Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination - Social ：成见偏见和歧视社会

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1、LECTURE 11 Stereotyping, Prejudice, & DiscriminationAdministrationRelationships between types of biasesStereotypingPrejudiceBreakDiscrimination Video: True ColorsNext ClassDefining Biasesn Stereotypes: a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. n Prejudice: a negative attitude towa

2、rd a group.n Discrimination: unequal treatment of the group. French-Canadians are working class, eat well, emotional.I dont like French Canadians.I wont hire French Canadians.Negative Stereotype:Members of Group A are dirty, hostile, lazy, .leads to Prejudiced Attitude:I dont like Asleads to Discrim

3、ination:I prefer to avoid As, exclude them from good jobs, r = .25 r = .32*Stereotypes - Prejudice (attitude) - Discriminationr = .16* Note that the prejudice-discrimination correlation looksvery similar to more general attitude-behavior relationships.StereotypesBeliefs about the personal attributes

4、 of group members.Abstraction/Schematic ModelAccording to this model, we maintain cognitive representations of social categories in which these categories are associated with specific characteristics and traits. For each of these characteristics, we have a central tendency (e.g., a mean) and a varia

5、nce (e.g., standard deviation). Abstraction vs. Exemplar ModelsExemplar ModelAccording to this model, we have specific examples (i.e., exemplars) of people that we have encoded in our memory. If we have to give an evaluation of a group, than we retrieve our representations of these specific people a

6、nd base our judgment on these exemplars. Abstraction vs. Exemplar ModelsOn-Line Retrieval Abstraction ModelAccording to this model, we adjust our estimates of variability and averages for characteristics related to the categories every time we meet a new member of the group. Online we update this re

7、presentation.We keep an estimate of central tendency and variance of these category-trait associations in our memory and so when we need this estimate we simply retrieve it and use it. On-Line vs. Instance-Based Retrieval Instance-Based Retrieval - Exemplar ModelAccording to this model, we dont main

8、tain a running estimate of category-traits associations in our memory. If we need to make a judgment, we retrieve different exemplars from memory and on the basis of these exemplars we make an estimate the instant we need it. On-Line vs. Instance-Based Retrieval So who is right? How do we judge and

9、attribute traits to category members?Are Americans conservative?Do Albanians like sports?Are professors smart? Arrogant?Do professors have big feet?Abstraction vs. Exemplar ModelsStereotype Activation and ApplicationDevine (1989)Do we always activate and use stereotypes when judging category members

10、? Study 1 Automatic activation of stereotypes Study 2 Controlled application of stereotypesStudy 1 Automatic Activation of StereotypesBefore starting the experiment, level of prejudice was measured with the Modern Racism Scale.Phase 1 Participants were first subliminally primed with words related to

11、 Blacks (e.g., dark, poor) and nonBlack words (e.g., sentence, numbers). participants - 80% of the words related to Blacks. participants - 20% of the words related to Blacks None of the words were related to hostile/aggressive.Phase 2 Participant next read the Donald Story Asked to rate Donald on ho

12、stile/aggressive and neutral traits.Study 1 Automatic Activation of StereotypesExtent of Black Priming20%80%Ratings of DonaldHostile Traits6.97.5Neutral Traits5.96.0 How do these results demonstrate stereotype activation? No difference between high prejudice and low prejudice people. Why is this pro

13、cess considered to be automatic?Study 2 Controlled Application of StereotypesBefore starting the experiment, level of prejudice was measured with the Modern Racism Scale. Participants were asked to write down different names for the category “Blacks.” Next, they had to write down their own personal

14、associations with Blacks these associations were coded as either traits or opinions/beliefs.An example of a trait is “athletic” or “criminal.”An example of a belief is “Affirmative action is good.” or “Blacks cause many problems.”Study 2 Controlled Application of StereotypesHigh Prejudice Participan

15、tsBeliefsTraitsPositive1.21.8Negative1.23.3Low Prejudice ParticipantsBeliefsTraitsPositive4.51.2Negative1.21.0 Low PrejHigh PrejActivate Stereotypes (automatic) yes yes(Study 1)Apply Stereotypes (controlled) no yes(Study 2)* Why? Culture vs. Personal Beliefs* Everyone automatically activates cultura

