自然地理专业英语电子教案

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1、Lesson OneNEW WORDS1.sleet n.冻雨，雨夹雪2. depend vi.依靠,取决于3. hail n.雹4. form vt.,vi.形成5. low a.低的6. temperature n.温度7. molecule n.分子8. cling vi.粘着9. droplet n.小水滴10. dust n.灰尘11. particle n.粒子,微粒12. nucleus n.核,原子核13.dew n.露水14.crystal n.晶体15.condensation n.冷凝,凝聚16. rapid a.快的17.moisture n.湿气,水分18. free

2、ze vi.结冰19.raindrop n.雨点20.instead ad.代替,交换21.snowflake n.雪片22.shape n.形态23. flake n.薄片24.hexagonal a.六角形的25.lens n.透镜26.strike vt.,vi.打击击中,撞27.thunderstorm n.雷雨28.swift a.快速的29.current n.气流,潮流30.toss vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸31.acquire vt.获得,获得32.hailstone n.冰雹33.stick vi.粘住34.theory n.理论35.explain vt.说明,说明,说明

3、PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSThe more the more越 越So that 如此 以致Take place 发生As soon as 一 就High above 大大高于Well below 远远低于Take on 呈现A bit of 一点 A mass of 一块Start out 动身,着手进展 layer of 一层TEXTRAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAILThe forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the temperature, the more

4、the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.In clouds, condensation may be so rapid that millio

5、ns of droplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.When the air high above the earth is well below freezing, the moisture in

6、the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow.Snowflakes are really cry

7、stals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer of warm air and then

8、strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindrops fall to the earth as sleet; skeet us frozen rain.Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain. During a thunderstorm, swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them. As the air grows cold

9、er, these raindrops may form little balls of ice. In a mass of warm air, they may get a coating of moisture, which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air. Up and down they are carried, acquiring more and more layers of ice. This goes on until the balls of ice become he

10、avy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones. If you cut a hailstone in two, you can see the layers of ice.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way. A hailstone nucleus, a tiny droplet of water that is frozen, may form high in the atmosphere. As it falls through a cloud,

11、it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus. The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth. As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone, they add a clear layer of ice. As snowflakes stick to it, they form a cl

12、oudy layer. This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open. EXERCISESI plete the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets. 1.Theof rain depends on the and the of tiny droplets of water vapour in the cloud.(form/conden

13、se/combine)2.When the droplets are heavy enough to fall, can take place.(precipitate)3.The and of water can be observed in everyday life.(evaporate/condense)4.The of ice to water and water to water vapour by heating is a good of the change of state of matter.(convert/illustrate)5.The 100 equal are m

14、ade after the byof the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice.(divide/determine/observe)6.The best of what takes place is the of good examples.(explain/provide)7. A lake which is used for wateris sometimes high enough for the of by gravity to transport the water along the pipes to the h

15、ouses below.(store/exert/press)8.In science, the Centigrade thermometer is used for the of temperature.(measure)II. Answer the following questions based on information found in the text.1.How is rain formed2.When does the moisture in the air from snow3.What is snow made up of4.What is the difference

16、 between rain and sleet5.Why are clear and cloudy layers found inside a hailstone when it is cut openIII. Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.取决于温度2.使雨点落到地面3.呈不同形态4.冷到足以形成小冰珠5.切成两半IV.Explain the different uses of the word “form” in the following sentences:1.The forming of rai

17、n is discussed in the text.2.The molecules of water vapor form droplets.3.If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.4.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth.5.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a diffe

18、rent way.6.The molecules if water vapor come together, forming droplets of water.V. Replace each dash with the proper form of the verb “freeze”.1.When the air is well below,the moisture in the air forms snow.2.In temperatures water vapor will be changed into snowflakes.3.In a mass of cold air each r

19、aindrop.4.Sleet is rain.5.A hailstone nucleus is a tiny droplet of water which is .VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.水滴开场在空气中形成时的温度叫露点. 2.空气越热,它能包容的水分越多.3.雾是靠近地面的云.4.地球外表夜晚通常要比白天冷.5.当含有水分的空气接触到寒冷的地面时,水汽开场从空气中跑出来并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接触到的任何东西上面.6.没有雨,就不能有植物,没有植物,也就没有动物.XII. Translate the fol

