TPO20听力文本

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1、TPO20目录Conversation1-Student&Librarian2Lecture1-Linguistics(GriceanMaxims)5Lecture2-EnvironmentalScience(InterglacialPeriods)8Conversation2-Student&Professor10Lecture3-Literature(Folktales)13Lecture4-Biology(SnowshoeHare)151TPO20Section1Conversation1-Student&LibrarianNarratorListentoaconversationbet

2、weenastudentandalibraryemployee.StudentExcuseme,IreceivedaletterthatIamsupposedtoreturnabookthatIcheckedoutbackinSeptember,itscalledModernSocialProblems.ButIamwritingmyseniorthesis,soIthoughtIwasallowedtokeepthebookforthewholeacademicyear.LibrarianSoyousignedupforextendedborrowingprivileges?StudentY

3、eah.LibrarianAndwearestillaskingyoutobringthebookback?StudentUh-huh.DoIreallyhaveto?LibrarianWell,letmecheckthecomputer.Thetitlewas.ModernSocialProblems?StudentYeah.LibrarianEh.Ok,yeah.Itsbeenrecalled.Youcankeepitallyearaslongasnooneelserequestsit,butsomeoneelsehas,itlookslikeoneoftheprofessorsinthe

4、sociologydepartment.Soyouhavetobringitback.Youcancheckitoutagainwhenitisreturnedinacoupleofweeks.Student3Whatifthepersonrenewsit?AndIreallyneeditrightnow.LibrarianAllofit?Oristhereacertainsectionorchapteryouareworkingwith?StudentWell,theresonechapterinparticularIamworkingwith,butwhy?LibrarianWell,we

5、normallydontdothis,butbecauseofthecircumstanceswecanphotocopyuptoonechapterforyou.Whydontyoudothatfortheoneyouareworkingwithrightnow?Andbythetimeyouneedtherestofthebook,maybeitllhavebeenreturned.StudentOh,thatwouldbegreat.LibrarianDoyouhaveitwithyou?StudentEh.no,itsinmydormroom.ThesearebooksIwanttoc

6、heckouttoday.IsitOKifIbringthatonebyinacoupleofdays?LibrarianActually,theduedayistomorrow.Afterthat,therellbeatwodollarperdayfine.Butyouneedtoreturnittodayifyouwanttocheckoutanybookstoday.Thatsourpolicy.StudentOh,Isee.LibrarianYeah,notalotofpeoplerealizethat.Infact,everysemesterwegetafewstudentswhow

7、ouldhavetheirborrowingprivilegessuspendedcompletelybecausetheyhaventreturnedbooks.Theyareallowedtousebooksonlyinthelibrary.Theyarenotallowedtocheckanythingoutbecauseofunreturnedbooks.StudentThatsnotgood.IguessIshouldheadbacktothedormrightnow.LibrarianButbeforeyougo,whatyoushoulddoisfilloutaformreque

8、stingthebookbackintwoweeks.Thenthepersonwhorequesteditwontbeabletorenewit.Youllgetitbackquickly.StudentIlldothatrightnow.5Lecture1-Linguistics(GriceanMaxims)NarratorListentopartofalectureinalinguisticsclass.ProfessorOk,theconventionsorassumptionsthatgovernconversation,thesemayvaryfromoneculturetoano

9、ther,butbasically,forpeopletocommunicate,thereisa.theyhavetofollowcertainrules.LikeifIamtalkingwithyouandIstartsayingthingsthatarenottrue,ifyoucanttellwhenIamlyingandwhenIamtellingthetruth,well,wearenotgoingtohaveaverysatisfactoryconversation,arewe?Why?BecauseitviolatesoneoftheGriceanMaxims,thatsase

10、tofrulesormaximsaphilosophernameH.P.Gricecameupwithin1970s.OneoftheseGriceanMaximsis.well,Ivealreadygivenyouahint.StudentOh,youjustcantgoaroundtellinglies.ProfessorRight,orasGriceputit,“Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.”ThatsoneofGricesMaximsofQualityashecalledit.Sothatsprettyobvious.Butthereareother

