材料科学基础专有名词英文翻译

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1、 . Fundamentals of MaterialsScience 材料科学根底名词与术语第一章 绪论9 / 9metal: 金属ceramic: 瓷polymer: 聚合物Composites: 复合材料Semiconductors: 半导体Biomaterials: 生物材料Processing: 加工过程Structure: 组织结构Properties: 性质Performance: 使用性能Mechanical properties: 力学性能Electrical properties: 电性能Thermal behavior: 热性能Magnetic properties: 磁

2、性能Optical properties: 光性能Deteriorative characteristics: 老化特性第二章 原子结构与原子键Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子质量单位Atomic number: 原子数Atomic weight: 原子量Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型Bonding energy: 键能Coulombic force: 库仑力Covalent bond: 共价键 Dipole (electric): 偶极子electronic configuration: 电子构型electron state: 电位 Electrone

3、gative: 负电的Electropositive: 正电的Ground state: 基态Hydrogen bond: 氢键Ionic bond: 离子键Isotope: 同位素Metallic bond: 金属键Mole: 摩尔Molecule: 分子Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相容原理 Periodic table: 元素周期表 Polar molecule: 极性分子Primary bonding: 强键 Quantum mechanics: 量子力学 Quantum number: 量子数 Secondary bonding: 弱键 valence

4、electron: 价电子van der waals bond: 德华键Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象性模型 第三章 金属与瓷的结构Allotropy: 同素异形现象 Amorphous: 无定形 Anion: 阴离子 Anisotropy: 各向异性 atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆积因数body-centered cubic (BCC): 体心立方结构 Braggs law: 布拉格定律 Cation: 阳离子 coordination number: 配位数crystal structure: 晶体结构 crystal system:

5、 晶系crystalline: 晶体的diffraction: 衍射face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方结构 第五章 晶体缺陷Alloy: 合金A metallic substance that iscomposed of two or more elements.由两种与以上元素组成的金属材料。Weight percent (wt%)：质量百分数Concentrationspecification on the basis ofweight (or mass) of a particular elementrelative to the total alloywei

6、ght (or mass).Stoichiometry: 正常价化合物For ionic compounds,the state of having exactlythe ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula.在离子化合物中，正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的化合价关系。Imperfection: 缺陷，不完整性A deviation fromperfection; normally applied tocrystalline materials wherein thereis a deviation f

7、rom atomic/molecularorder and/or continuity.对完美性的偏离，在材料科学领域常指晶体材料中原子/分子在排列顺序/连续性上的偏离。Point defect: 点缺陷A crystalline defectassociated with one or, at most, severalatomic sites.一种仅波与一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。Vacancy: 空位A normally occupied latticesite from which an atom or ionis missing.一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。Vacancy dif

8、fusion: 空位扩散The diffusionmechanism wherein net atomic migrationis from lattice site to an adjacentvacancy.一种扩散机制，此时原子的净迁移是从晶格节点位置迁移到相近的空位中。Self-interstitial: 自间隙原子A host atom or ionthat is positioned on an interstitiallattice site.处于自身晶格间隙中的原子或离子。Schottky defect: 肖脱基缺陷In an ionic solid,a defect cons

9、isting of a cationvacancy and anionvacancy pair.在离子晶体中的一种缺陷结构，它是由一个阳离子空位和一个阴离子空位组成的空位对。Atomic vibration:原子振动The vibration ofan atom about its normal positionin a substance.材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振动。一般说来，这种振动与温度相关，温度越高，振动的幅度越大，因此也称为原子热振动。Substitutional solid solution: 置换固溶体Asolid solution wherein the soluteat

10、oms replace or substitute for thehost atoms.溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。Interstitial diffusion: 间隙扩散A diffusionmechanism whereby atomic motionis from interstitial site to interstitialsite.一种扩散机制，此时原子的运动是从晶格间隙位置迁移到另一个相近的间隙位置。Interstitial solid solution: 间隙固溶体A solidsolution wherein relatively smallsolute at

11、oms occupy interstitial positionsbetween the solvent orhost atoms.相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂或晶格原子之间间隙位置所形成的固溶体。Solid solution: 固溶体A homogeneouscrystalline phase that contains twoor more chemical species.Both substitutionaland interstitial solid solutionsare possible.包含两种或两种以上元素的均匀单相。固溶体可以以置换固溶体或间隙固溶体的形式存在。Soli