20、lowing passage into Chinese. In some regions, particularly the dry ones ,there is water vapor in the air, but the conditions may seldom be right for this vapor to condense and fall as rain or snow. Rain, snow, hail, dew, and are known as precipitation. Even where rainfall is usually moderate, there

21、is at times a lack of rain. A drought may lead to serious water shortages, as it did in New York City in 1949 and 1950 and again in 1963 to 1966. In the summer of 1949, New York Citys reservoirs were down to one third of what they normally held. Several billion gallons of water were being used each

22、day. So serious was the water shortage that people were asked to have one bathless, shaveless, and washless day a week. Cars went unwashed, lawns and parks unsprinkled. Even a glass of water was not served in restaurants unless asked for.Lesson TwoNEW WORDS1.mineral n.矿物2.property n.性质,特性3.naked a.袒

23、露的4.detail n.详情5.reveal vt.暴露6.magnify vt.放大7.magnification n.放大率8.hang vt.,vi.悬挂,吊9.particularly ad.特殊,特别10.distinguish vt.区分,分辨,把区分分类11.define vt.规定,下定义12.unique a.唯一的,独特的13.grain n.颗粒14.quartz n.石英15.quality n.质量16 plex a.困难的,复合的17.mixture n.混合物18.vary vi.变更,不同19.precise a.准确的20.garnet n.柘榴石21 po

24、sition n.构成组成22.variety n.多种,异种种类23.range n.范围,领域24.proportion n.比例25.hence ad.因此26.immense a.无限的, 广阔的27.bewilder vt.使犯难,使手足无措28.array n.排列29.classify vt.分类30.sort vt. (out)分类,划分31.major a.较重要的,主要的32.division n.分类,划分33.divide vt. (into)划分,把分成为34.igneous a.火成的35.sedimentary a.沉淀的,沉积的36.metamorphic a.

25、变形的,变质的37.kingdom n.领域王国,界38.distinctive a.特殊的,有特色的39.earmark n.记号40.remarkable a.值得留意的,显著的41.accurate a.准确的42.dozen n.一打,若干,许很多多43.simplification n.简洁化,单一化44.rare a.稀有的,少见的45.unusual a.不平常的,少见的46.subspecies n.亚种47.recognize vt.成认,认出48.sophisticate n.世故的人49.glean vt.苦心搜集,选集50.explanation n.说明51.prof

26、essional a.职业的,本职的52.petrologist n.岩石学家53.mineralogy n.矿物学PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSFor example例如Because of 由于,因为Regardless of不管,不顾(to) be faced with 面对着,面临(to)make order 整理despite of 不管,听凭even if 即使eitheror 或或on the one handon the other hand一方面另一方面TEXTROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALS Most of a rocks prop

27、erties are easily seen with the naked eye, though the details are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass (magnification of 5 to 10) the hand lens that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks.From the characteristics show, particularly the physical and chemical properties

28、we can distinguish several thousand minerals, each defined by its unique set of properties. Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qualities, regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found. Some minerals, particularly those that have a more complex mixture of atoms, v

29、ary slightly in their properties, depending on their precise composition. A mineral like garnet, for example, has a number of varieties, each with its own range of composition, such as the proportions of iron and other elements, and hence, properties.Rocks are not as uniquely defined by their proper

30、ties as minerals are. Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined, the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types. The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to sort out by general type. The major

31、division of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is just such an aid. Within each major division there are many groups and types. Using characteristic properties, we can divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types, each with its own more or less distinctive earmarks.Despit

32、e all of these numbers, it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known. In most parts of the world a field geologist can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types. This

33、simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other. Thus the geologist who can recognize garnet will do well, even though a mineral sophisticate who can distinguish the many varieties of garnet

34、 by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better. Naturally, the more we can distinguish, the more the information gleaned, and the greater the power of our theories of explanation. Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy. EXERCISESI.Match t