11、sjustasimportant.Like,eh.supposeyouwouldaskmewhattimeitwasandIrepliedmysisterjustgotmarried,whatwouldyouthink?StudentYouarenotreallyansweringmyquestion.ProfessorNo,Iamnot,amI?Thereisnoconnectionatall,whichfeelswrongbecauseyougenerallyexpecttofindone.Sooneimportantmaximissimply:berelevant.Andusingthe

12、so-calledMaximofRelevancewecaninferthingsaswell,orratherthespeakercanimplythingsandthelistenercanmakeinferences.Forinstance,supposeyousayyouwouldreallylovetohaveacupofcoffeerightnow,andIsaytheresashoparoundthecorner.Now,whatcanyouinferfromwhatIsaid?StudentWell,theshopsellscoffeeforonething.Professor

13、Right,andthatIbelieveitisopennow.BecauseifIwontimplyingthosethings,myresponsewouldnotberelevant.Itdhavenoconnectionwithwhatyousaidbefore.Butaccordingtothemaxim,myresponseshouldberelevanttoyourstatement,meaning,weshouldassumesomeconnectionbetweenthestatementandtheresponse.Andthismaximofrelevanceisqui

14、teefficienttouse.EvenifIdontspelloutallthedetails,youcanstillmakesomeusefullogicalinferences,namely,theshopisopenanditsellscoffee.Ifweactuallyhavetoexplainallthesedetails,conversationswouldmovealongprettyslowly,wouldntthey?OK,thentheresthemaximsofmanner,includingthingslikebeclear,andavoidambiguity.A

15、ndanothermoreinterestingmaximsisoneoftheso-calledmaximsofquantity,quantitiesofinformation,thatis.Itsays,togiveasmuchasisrequiredinthesituation.SosupposeyouaskedmewhatIdidyesterdayandIsayIwenttotheArtMuseum.YouwouldlikelyinferthatIsawsomeworksofart.Suppose,though,thatIdidnotgoinsidethemuseum,Ijustwal

16、keduptoitthenleft.ThenIviolatedthequantitymaximbynotgivingenoughinformation.Soyoucanseehowimportantimplicationsaretoourabilitytocarryonaconversation.Buttherearetimeswhenpeoplewillviolatethesemaximsonpurpose.Letssayabossisaskedtowritealetterofrecommendationforaformeremployeeseekinganengineeringjob.Th

17、eletterhewritesisquitebrief.Somethinglike,uh,Mr.Xispoliteandalwaysdressesquiteneatly.Sowhatdoesthisreallymean?StudentOh,Isee.Bynotmentioninganyimportantqualitiesrelatedtothejob,thebossis.like,implyingthatthisisbestthatcanbesaidaboutMr.Xthatheisreallynotqualified.ProfessorExactly.Itsawrittenletternot

18、aconversation,buttheprincipleisthesame.ThebossisconveyinganegativeimpressionofMr.Xwithoutactuallysayingnegativeabouthim.So,byviolatingthemaxims,we.eh.but.itcanbeawaytobesubtleorpolite,ortoconveyhumorthroughsarcasmorirony.Sometimesthoughpeoplewillviolatemaximsforanotherpurpose:todeceive.Now,canyouima

19、ginewhomightdosuchathing?StudentSomepoliticians.StudentOradvertisers.ProfessorRight.Anyonewhomayseeanadvantageinimplyingcertainthingsthatareuntruewithoutexplicitlysayingsomethinguntrue.Theythink,hey,dontblameusifouraudiencehappenstodrawinferencesthataresimplynottrue.Sonexttimeyouseeanadvertisementsa

20、yingsomeproductcouldbeupto20%moreeffective,thinkofthesemaximsofquantityandrelevance,andaskyourselfwhatinferencesyouarebeingledtodraw.Think,moreeffectivethanwhatexactly?Andwhydotheyusethoselittlephrasescouldbeandupto?Theseclaimsgiveusalotlessinformationthantheyseemto.8Lecture2-EnvironmentalScience(In