12、d-solution strengthening: 固溶体强化Hardeningand strengthening of metalsthat result from alloying in which asolid solution is formed.The presenceof impurity atoms restricts dislocationmobility.由于形成固溶体的合金化过程引起的金属硬化和强化，其机制是异类原子的存在限制了位错的可动性。Solute: 溶质One component or elementof a solution present in aminor c

13、oncentration.It is dissolved in thesolvent.溶液固溶体中，含量较少的组元或元素。溶质溶解在溶剂中。Solution heat treatment: 固溶处理，均匀化退火The processused to form a solid solutionby dissolving precipitate particles.Often, the solid solution is supersaturatedand metastable at ambientconditions as a result of rapidcooling from an elev

14、ated temperature.让沉淀物融解而形成固溶体的热处理过程。通常情况下，从固溶处理温度下快速冷却，形成室温下亚稳态过饱和固溶体。Solvent: 溶剂The component of a solutionpresent in the greatest amount.It is the component that dissolvesa solute.溶液固溶体中，含量最大的组元，此组元溶解了溶质。Burgers vector (): 柏氏矢量A vector thatdenotes the magnitude and directionof lattice distortion a

15、ssociatedwith a dislocation.表示位错引起晶格畸变程度和方向的矢量。Composition (Ci): 成分，组成The relativecontent of a particular element orconstituent (i) within an alloy, usuallyexpressed in weight percent oratom percent.合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。Defect structure: 缺陷结构，缺陷组态Relating to thekinds and concentrations

16、of vacanciesand interstitials in a ceramiccompound.在瓷化合物中，与空位、间隙原子的类型和偏聚有关的缺陷组态。Dislocation: 位错A linear crystallinedefect around which there is atomicmisalignment.晶体材料中的线状缺陷，在其附近，原子发生错排。Plastic deformationcorresponds to the motion of dislocationsin response to an appliedshear stress. Edge, screw, an

17、d mixeddislocations are possible.在外加切应力作用下位错的运动可以导致晶体材料的塑性变形。可能存在的位错类型有刃型位错、螺型位错和混合型位错。Screw dislocation: 螺型位错A linear crystallinedefect associated with thelattice distortion created when normallyparallel planes are joined togetherto form a helical ramp.TheBurgers vector is parallel to the dislocati

18、online.一种一维线型晶体缺陷，形态上可是描述为当相互平行的相邻晶面之间依次错粘合在一起形成的螺旋型斜面的中心线区域所形成的原子错排组态。螺型位错的柏氏矢量平行与其位错线。Mixed dislocation: 混合位错A dislocationthat has both edge and screw components.同时含有刃型分量和螺型分量的位错。Dislocation density: 位错密度The total dislocationlength per unit volume ofmaterial; alternately, the number ofdislocations

19、 that intersect a unitarea of a random surface section.在单位体积材料中包含位错的长度，或者说在材料部任意单位截面上位错线的根数。Dislocation line: 位错线The line that extendsalong the end of the extrahalf-plane of atoms for an edge dislocation,and along the center of thespiral of a screw dislocation.刃型位错中多余半原子面边缘的连线，或者螺型位错中错排螺旋的中心轴线。Edge

20、dislocation:刃型位错A linear crystallinedefect associated with thelattice distortion produced in thevicinity of the end of an extra halfplaneof atoms within a crystal.TheBurgers vector is perpendicular tothe dislocation line.一种一维线型晶体缺陷，形态上可是描述为晶体中存在的多余半原子面的末端附近区域所形成的原子错排组态。刃型位错的柏氏矢量垂直与其位错线。Electroneutra

21、lity: 电中性The state of havingexactly the same numbers ofpositive and negative electricalcharges (ionic and electronic), thatis, ofbeing electrically neutral.材料中一种正负电荷离子和电子数目准确相等的状态。在此状态下，材料是不带电的。Frenkel defect: 弗仑克尔缺陷In an ionic solid,a cationvacancy and cationinterstitial pair.在离子固体中的阳离子-空位对和阳离子-间隙原