35、he words in Column A with their definitions in Column B, placing the appropriate letters in the blanks: Column AColumn B1. Reveala. Change2. Qualityb. Put into groups 3. Regardless of c. Distinguish4. Vary d. Unusual 5.depending on e. gather6. Classify f. Property 7. Preciseg. Show8. Rare h. Accordi

36、ng to9. Recognizei. Negligent10. Gleanj. AccurateII.Answer the following questions in English.1.How can we distinguish different kinds of minerals2.Why is the geologist faced with a bewildering array of rock types3.What are the three major divisions of rocks4.How many types can the rock kingdom be d

37、ivided into5.How can a field geologist make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types6.Why do professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogyIII.Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.用肉眼可以看到2.面临一些问题

38、3.具有一样的特性4.把相像的东西归为一类5.几十种主要矿物6.差异微小的化学组成IV. Give nouns corresponding to the following adjectives or verbs.1.magnify2.define3.depend4.precise5 pose6.divide7 bine8.simple9.explain10.accurateV. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions. If the nature rocks can give us a clue many the tings we want

39、 to know the earth, how do we go about it We need an interpretive key. First all we want to find out just what the minerals are made up and how the rock is put together from its constituent minerals. its composition we should be able to say something where the parent material came and what it was li

40、ke. the composition and the texture the rock we should also be able to tell something of the pressures and temperatures which the rock was formed comparing them the artificial rocks and mineral made experimental petrologists the laboratory.VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.有些岩石很硬,

41、有些轻轻一敲便成碎片. 2.不能用化学或物理方法简洁地分别开来的矿物称为造岩矿物.3.岩石的矿物组成千差万别,这种差异是岩石分类的根底.4.石英结晶时,假如有足够的空间,会形成美丽的六角形晶体.5.大局部沉积岩是在海水下面形成的.6.矿物有几千种,每种有它自己的组成.VII.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Rocks and the minerals that make them up are the tangible record of geologic processes. The varied minerals of the ea

42、rth are understood in terms of their architecture the way in which their atoms are arranged to make crystal structures. The kinds of atoms and their type of chemical bonding determine not only the crystal structures but the chemical and physical properties of minerals, all of which are used for thei

43、r identification. Rocks are divided into the three major groups, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary on the basis of origin. They are further subdivided within each group according to mineral composition and texture, which provide the data that allow us to interpret details of their origin.Lesson

44、ThreeNEW WORDS1.volcanism n.火山活动2.crust n.地壳3.fracture vi.裂开,断裂4.molten a.熔化的5.extend vi.延长,延展6.interior n.,a.内部的7.volcano n.火山8.behavior n.行为,举止,状况9.volcanology n.火山学10. crystallization n.结晶(作用)11. fluid n.流体,液体12.escape vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,逸出,避开13. crack n.裂隙14.volcanologist n.火山学家15. refer vt.,vi将归入,认为属

45、于,提到16.extrusive a.,n.喷出的17. toothpaste n.牙膏18. extrude vt.挤出,使喷出19. eruption n.喷发,爆发20. occur vi.发生,出现21. magma n.岩浆22. dissolve vt.,vi.溶解23. fissure n.裂缝24. atmospheric a.大气25. explosively ad.爆炸(爆发)性的26. chill vt.使冷却27. atmosphere n.大气28. froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起泡沫,泡沫29. burst vt.,vi.裂开,爆发,喷出30. bubbl

46、e n.泡,泡沫31. vent n.喷口32. cone n.圆锥形(物)33.glow vi.燃烧,放光34. column n.圆柱PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be charged with 充溢着less and less 越来越少at all 完全,根本(常用在否认句中)in much the same way以大体一样的方式TEXTVOLCANISMWhen the earths crust fractures, molten matter may flow from the break if it extends deep enough into th

47、e interior of the earth. A volcano may form. Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced . This branch of earth science is called volcanology.Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallization of fluid matter that has escaped thro

48、ugh deep cracks in the earths crust. Volcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks, or extrusives. If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube, some of the paste is pushed out. That is, the paste has been extruded. Volcanic eruptions occur in much the same way. The m

