高二英语（选修八）unit 4 非谓语动词详解归纳与练习

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1、非谓语动词详解归纳与练习一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。 1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有： （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very

2、well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started t

3、he work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词）

4、，在句中作状语。（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：二、非谓语动词用法：（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1不定式的形式：（以动词write为例） 否定式：not + (to) do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后， 例如： Im glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teach

5、er ordered the work to be done. （2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend.2不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语： To

6、 finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart.（2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want

7、, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair hi

8、s bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. （4）作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt

9、go to the cinema有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The

10、 child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent?说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish

11、the work.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.（6）作状语：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right：To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictiona

12、ry is needed.right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.（7）作独立成分： To tell yo

13、u the truth, I dont like the way he talked.（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1动名词的形式：否定式：not + 动名词（1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（2）被动式：He came to the party withou

14、t being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。（3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。（4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。（5）否定式：not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他

15、建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。（2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。（3）作宾语：They have

16、nt finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, mis

17、s, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look fo

18、rward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like（4）作定语：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？（5）作同位语：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收听收音机新闻节目的

19、习惯仍未改变。（三）现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的形式：否定式：not + 现在分词（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表

20、示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2现在分词的句法功能：（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The ma

21、n speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. （2）现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The presen

22、t situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听

23、见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。（4）现在分词作状语：作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语：(If) Pla

24、ying all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on

25、 my heard我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。作独立成分：udging from(by) his appearance, he

26、 must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。（四）过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能：1过去分词作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为

27、委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2过去分词作表语：The window is broken. 窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：bo

28、iled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3过去分词作宾语补足语：I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done, they went ou

29、t to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。4过去分词作状语：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）Though told of the danger, he still risked his life t

30、o save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。非谓语动词练习( )1. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A. to have rested B. resting C. to restD. rest( )2. Do you know the boy _ under the big tree?A. layB. lain C. layin

31、gD. lying( )3. Youd better _ your bike _ at once. It is Monday tomorrow, you know. A. to have, mendB. have, mended C. have, to mendD. to have, mended( )4. - Look! The lights in the classroomare still on. - Oh, I forgot _.A. turning them offB. turn them off C. to turn them off D. having turned them o

32、ff( )5. “Cant you read?” the officer said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. point angrily( )6. The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened( )7. The policeman warned the y

33、oung man _ after drinking.A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never drivingD. never drive( )8. - Whats the language _ inNew Zealand? - English.A. speaking B. spokenC. be spoken D. to speak( )9. He didnt feel like _ out for a walk, because he had caught a cold.A. to go B. goes C. goneD. going( )10

34、. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning( )11. The house is not big enough for us all _.A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in( )12. A clock is made for _ us the time.A. tell B. telling C. to tell D. tells( )13. Youd bette

35、r _ at home all the time. Its bad for your health.A. dont stayB. no to stay C. not stay D. not staying( )14. The students are busy _ ready for the exam now.A. getting B. get C. got D. to get( )15. The mother asked the boy _ down the ladder, but he went on _ instead.A. come; climbingB. to come; to cl

36、imb C. to come; climbing D. coming; climbing( )16. Is there any time_ to the museum?A. going B. to goC. goes D. gone( )17. The teacher asked the students to close the windows _ the wind from _ the papers away.A. to stop; blowing B. stopping; blowing C. to stop; blow D. stopped; blow( )18. A bird was

37、 seen _ into the classroom yesterday.A. flew B. to fly C. fly D. was flying( )19. We should do as much as we can _ water. A. for saving B. to save C. save D. saved( )20. There are many people _ to buy cars in the modern world.A. want B. wanted C. wanting D. to want( )21. - Im too busy _ to my family

38、. - Why not call them instead?A. writing B. to write C. written D. write( )22. The little boy woke up his father, _ “Happy Birthday!”A. call B. to call C. called D. calling( )23. The car _ in Germany in the 1960s looks old now.A. producedB. producing C. to produceD. which produced( )24. - What are o

39、n show in the museum? - Some pictures _ by theAfricans.A. drawing B. drawn C. drewD. were drawn( )25. The sick man stayed in bed, _ very terrible.A. felt B. feelingC. is feeling D. was feeling( )26. - The boy wasseen _ his bike a moment ago. - I am sorry to hear that.A. fell off B. to fall offC. fal

40、l off D. to fall down( )27. Therere so many beautiful presents in the shop that I dont know _.A. to choose which one B. what choose C. which one to choose D. to choose what( )28. - How bad! They still have no ideas how _ the problem. - Lets go to help them.A. solving B. solved C. to solve D. solves(

41、 )29. What is the best way do you think _ the wild animals?A. protectingB. to protecting C. protected D. to protect( )30. - Youd better have your sports jacket _. Its too dirty. - Thanks. I will.A. to wash B. washed C. washing D. wash( )31. - The little boy was made _ English for another hour. - Poo

42、r boy!A. read B. reading C. reads D. to read( )32. I think it kind _.A. of him to help me B. for him to help C. that he help me D. of him helping me( )33. Its too hot today. Why not _ your coat?A. take onB. to take offC. take offD. taking off( )34. Boys, dont forget _ the windows before you leave th

43、e classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to close( )35. He made it _ for people _ the computers by inventing new software.A. easy, use B. easy, usingC. easily, to use D. easier, to use( )36. All of the plans are very good. I really dont know _.A. which to talk B. which to talk aboutC. to talk

44、about which D. I asked you for help( )37. Would you please _ any noise? The baby has just fallen asleep. A. make B. to makeC. not to makeD. not make( )38. - Would you please try _ lateagain? - Sorry, I wont be late again.A. not to be B. to be not C. not be D. be( )39. The words _ with “L” arent easi

45、ly forgotten.A. starting B. started C. to start D. whose starting( )40. Have you got anything _?A. to open the box B. opening the box with C. opening the box D. to open the box with( )41. We must try our best to stop the pollution _ a happier life.A. from living B. to live C. living D. live( )42. -

46、Hello, what are you reading? - A book _ by Bill Gates. A. writingB. written C. to writeD. which written( )43. - What do you come here for?- _.A. Borrow a CD B. To borrow a CD C. Borrowing a CD D. Borrowed a CD( )44. Yesterday I heard a story _ by my friend.A. told B. telling C. to tell D. tell( )45.

47、 We cant help crying after _ the sad news. A. hear B. heard C. hearing D. to hear( )46. - Would you mind _ for a few minutes? - No, not at all.A. wait B. to wait C. waited D. waiting( )47. Have you read this book? Its worth _.A. to read B. read C. readingD. to be read( )48. Mr Wang would like me _ m

48、y classmates a talk.A. to give B. giving C. givesD. give( )49. I find _ him all about it.A. necessary to tellB. that necessary toC. necessary it to tell D. it necessary to tell( )50. Its very nice _ you to _ me about it.A. for; tellB. of; say C. to; speak D. of; tell1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950姓名 班级 得分 1-5 CDBCA 6-10 DABDB 11-15 ABCAC 16-20 BABBC21-25 BDABB 26-30 BCCDB 31-35 DACDD 36-40 BDAAD41-45 BBBAC 46-50 DCADD单位：湖北省荆门市姓名：李国E_mail：liguo619