22、子对。Grain: 晶粒An individual crystal in apolycrystalline metal or ceramic.金属或瓷多晶体中的一个单独的小晶体。Grain boundary: 晶界The interface separatingtwo adjoining grains havingdifferent crystallographic orientations.把两个相邻具有不同晶体学取向的晶粒别离开的界面。Grain growth: 晶粒长大The increase in averagegrain size of a polycrystallinemateri

23、al; for most materials, an elevated-temperature heat treatmentis necessary.在多晶体材料中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，对大多数材料来说，这需要在一定温度下进展热处理。Grain size: 晶粒尺寸The average grain diameteras determined from a randomcross section.从材料任一横截面上测量的晶粒直径的平均值。Microscopy: 显微术，显微镜学The investigation ofmicrostructural elements usingsome type

24、of microscope.用某种类型的显微镜对材料微观组织情况进展的研究。Microstructure: 显微组织The structural featuresof an alloy (e.g., grain andphase structure) that are subject toobservation under a microscope.在显微镜下观察到的某合金的结构特征例如：晶粒和相的组织结构特征。Photomicrograph: 显微组织照片Thephotographmade with a microscope, which recordsamicrostructural im

25、age.在显微镜下拍摄，记录显微组织结构形态的照片。Scanning electron microscope: 扫描电子显微镜，SEMA microscope that producesan image by using an electronbeam that scans the surface of aspecimen; an image is produced byreflected electron beams.Examinationof surface and/or microstructuralfeatures at high magnificationsis possible.使

26、用一束电子流扫描样品外表，用样品产生的反射电子束产生图象的一种显微镜。扫描电子显微镜的应用使对样品的外表特征和显微组织特征进展高倍观察成为可能。Scanning probe microscope: 扫描探针显微镜，SPMAmicroscope that does notproduce an image using light radiation.Rather, a very small and sharpprobe raster scans across the specimensurface; out-of-surface planedeflections in response to el

27、ectronicor other interactions with the probeare monitored, from which a topographicalmap of the specimen surface(on a nanometer scale) is produced.一种不用光学射线产生图象，而是用非常锋利的探针依次横扫描过样品外表,利用探针对被测样品进展扫描，同时检测扫描过程中探针与样品的相互作用如样品-探针间的隧道电流或相互作用力等，得到样品相关性质如电子态密度、形貌、摩擦力、磁畴结构等，因而统称为扫描探针显微镜SPMTransmission electron m

28、icroscope: 透射电子显微镜，TEMA microscope that producesan image by using electronbeams that are transmitted (passthrough) the specimen.Examinationof internal features at highmagnifications is possible.透射电子显微镜是用穿过样品的透射电子束产生样品组织形貌像的显微镜。在透射电子显微镜上，可以在高倍下研究样品的部结构特征。Cu forms a substitutionalsolid solution for co

29、ncentrations up to第六章 扩散Diffusion: 扩散Mass transport byatomic motion.固体中原子，或分子等，通过热运动而发生长程迁移，或宏观物质传输现象。这里所谈的原子迁移，在是指固体中原子脱离它原来的平衡位置跃迁到另一平衡位置的位移。从产生扩散的原因来看，原子的迁移主要分为两大类，一类称为化学扩散，它是由于扩散物质在固体中分布不均匀、在化学浓度梯度的推动下产生的扩散；另一类称为自扩散，它是在没有化学浓度梯度情况下，仅仅由于热振动而产生的扩散。自扩散现象只有采用放射性同位素技术才能发觉。此外，还有应力场、热场和电场等所引起的扩散。Diffusi

30、on flux (J): 扩散通量The quantity ofmass diffusing through and perpendicularto a unit cross-sectional areaof material per unit time.单位时间通过一个垂直与扩散方向上单位横截面积的通过物质量。Diffusion coefficient (D): 扩散系数The constantof proportionality betweenthe diffusion flux and the concentrationgradient in Ficks first law.Itsmag

31、nitude is indicative of the rateof atomic diffusion.Fick第一定律中，扩散通量和浓度梯度之间的比例系数。其量级表示了原子扩散的速度。Ficks first law: 菲克第一定律，扩散第一定律The diffusion fluxis proportional to the concentrationgradient.This relationship is employed for steady-state diffusion situations.扩散通量与浓度梯度成正比例。这种关系被用于描述稳定态扩散。Ficks second law:

32、 菲克第二定律，扩散第二定律The time rate ofchange of concentration is proportionalto the second derivative ofconcentration.This relationship isemployed in nonsteady-state diffusionsituations.浓度对时间的变化率成正与浓度对距离的二阶导数。这种关系被用于描述非稳定态扩散。Steady-state diffusion: 稳定态扩散The diffusioncondition for which there is nonet accumu

33、lation or depletion ofdiffusing species.The diffusion fluxis independent of time.扩散组元既没有净堆积也没有净亏空的扩散过程是稳定态扩散。也可以描述为：扩散通量与时间无关的扩散过程是稳定态扩散。Nonsteady-state diffusion: 非稳定态扩散The diffusioncondition for which there issome net accumulation or depletionof diffusing species.The diffusionflux is dependent on

34、time.扩散过程中，扩散组元存在净堆积或净亏空的扩散过程是非稳定态扩散。也可以描述为：扩散通量与时间有关的扩散过程是非稳定态扩散。Self-diffusion: 自扩散Atomic migration inpure metals.纯金属中的原子迁移过程。Interstitial diffusion: 间隙扩散A diffusionmechanism whereby atomic motionis from interstitial site to interstitialsite.晶体扩散机制的一种。间隙原子由一个间隙位置迁移至邻近的间隙位置所构成的扩散。Vacancy diffusion:

35、 空位扩散The diffusionmechanism wherein net atomic migrationis from lattice site to an adjacentvacancy.一种扩散机制，这时候原子的净迁移过程是从晶格结点位置移动到邻近的空位中。Activation energy (Q): 激活能，QThe energyrequired to initiate a reaction, suchas diffusion.开动某一反响或过程，例如扩散过程，所需要的能量。Carburizing: 渗碳The process by whichthe surface carbon

36、 concentration ofa ferrous alloy is increased by diffusionfrom the surrounding environment.从周围环境中向铁基合金外表扩散碳，从而使其外表碳浓度提高的工艺过程。Component: 组分A chemical constituent(element or compound) of analloy, which may be used to specifyits composition.合金的任一组成可以是元素或化合物，可以被用于区分其构成成分。Composition (Ci), Concentration:

37、 成分，CiThe relativecontent of a particular element orconstituent (i) within an alloy, usuallyexpressed in weight percent oratom percent.Also call it concentration.合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。也称为浓度。Concentration gradient (dC/dx): 浓度梯度，The slope of the concentration profile at a specific position

38、.浓度曲线某一点处的斜率。Concentration profile: 浓度曲线The curvethat results when the concentrationof a chemical species is plotted versusposition in a material.在材料中，某种化学物质的浓度随其位置关系变化的曲线。Interdiffusion, impurity diffusion: 互扩散Diffusion of atomsof one metal into another metal.一种金属中的原子向另一种金属中的扩散叫互扩散，又称为杂质扩散。第七章 力学性能

39、Anelasticity: 滞弹性In most engineering materials, elastic deformation will continue after the stress application, and upon load release some finite time is required for complete recovery. This time-dependent elastic behavior is known as anelasticity.应力施加后，大多数工程材料弹性形变都会持续，并且撤去加载，样品的完全回复也需要一定的时间。这种与时间相关

40、的弹性行为称为滞弹性。Design stress: 设计应力For static situations and when ductile materials are used, design stress, d, is taken as the calculated stress level c (on the basis of the estimated maximum load) multiplied by a design factor, N, that is d= Nc, where N is greater than unity.对于静态条件以与延展性材料的情况下，设计应力d是计算的

41、应力c即估算的最大载荷乘以一个设计因子N，即d= Nc，其中N大于1。Ductility: 延伸度Ductility is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture. 延伸度是指材料在断裂时发生的塑性形变程度的量度。Elastic deformation:弹性形变Deformation in which stress and strain are proportional is called elastic deformation. Elastic deformation

42、 is nonpermanent, which means that when the applied load is released, the piece returns to its original shape.应力与应变成正比关系的形变称为弹性形变。弹性形变是非永久性的，即撤去加载后，样品可恢复初始的形状。Elastic recovery：弹性回复Elastic recovery means that when the applied load is released, the piece returns to its original shape.弹性回复是指当样品所受应力撤销后，

