2022年度考研英语阅读与英译汉真题预测

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1、考研英语真题预测（1990）1990l ReadingPassage 1 In May l989, space shuttle Atlantis released in outer space the space probe “Magellan”, which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. A new phase in spaceexploration has begun . The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is

2、 the only other object in the solarsystem, in fact, that even comes close to earths size. Venus has a similar density, so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff, and it has an atmosphere, complete with clouds. It is also the closest planet to earth, and thus the most similar in distance

3、 from the sun. In short, Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of “earths twin.” The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F. Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth s: High overhead in the carbon dioxide that passes for air is a layer of clouds, perhaps IO to 20

4、 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) . Water is all but nonexistent. Born with so many fundamental similarities to earth, how did Venus get to be so radically different: It is not just an academic matter. For all its extremes, Venus is a valuable laboratory for re

5、searchers studying the weather and climate of earth. It has no earths oceans, so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified. In addition, the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis, so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely, ob

6、servable pace.16. Venus is similar to Earth in _ A. size and density B. distance from the sunC. having atmosphere D. all of the above17. The greatest value in studying Venus should be to_A. allow us to visit there B. understand Earth betterC. find a new source of energy D. promote a new space progra

7、m18. The main idea of this passage is about _A. problems of space travel B. scientific methods in space explorationC. the importance of Venus to Earth D. conditions on VenusPassage 2 Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Romes main avenues. Italy s politica

8、l leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,OOO women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome. Shouting slogans, waving flags and dancing to drumbeats, the women h

9、ad come to the capital from all over Italy to demonstrate for a job for each of us, a different type of job, and a society without violence”. So far, action to improve womens opportunities in employment has been the province of collective industrial bargaining. But there is a growing awareness that

10、this is not enough, says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers. Women, who constitute 52 per cent of Italys population, today represent only 35 per cent of Italys total workforce and 33 per cent of the total number of

11、 Italians with jobs. However, their presence in the workplace is growing. The employment of women is expanding considerably in services, next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace. Official statistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-em

12、ployment. More and more women are going into business for themselves. Many young women are turning to business because of the growing overall in employment. It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared , so that banks and other financial institutes make judgements on purely business

13、 considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman. Such changes are occurring in the professions too. The number of women doctors, dentists, lawyers, engineers and university professors increased two to three fold. Some of the changes are immediately visible. For example, women have appeared

14、on the scene for the first time as state police , railway workers and street cleaner. However, the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made. A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded.19. The expression snake through central Rome probably mea

15、ns to move_A. quietly through central RomeB. violently through central Rome C. in a long winding line through central RomeD. at a leisurely pace through central Rome20. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. There are more women than men in Italy.B. In Italy, women are chiefly employed in

16、services.C. In Italy, women are still at a disadvantage in employment.D. In Italy, about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men.21. About 200 ,OOO women in Rome demonstrated for_A. more job opportunities B. a greater variety of jobsC. equal job, equal pay D. both A and B22. The best title for this p

17、assage would be_A. The Role of Women is SocietyB. Women Demonstrate for Equality in EmploymentC. Women as Self-employed ProfessionalsD. Women and the Jobs MarketPassage 3 The old idea that talented children burn themselves out in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst

18、, mental illness if unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults. To find this out, l,500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results : On adult intelligence tests, they sco

19、red as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives. About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped ou

20、t, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office , business , or professional occupations . The group had published 90 books and 1, 500 article

21、s in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents. In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth . In fact,

22、far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.23. The old idea that talented children bum themselves out in the early years is_A. true in all senses B. refuted by the authorC. medically proven D. a belief of the author24. The survey of bright chil

23、dren was made toA. find out what had happened to talented children when they became adultsB. prove that talented children burn themselves out in the early yearsC. discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the giftedD. prove that talented children never bum themselves out25 . Intelligence t

24、ests showed that_A. bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthyB. between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligenceC. talented children were most likely to become gifted adultsD. when talented children grew into adults, they made low scoresl Translation People ha

25、ve wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why me person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They

26、 want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently r

27、eferred to as nature as nurture.” (62 ) Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities andbehavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is cen

28、tral to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed bv our instincts. Those who support the nurture theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that o

29、ur environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (64) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environme

30、ntal stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (65) Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needles

31、s to say. They dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an env

32、ironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development . The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized in

33、telligence tests. This leads some “nature proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (68) Behaviorists, in contrast , say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whit

34、es enjoy. . Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991 l ReadingPassage 1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day a

35、fter day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isnt hard to define. It

36、 means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together-honesty, kindness, and so on-account-ability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law-and, ultimately, no

37、 society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on peoples behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunat

38、ely there are still communities-smaller towns, usually-where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: In this family certain things are not tolerated-they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints

39、 are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crimewas committed, society was considered the victim. Now, i

40、n a shocking reversal, its the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didnt teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didnt provide a stable home.I dont believe it. Many others in equally di

41、sadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits

42、 a crime is the one responsible for it.31. What the wise man said suggests that _.A. it s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evilB. it s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC. its only natural for venue to defeat evilD. its desirable for good men to keep

43、away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, _.A. society is to be held responsibleB. modern civilization is rnponsible for itC. the criminal himself should bear the blameD. the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people

44、 in large cities have _.A. less self-discipline B. better sense of disciplineC. more mutual respect . D. less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that _.A. people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB. people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standardsC. to

45、day s society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD. people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that _.A. stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesB. more good examples should be set for people to followC. mor

46、e restrictions should be imposed on people s behaviorD. more people should accept the value of accountabilityPassage 2The period of adolescence, i. e., the person between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes

47、 maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patters of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of

48、ones life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the U-noted

49、 States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by

50、a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on

51、 the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective an

52、d restrictive aspects of child-hood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood p

53、rivileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a drivers license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the rest

54、rictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can wrote,

55、he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age alter majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do p

56、oint to the prolonged period of adolescence.36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because _.A. the definition of maturity has changedB. the industrialized society is more developedC. more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD. ceremonies for adol

57、escence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to _.A. graduations from schools and colleges B. social recognitionC. socio-economic status D. certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjo

58、y the adulthood privileges until he is _.A. eleven years old B. sixteen years old C. twenty-one years old D. between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22 _.A. one will obtain more basic rightsB. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC. one wont get more basic rights

59、 than when he is 21D. one will enjoy more rights granted be society.40. According to the passage, it is true that _.A. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existedB. no one can marry without the permission of his parents until th

60、e age of twenty-oneC. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a drivers licenseD. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyPassage 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Darnes has suggested tha

61、t it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house com-posed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soi

62、l solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The car-bon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf be-fore it is combined wit

63、h a part of the water to form simple sugars-the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as wood stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growling tissues.The ac

64、tual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which car-bon dioxide and water are combined-in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light-to form sug

65、ars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another