21、terglacialPeriods)NarratorListentopartofalectureinanenvironmentalscienceclass.ProfessorIdliketotakeyoubackabout11thousandyearsagowhenEarthenteredthelatestinterglacialperiod.Interglacialperiodsare,typicallyperiodsoftimebetweenIceAges,whentheclimatewarms,andtheglacialiceretreatsforatime,beforethingsco

22、oloffagainandanotherIceAgebegins.Andforoverthepastseveralmillionyears,EarthssortofdefaultclimatehasactuallybeenIceAge,butwehaveexperiencedperiodicregularthaws,andthelastone,theoneweareinnow,startedabout11thousandyearsago.Now,thetypicalpatternforaninterglacialperiod,andwehavestudiedseveral,isthatthec

23、oncentrationofcarbondioxideandmethanegasactuallyreachesit.itspeak,thatis,thereisthemostcarbondioxideandmethanegas,uh,greenhousegasesintheatmospherejustafterthebeginningoftheinterglacialperiod.Andthen,forreasonswhicharenotentirelyclear,theconcentrationofgreenhousegasesgraduallygoesdown.Now,theclimate

24、continuestowarmforawhilebecausethereisalageffect.Butuh,graduallyastheconcentrationofgreenhousegasesgoesdown,Earthstartstocoolagain,andeventuallyyouslipbackintoanIceAge.Um,however,forthelatestinterglacialperiod,theoneweareinnow,thispatterndidnothold,thatis,theconcentrationofcarbondioxideandmethanedip

25、peddip=fall,dropalittlebitafter,uh,uh,afterpeakingatthebeginning,nearthebeginningoftheinterglacialperiod,butthenitbegantoriseagain.Um.Whatwasdifferentaboutthisinterglacialperiodthantheotherones?Well,oneofthebigdifferencesishumanactivity.Peoplebegantoraisecropsandanimalsforfoodinsteadofhuntingforthem

26、.Thisistheagriculturalrevolution.Anditbegantohappenintheearlieststagesabout11thousandyearsago.Now,scientistshavetendedtoregard.the.uh.agriculturalrevolutionasabeneficiaryofthe.uh.fortuitousaccidentalshiftinclimate.However,somenewtheoriesofclimate,newtheoristsofclimatehaveproposedthatperhapshumanityw

27、ashavinganeffectontheclimateasfarbackasthebeginningsoftheagriculturalrevolution.Whenyougrowcropsanduh,pastureyouranimals,oneofthethingsyoudoisyoucutdowntheforests.Ifyoucutdowntheforests,whenyouburnthetreesforfuelanddontreplacethemwithothertrees,orwhenyoujustleavethemtorotanddontallowothertreestogrow

28、,youendupwithalotmorecarbonintheformofcarbondioxidegettingintotheatmosphere.Um.anothergasassociatedwiththespreadofagricultureismethane.Methaneformsinlargeconcentrationabovewetlands,andasitturnsout,thecultivationofcertaingrainscreatesvastareasofartificialwetlands,andprobablydrasticallyincreasestheamo

29、untofmethanegettingintotheatmosphere,overandabovewhatwouldbethere.So,um.agriculture,the.thespreadofagriculture,youknowwearetalkingoverthousandsofyears,um.butthiscouldverywellhadaprofoundeffectonthecompositionofEarthsatmosphere.Itskindofironictothinkthatabsentthateffect,itmaybethatwewouldbeheadingint

30、oanIceAgeagain.Infact,backinthe1970s,alotoftheoristswerepredictingthat,youknow,theclimatewouldstarttocoolandwedslowlyenterintothenewIceAge.Andthentheywerepuzzledastowhyitdidntseemtobehappening.Umm.now,whataretheimplicationsforthefuture?Well,um.itisalittletricky.Imean,youcouldsay,well,hereisanexample

31、of.um.humanactivity,theagriculturalrevolutionwhichactuallywasbeneficial,wealteredtheclimateforthebetter,perhaps,bypreventinganIceAge.Butthenindustrialization,ofcourse,hasdrasticallyincreasedtheamountofcarbondioxidethathumansareputtingintotheatmosphere,theburningoffossilfuelstendstoputalotofCO2intoth