16、l stereotypes but only those who are motivated (low prejudiced people) will inhibit those associations and replace them with their own personal beliefs.Stereotyping by High and Low Prejudiced People under Automatic and Controlled Processing ConditionsWhat is the continuum? How do we process others?c

17、ategorization individuation attribute-based piece-mealContinuum Model of Impression FormationFive important premises related to the model1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fast process that occurs is the activation of a specific category. We form our impression based on this category.C

18、ontinuum Model of Impression FormationFive important premises related to the model1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fast process that occurs is the activation of a specific category.2. After, if we are motivated, we see whether the characteristics that are present fit the initial cate

19、gory.Continuum Model of Impression FormationIs this person good at sports?Does this person like math? Does this person know much about popular music?Does this person like to read?Is he aggressive?Does he support affirmative action programs?Does this person like baking?Is she wild?Does she like small

20、 children?Is she offended by nude scenes on television?Continuum Model of Impression FormationWhat is the continuum? How do we process others?categorization individuation attribute-based piece-mealFive important premises related to the model1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fast proce

21、ss that occurs is the activation of a specific category.2. After if we are motivated, we see whether the characteristics that are present fit the initial category.3. Where we end up on the continuum is determined by our attention to individual attributes.Continuum Model of Impression FormationFive i

22、mportant premises related to the model1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fast process that occurs is the activation of a specific category.2. After if we are motivated, we see whether the characteristics that are present fit the initial category.3. Where we end up on the continuum is d

23、etermined by our attention to individual attributes.4. Motivation is important for where we end up on the continuum. We can be motivated to categorize or individuate.Continuum Model of Impression FormationFive important premises related to the model1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fa

24、st process that occurs is the activation of a specific category.2. After if we are motivated, we see whether the characteristics that are present fit the initial category.3. Where we end up on the continuum is determined by our attention to individual attributes.4. Motivation is important for where

25、we end up on the continuum.5. Motivation can also influence our attention and so the Motivation x Attention interaction is critical. Continuum Model of Impression FormationPrejudiceA negative attitude toward a group.Modern Prejudice Measures vs. Implicit Prejudice MeasuresModern RacismDefinition: Pr

26、ejudice revealed in subtle, indirect ways because people have learned to hide prejudiced attitudes in order to avoid being labeled as racist. Rationalize prejudice according to other beliefs. Over the past few years the government and the media have shown more respect to Blacks than they deserve. It

27、 is easy to understand the anger of Black people in America. (R) Blacks are getting too demanding in their push for equal rights. Discrimination against Blacks is no longer a problem in Canada. (R)unpleasantor BLACKSpleasantorWHITESRace Implicit Association Task (IAT)If measured with Modern Racism S

28、cale - NOIf measured with IAT YESPreference for Whites 70% (- 80%)Little or no preference 17%Preference for Blacks 12%Are We Prejudiced?Aversive racists: are fairly liberal dont think that they are prejudiced think that equality and the status of minorities is importantWho thinks that these items de

29、scribe them? also harbor negative feelings toward Blacks (hidden even from themselves) Who thinks that this item describes them?Aversive RacismGaertner & Dovidio (1986)Because of these negative feelings, we discriminate when we get the chance. This does not have to be conscious but it does happen. I

30、mportance of Situational NormsIf the possibility exists to act in negative ways toward Blacks without being perceived as prejudiced by others (or even the self), we will take advantage of this situation. Difficult to MeasureAversive RacismGaertner & Dovidio (1986) White subjects participate in a stu

31、dy with either another White person or a Black person. Half way through the study, they hear that a number of chairs have fallen on the other person. They think that they are the only person who has heard this accident or that other bystanders have also heard. Bystander Study of Aversive RacismAlone

32、Others are present VictimBlack Person 94%38%White Person 81%75%Bystander Study of Aversive RacismIn a situation with no clear social norms or in a situation where behavior can be easily explained in terms of nonracial factors, aversive racists will treat Blacks more poorly than Whites. Son Hing, Chu