43、其完全回复到初始形状的现象。Elastomer:弹性体Elastomer is a class of polymers whose deformation displayed by strain-stress curve is totally elastic, i.e., large recoverable strains produced at low stress levels. 弹性体是聚合物的一个种类，它的应力应变曲线说明其变形是完全弹性的，即很低的应力变化就会产生很大的可回复应变。Engineering strain:工程应变Engineering strain is defined

44、 according to = (li-l0)/l0 = l/l0, in which l0 is the original length before any load is applied, and li is the instantaneous length. Sometimes the quantity li-l0 is denoted as l, and is the deformation elongation or change in length at some instant, as referenced to the original length. Engineering

45、 strain is unitless.工程应变由方程 = (li-l0)/l0 = l/l0定义，这里l0是样品加载前的初始长度，li是加载瞬间的长度，有时li-l0也用l来表示，即代表与初始长度相比拟，某一时刻样品形变的延长率或长度的变化。工程应变是没有单位的。Engineering stress: 工程应力Engineering stress is defined by the relationship = F/A0, in which F is the instantaneous load applied perpendicular to the specimen crosssecti

46、on, in units of newtons (N), and A0 is the original cross-sectional area before any load is applied (m2). The units of engineering stress are megapascals, MPa.工程应力的定义为 = F/A0，这里F是加载在垂直样品横截面的瞬间载荷，单位为牛顿，A0是加载前样品的初始横截面积单位m2，工程应力单位为MPa。Flexural strength: 抗弯强度For the brittle ceramic materials, flexural s

47、trengths are determined by the stress at fracture in transverse bending tests.对脆性瓷材料来说，抗弯强度即为横向弯曲试验中样品断裂时的应力。Hardness:硬度Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localize plastic deformation.硬度是材料抵抗局部塑性形变的量度。Modulus of elasticity: 弹性模量For most metals that are stressed in tension and at relatively l

48、ow levels, stress and strain are proportional to each other through the relationship = E. This is known as Hookes law, and the constant of proportionality E (GPa) is the modulus of elasticity, or Youngs modulus.大多数金属在较低的拉力作用下，应力和应变成正比关系，可表达为 = E，这就是胡克定理，比例常数EGPa就是弹性模量，或氏模量。Plastic deformation:塑性形变As

49、 the material is deformed beyond the strain that elastic deformation persists, the stress is no longer proportional to strain, and permanent, nonrecoverable, or plastic deformation occurs. 当材料的形变超出弹性形变发生的围，其应力将不再与应变成正比，永久的、不可回复的形变发生，即为塑性形变。Poissons ratio: 泊松比Poissons ratio represents the negative ra

50、tio of transverse and longitudinal strains.泊松比的定义为样品横向应变与轴向应变的相反数。Proportional limit:比例极限For metals that experience the gradual elastic-plastic transition, the point of yielding is determined as the initial departure from linearity of the stress-strain curve and this is sometimes called the proporti

51、onal limit.对于金属逐步的弹塑性形变转变，其屈服点确定为应力应变曲线非线性关系的开场，这个点也被称为比例极限。Resilience:弹性Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy during elastic deformation.弹性是指材料在弹性形变中吸收能量的能力。Safe stress:平安应力Safe stress is based on the yielding strength of the material and is defined as the yield strength divided

52、 by a factor of safety, N, or w=y/N.平安应力是基于材料的屈服强度，它定义为屈服强度除以一个平安因子N，或w=y/N。Tensile strength: 抗拉强度Tensile strength corresponds to the maximum tensile stress that may be sustained by a specimen. 抗拉强度是指样品可能承受的最大拉伸应力。Toughness: 韧性Toughness is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up t

53、o fracture.韧性是指材料在断裂前所能吸收能量的量度True strain: 真应变True stain T is defined by T=ln(li/l0), in which l0 is the original length before any load is applied, and li is the instantaneous length.真应变T的定义为T=ln(li/l0)，其中l0是样品加载前的初始长度，li是瞬间长度。True stress:真应力True stress T is defined as the load F divided by the ins