32、eatmosphere.Um.soweareenteringintounchartedunmapped,unknown,unexploredterritorynow,intermsoftheamountofcarbondioxide,theconcentrationsofcarbondioxidethatarenowbeingputintotheatmosphereasaresultofindustrializationandtheuseoffossilfuels.Section2Conversation2-Student&ProfessorNarratorListentoaconversat

33、ionbetweenastudentandaprofessor.StudentProfessorJennings,IhopeIamnotinterrupting,butyouwantedtoseeme?ProfessorOh,hello,Suzane.Yes,yes,comerightin.Howareyoudoing?StudentAllright.ProfessorWell,good.ThereasonIwantedtotalktoyouwasthatwhileyouwerepresentingyoulinguisticsprojectinclasstheotherday,well,you

34、know,Iwasthinkingyouareaperfectcandidateforthedeansundergraduateresearchfund.StudentUm.Professor,Iamreallysurewhatthe.um.deanProfessorUndergraduateresearchfundis.ItisamouthfulIsuppose.OK.Heresthething.Everyyeartheschoolhasapoolofmoneytofundanumberofresearchprojectsofundergraduatestudents.Becauseasyo

35、ucanimagine,indepthresearchoftenrequiresmonetarysupport.StudentIwouldliketoexpandonmyresearch.ProfessorGood.Firstapanelofprofessorsreviewstheapplicationsforthegrant.Andthentheydecidewhichprojectshouldbefunded.Theallotedmoneycouldbeusedfortravelexpenses,toattendaconferenceforexample,orthingslikesuppl

36、ies,researchequipment,resourcesthatarenecessarytoconducttheresearch.StudentIsee.ProfessorRight.AndIthinkyoushouldapplyforthisgrant.Yourprojectisdefinitelyeligiblequalified.Andyoucanexpanditifyouhavethenecessaryresources.So,doesitsoundlikesomethingyouwouldbeinterestedin?StudentOh,yeah,soundsgreat.Ith

37、oughtthetopicIworkonwasveryinteresting,anditiscertainlyrelevanttomylinguisticsmajor.IassumeitwillalsolookgoodwhenItrytogetintograduateschool.ButhowdoIapplyforthegrant?ProfessorItisprettystraightforward.Abriefdescriptionofyourproposedproject,andanestimatedbudget.Howmuchyouneedtospendandwhatyouintendt

38、ospenditon.Alsoaglowingletterofrecommendationfromalinguisticsprofessorwouldnthurt,whichIdbemorethanhappytowriteupforyou.StudentOK.Cool.Iamprettyclearonhowtocarryoutmyproject,butIamnotsurewhereIcanfindmoreinformationonthesubject.ProfessorWell,Ihavealreadythoughtofthat.Theresthisprivatelibraryataunive

39、rsityinBoston.Bytheway,becauseIgraduatedfromthatschool,Icangetyouaccesstoit,noproblem.Yousee,thelibraryhouseslotsofunpublisheddocumentsthatarerelevanttoyourtopic.StudentSoIcanputthatontheapplicationforthegrant,thatIplanonusingmaterialfromthatlibraryformyresearchandfigureatriptoBostonintomybudget?Pro

40、fessorExactly.Ireallythinkjudgingfromyourworkinclass,andtherelevanceandclarityofthisproject,youreallyhaveagoodchanceofgettingthefunding.StudentOK.Illdefinitelyapplythen.ProfessorThesoonerthebetter.Itisdueinafewweeks.GookLuck!AndIllgetthatletterwrittenuprightaway.12Lecture3-Literature(Folktales)Narra

41、torListentopartofalectureinaliteratureclass.ProfessorAllright,sonowwevetalkedaboutfolklegendsandseenthattheir.oneoftheirkeyfeaturesistheresusuallysomerealhistorybehindthem.Theyareoftenaboutrealpeople,soyoucanidentifywiththecharacters,andthatswhatengagesusinthem.Theparticularstoriesmightnotbetrueands

42、omeofthecharactersoreventsmightbemadeup.Buttheresstillasensethatthestorycouldhavebeentruesinceitisaboutarealperson.Thatsdistinctcontrastfromtheothermainbranchofpopularstorytelling,whichisfolktales.Folktalesareimaginativestoriesthat.um.likefolklegends,theyhavebeenpasseddownorally,fromstorytellertosto