33、ng-Yan, Zanna, & Hamilton (2008) Measured Explicit Prejudice Asian Modern Racism scale conscious and deliberately reasoned evaluations of Asians Measured Implicit Prejudice Asian IAT automatic evaluations of Asians that occur unintentionally and outside of awarenessModern Racists(Truly High Prejudic

34、e)Aversive RacistsPrincipled ConservativesTruly Low Prejudice Explicit Prejudice Low HighImplicitPrejudiceLowHighSon Hing, Chung-Yan, Zanna, & Hamilton (2008)Discrimination:Unequal treatment of the group. Negative behaviour toward group members.Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974)Self-fulfilling Prophecy St

35、udiesCorrell, Park, Wittenbrink, & Judd (2002)Shooter StudiesDiscriminationStudy 1: Discrimination against Blacks Participants are the Interviewers Independent variableRace of candidate: White or Black Dependent variableImmediacyInterview LengthSpeech Error Rate of InterviewerSelf-fulfilling Prophec

36、y StudiesWord, Zanna, & Cooper (1974)Study 2: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Participants are the Applicants Independent variableInterviewer: Immediate or Nonimmediate Behaviors Dependent variableRatings of applicant performanceApplicants reciprocate behavior of InterviewerApplicants attitude toward Int

37、erviewerSelf-fulfilling Prophecy StudiesWord, Zanna, & Cooper (1974)Study 1:White interviewers treat Blacks applicants in less immediate ways than White applicants.Study 2:When White applicants are treated in these less immediate ways (like Blacks were treated in Study 1), they are perform more poor

38、ly, reciprocate these negative behaviors, and like the interviewer less than if treated in more immediate ways (like Whites were treated in Study 1).How do these studies demonstrate self-fulfilling prophecies?Self-fulfilling Prophecy StudiesWord, Zanna, & Cooper (1974)Participants are presented firs

39、t with a background image, then a person appears. The participants is instructed to: press the shoot button asap if the person is holding a gun. press the not shoot button asap if the person is holding something that is not a gun. Show DemoShooter StudyCorrell, Park, Wittenbrink, & Judd (2002)Error

40、Rates White Targets Black TargetsArmed Targets(Shoot).76 .49 (ns)Unarmed Targets(Dont Shoot).33 .65Are these effects intentional? Are participants aware that they are making these types of responses?Shooter BiasDiscrimination:Unequal treatment of the group. Negative behaviour toward group members.Do

41、 we still discriminate? Is this still such a big problem? For Blacks? Women? Immigrants? Italians? Jews? Mexicans? Muslims? Russian? In Canada?ABC Clip: True Colorshttp:/ JonesIf Racism Is So Prevalent - Why?Affective and Behavioral Responses to RacismKawakami, Dunn, Karmali, & Dovidio (2009)Imagine

42、 .(forecasters)vs. Actually Happens .(experiencers)Independent VariablesRole Experiencer ForecasterComment No Comment Moderately Racist Comment Extremely Racist Comment Affective and Behavioral Responses to RacismDependent VariablesAffect How upset?Partner Choice Affective and Behavioral Responses t

43、o RacismNegative Emotional DistressAffective Responses123456789No CommentModerate Racist CommentExtreme Racist CommentForecasterExperiencerPercentage Chose White PartnerPartner Choice0102030405060708090100No CommentModerate Racist CommentExtreme Racist CommentForecasterExperiencerSummaryStereotyping

44、 Cognitive representations Activation and application Categorization processesPrejudice Modern, Implicit Racism, Aversive racismDiscrimination Classic and New studiesNext ClassClass 12: Altruism and Aggression Fran Reading material:Chapter 10: Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? pp. 310-337.Chap

45、ter 11: Aggression: Why We Hurt Other People, pp. 338-371. Final Class and ExamClass 13: Course Wrap-UpChance to ask questions and learn more about social psychology at York.Reading material:Chapter 9: Interpersonal Attraction: From First Impressions to Close Relationships, pp. 264-303. Not discussed in lecture.Final ExamSunday, April 13, 20147:00 pm - 10:00 pmTM TMWest