49、agma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam. These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma. If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and other dissolved gases, the fluid magma rises through the fissure. As it ris

50、es, the pressure on it becomes less and less. The gases and steam expand, producing a force that helps to move the molten materials to the surface of the earth.When they reach the surface of the earth, the only pressure against them is atmospheric pressure 14.7 pounds per square inch. The steam and

51、gases now expand suddenly and explosively , producing additional great force. The molten materials, laden with rapidly expanding gas and steam, may be thrown high into the air in a wild and noisy eruption.In this kind of an eruption, the molten materials are quickly chilled by the much cooler atmosp

52、here. They fall back to the earth as solid fragments of extrusive igneous rocks. During an explosive eruption the molten fluids may be so heavily charged with gas and steam that they froth. Bursting of the bubbles in the molten froth produces billions of tiny fragments of mineral matter, which were

53、once part of the bubble walls. These tiny fragments may be carried upward into the atmosphere by the explosive force of the eruption. These they form great clouds of volcanic dust. Slightly larger fragments of the froth may fall back around the vent, or opening, in the crust to make a cone-shaped pi

54、le of volcanic ash.The light produced during volcanic activity is the result of the glowing of gases and molten fluids. The “smoke” of a volcano is not smoke at all, but the column of volcanic dust, steam, and other gases that are given off from the molten fluid. EXERCISESI. Explain the meaning of t

55、hese words in English.1.volcanologist 2. Fracture3. crust4. Interior5.eruption6. magma7.froth8. Atmosphere9.vent10.ash II. Give the word with opposite meaning to .1.deep2.same3.dissolve4.heavily5. rise6.expand7.chill8.rapidly9.noisy10.upwardIII. Give the English equivalent of the following expressio

56、ns .1.从裂口流出来2.深及地球内部3.通过裂缝逸出4.以同样的方式进展5.充溢了溶解的气体6.每平方英寸7抛入高空8.落回地面9在爆发期间10.稍大一些的碎片IV. Answer the following questions in English .1.How does a volcano form 2.What does volcanology deal with 3.What happens when you press on a tube of toothpaste with a crack in it 4.What happens when a fissure develops

57、 in a region where the magma within the earth is heavily charged with gases and steam 5.What makes molten fluids froth 6.Why do we say that the “ smoke “ of a volcano is not smoke at all V. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositionsMen have come to know a great deal the surface the earth direct o

58、r fairly direct observation .They have explored it ,surveyed it and mapped it the air ;they have analysed its rocks . One could not apply such methods the study the earths interior . The deepest mines penetrate less than two miles ; the deepest boreholoes do not go down such farther. These are the m

59、erest pinpricks a planet the size the earth , an average radius 3,960 miles .Indirect means must be used , therefore , to infer the internal structure the earth . The geophysicist , or earth scientist , gathers his evidence various source . He analyzes data bearing earthquakes and the rotation the e

60、arth . He measures the tides ; he considers variations the earth. He measures the tides; he considers variations gravity at various parts the earths surface. He also tries to reproduce his laboratory the conditions that he believes to exist the interior our planet.VI plete the following sentences wi

61、th nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.1.Everytning around you seems to be in .(move)2.A in the density of air masses is partly a result of their .(differ/compose)3.The heat energy in the magma flows by to the cooler crust .(conduct)4.The hot rises and spreads out across the surface.(mix)5

62、.Folds in the earth are produced by forces of , or the pushing together of the crust.(compress)6.Molten matter is extruded because it is under .(press)VII. Translate the following sentences into English.1.岩浆是矿物质，气体和水在高压和高温下的混合物。2.假如地壳裂开，熔融体能从地球内部逸出到达地表。3.爆裂喷发形式的火山具有特殊的形态。4.自火山口抛出的松散碎屑落回来形成陡边的火山锥。5.火山学家把这种物质叫做岩浆。6.这些气体受到的压力是如此之大以致都被溶解到岩浆中去了。7.温度之高足以使地球内的物质处于一种流体状态。VIII.Translate the following passage into Chinese.We have no precise evidence bearing on the earths internal temperature. The temperature at the bottom of the crust is