear until the fourth line. The main se

45、ntence (What Deed is Theirs unto the General Nature -) of the final section also has only one contact verb “is”. “Retard”, the only transitive verb of the poem, appears in the clause What Plan / They severally - retard - or further -. It makes the meaning very confusing. However, such a screen that

46、lacks of dynamic is filled with a large number of nouns. The “Four Trees” have no “Design and order to grow in the solitary land. Perhaps, this is a true portrayal of unconscious nature in the mind of the poet. Clearly, the poet does not want to show the disorder of nature directly, but insinuate th

47、e chaos of nature and human society through the use of a lot of irregular omission.4.2 The using of dashIn the drafts that wrote on the draft paper, fragments of paper and margins of envelopes, there are a variety of lines with different length and gradient, in addition to common comma, full stop, q

48、uestion mark and exclamation point. The editors have treated all the lines as dashes. Amount these strange symbols, dash is the most frequent one. These various shapes of the symbols make her poems very difficult to be understood by the readers. The symbols make her poems seem so chaotic that her co

49、ntemporaries thought that her poetry was very bad. So her poetry were not accepted by the publicThe brainThe brainis wider than the skyForput them side by sideThe one the other will containWith easeand you besideThe brain is deeper than the seaForhold themBlue to BlueThe one the other will absorbAs

50、spongesBucketsdoThe Brain is just the weight of GodForHeft themPound for PoundAnd they will differif they doAs Syllable from Sound - Emily Dickinson (1830-1882), The Brain.(, Hu Yindong，Liu Shusen)The poem was written in about 1862, an emphasis upon the limitless nature of spirit, and upon its sacre

51、dness that is compared to that of God. In the poem, there are many dashes. There is no need to put any mark between the words brain and is, but she used a dash. People dont know what the dash mean. It is common for Emily to put dash in any places in her poems. In the sentence ForHeft themPound for P

52、ound, there are three dashes. The first and second ones are followed by capital letters, so it seems that they function as a full stop, but we can not put more than one full stop in one sentence according to grammar. Compared to the poems of other poets, this poem looks very strange. V. The publicat

53、ion history of Emily Dickinsons poetryAfter Emilys death, Lavinia, Mabel Loomis Todd, and Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson edited her poems and published them. They brought out two well received volumes, Poems by Emily Dickinson, and Poems by Emily Dickinson, Second Series. Later, Mabel Loomis Todd b

54、rought out a third volume alone, Poems by Emily Dickinson, Third Series. The poems in these three volumes were significantly edited to meet the popular taste of the time for poetry. In the 1950s, Thomas H. Johnson edited The Poems of Emily Dickson. In this volume, Dickinsons idiosyncratic punctuatio

55、n, unmetrical verse, off-rhymes, and other innovations that had been regularized by previous editors, are restored to their original.In 1971, the United States Post Office issued a commemorative stamp of Emily; the portrait of the poet on the stamp was copied from her silver-made photo that still ex

56、ists today. At that time, on the first day covers, there were a few of lines surrounding a rose rimmed by dew.If I can stop one Heart from breakingI shall not live in vainIf I can ease one Life the AchingOr cool one PainOr help one fainting RobinUnto his Nest againI shall not live in Vain(1996, Jian

57、g Feng)This poem was written in 1864. It was a very normal one amount the 1700 poems left by Dickinson, the subject and the Emotional of the poem were just very close to the popular style of poetry at that time. It can be said that this poem does not reflect the typical style of Emily Dickinsons poe

58、try. If Dickinson finished all her poetry in this style, then perhaps the editors would not have censured her, and all her poetry could come out during her lifetime, and her poetry would not be so difficult for the later generations to understand. Self-satisfaction and altruism that reveal from her

59、poetry is still a topic for a lot of poetess even today. However, most of Dickinsons poetry is not so easy to understand as this poem and they like riddles that are hard to read. Her own deep thinking and the sophisticated intelligence and alternative style were projected between the lines.Only a fe

60、w of her poems were published during her lifetime. And they had been distorted by the editors operation, which made her poetry beyond recognition. Although Higginson found the talent on the new wonderful poet, he could not fully understand her. Higginson advised her to suspend the publication. With

61、emotion, the poetess said that if reputation belonged to her, she could not escape from it, and if it did not belong to her, it could not catch up with her within a longest day. Dickinson refused to accept his “guidance” politely, because she though that it would take her ignorance , or “non-renewab

62、le status away. She did not want to see her works being operated. Now that the contemporaries showed no interest to her poetry, she decided to set her sight on the future. She did not want to be famous. She thought she was nobody. She said, “Publication is the Auction Of the Mind of Man” (poem No. 7

63、09)VI. ConclusionEmily Dickinson was an introverted woman. She loved her father and also had a sense of awe toward him. Her father was very strict. He limited her behave. This was one fact that made her introverted. She did not like to meet people, and she just had a few friends. She chose to live in seclusion. If she published her poems, maybe readers and reporters would interrupt her life. She was high-hearted. She was not will to follow others ideas. She would always do as what she would like to. When her friend asked her to