54、tantaneous cross-sectional area Ai over which deformation is occurring, or T = F/Ai.真应力T定义为形变发生时，载荷F与瞬间横截面积Ai的比值，或者T = F/Ai。Yielding:屈服For metals, the phenomenon of yielding occurs at the onset of plastic or permanent deformation.金属的屈服是指塑性或者永久形变开场发生的现象。Yield strength: 屈服强度Yielding strength is indica

55、tive of the stress at which plastic deformation begins.屈服强度是指塑性形变开场发生时的应力。第八章 形变和强化机理Cold working: 冷加工、冷变形The plastic deformationof a metal at a temperaturebelow that at which it recrystallizes.金属在再结晶温度以下进展的塑性变形。Critical resolved shear stress( tcrss): 临界剪切分切应力That shear stress, resolvedwithin a slip

56、 plane and direction,which is required to initiate slip.使得晶体开场滑移所需要的纯剪切应力，在某一特定滑移面和滑移方向上的分量。Dislocation density: 位错密度The total dislocationlength per unit volume ofmaterial; alternately, the number ofdislocations that intersect a unitarea of a random surface section.材料单位体积的位错线的总长度，或者在一个随机切面上的单位面积切断的位

57、错根数。Grain growth: 晶粒长大The increase in averagegrain size of a polycrystallinematerial; for most materials, an elevated-temperature heat treatmentis necessary.多晶体材料中晶粒尺寸的增大，对大多数材料来说，晶粒长大只在升高温度加热的时候发生。Lattice strains: 晶格应变Slight displacementsof atoms relative to theirnormal lattice positions, normallyi

58、mposed by crystalline defects suchas dislocations, and interstitial andimpurity atoms.原子相对于它们正常点阵位置的轻微位移，通常是由晶体的缺陷，如位错、间隙原子、杂质原子存在引起的。Recovery: 回复The relief of some of theinternal strain energy of a previouslycold-worked metal, usuallyby heat treatment.冷塑性变形金属释放其局部应变能的过程叫回复，通常采用热处理的方法。Recrystallizat

59、ion: 再结晶The formationof a new set of strain-free grainswithin a previously cold-workedmaterial; normally an annealingheat treatment is necessary.在冷塑性变形材料的部生成等轴状新晶粒的过程叫再结晶，通常发生于再结晶退炽热处理过程中。Recrystallization temperature: 再结晶温度Fora particular alloy, the minimumtemperature at which complete recrystalliz

60、ationwill occur within approximatelyone hour.对于某种合金，在大约一小时的时间里，完成再结晶所需的最低温度. Resolved shear stress: 分切应力An appliedtensile or compressive stress resolvedinto a shear componentalong a specific plane and directionwithin that plane.一个实际拉或压应力沿某一特定平面和在该平面特定方向上分解得到的切应力分量。Slip: 滑移Plastic deformation as the

61、resultof dislocation motion; also, theshear displacement of two adjacentplanes of atoms.位错移动导致的塑性变形或两个相邻原子面的剪切位移。Slip system:滑移系The combination of acrystallographic plane and, withinthat plane, a crystallographic directionalong which slip (i.e., dislocationmotion) occurs.滑移面和该面上一个滑移方向的组合称为一个滑移系，晶体滑移

62、如位错的移动可以沿该系统发生。Solid-solution strengthening: 固溶强化Hardeningand strengthening of metalsthat result from alloying in which asolid solution is formed.The presenceof impurity atoms restricts dislocationmobility.由于合金化形成固溶体而导致的材料硬化和强化，实质在于溶质原子对位错运动的阻碍作用。Strain hardening:加工硬化The increase inhardness and stre

63、ngth of a ductilemetal as it is plastically deformedbelow its recrystallization temperature.塑性材料于再结晶温度以下进展塑性变形引起的硬度和强度升高现象。Viscosity (h): 粘性The ratio of the magnitudeof an applied shear stress tothe velocity gradient that it produces;that is, a measure of a noncrystallinematerials resistance topermanent deformation.剪切应力数值与其产生应变速率的比值叫粘性，用来衡量非晶材料抵抗永久变形的能力。Vulcanization: 硫化Nonreversible chemicalreaction involving sulfur orothe