43、rytellerfor.sinceancienttimes.Butwithfolktalesyoudonteverreallygetthesensethatthestorymighthavebeentrue.Theyarepurelyimaginativeandsoquiterevealing,Ithinkanyway,aboutthecultureandtheconnectionbetweenfolktalesandculture,whichwelltalkabout.Butfirstletsgooverthevarioustypesoffolktaleandfocusspecificall

44、yonNorwegianfolktalessincetheyillustratethevarietyprettywell.ThereareingeneralthreemaintypesofNorwegianfolktales.Oneisanimalstories,whereanimalsarethemaincharacters.Theycanbewildanimalsordomestic,andalotoftimestheycantalkandbehavelikehumans,butatthesametime,theyretaintheiranimalcharacteristicstoo.Th

45、eytendtoinvolveanimalslikebears,wolvesandfoxes.Thepointofthesestories,their,theirinternalobjectives,sothespeak,isusuallytoexplainsomefeatureoftheanimal,howitarose.Sotheresoneaboutafoxwhofoolsabearintogoingicefishingwithhistail.Whenthebearputshistailintothewaterthroughaholeintheice,totryandcatchafish

46、,theicefreezesaroundit,andheendsuppullinghistailoff.Sothatswhybearstothisdayhavesuchshorttails.ThesecondcategoryofNorwegianfolktaleisthesupernatural.Eh.storiesaboutgiantsanddragonsandtrolls,andhumanswithsupernaturalpowersorgifts,likeinvisibilitycloaks.Orwherepeopleareturnedintoanimalsandbackagainint

47、oaperson,thosearecalledtransformationstories.Theresawell-knownNorwegiansupernaturalfolktale,atransformationstorycalledEastoftheSunandWestoftheMoon,whichwellread.Itinvolvesaprincewhoisawhitebearbynightandahumanbyday.AndhelivesinthecastlethatseastoftheSunandwestoftheMoon,whichtheheroineinthestoryhasto

48、trytofind.Besidesbeingagoodexampleofatransformationstory.thisonealsohasalotofthecommonthingsthattendtoshowupinfolktales.Youwillfindthestandardopening,onceuponatime.Andithasstockstock=standard惯用的characterslikeaprince,andapoorbutbeautifulpeasantgirl,sheistheheroineImentioned.And.um.ithasaveryconventio

49、nalform.Sonomorethantwocharactersareinvolvedinanyonescene.Andithasahappyending.Andits.thestoryispresentedasthough.well,eventhoughalotoftheactionsthatoccurredareprettyfantastic,soyoudneverthinkofitasrealistic.Thecharactersstillactlike.theyresemblerealpeople.Theyarenotrealorevenbasedonhistoricalfigure

50、s.Butyoumighthaveasupernaturalstoryinvolvingaking,andhedactlikeyoudexpectaNorwegiankingtoact.OK.Thethirdmainkindoffolktaleisthecomicalstory.Wellsaymorelateraboutthese,butfornow,justbeawareofthecategoryandthattheycancontainsupernaturalaspects,buttheyareusuallymoreplayfulandamusingoverallthansupernatu

51、ralstories.Now,asIsaid,traditionally,folktaleswerejustpasseddownorally.Eachgenerationofstorytellershadtheirownstyleoftellingastory.But.um.inNorway,beforethe19thcentury,folktaleswerejustforkids.Theywerentseenasworthyofanalysisoracademicattention.ButthischangedwhentheromanticmovementspreadthroughoutEu

52、ropeinthemid-19thcentury.Romanticslookedatfolktalesassortofareflectionofthesoulofthepeople.SotherewassomethingdistinctlyNorwegianinfolktalesfromNorway.Andtherewasrenewedprideintheliteratureandartformsofindividualcountries.Asaresult,thefirstcollectionofNorwegianfolktalesispublishedin1852.Andtherehave

53、beenmanyneweditionspublishedsincethen.ForthepeopleofNorway,thesestoriesarenowanimportantpartofwhatitmeanstobeNorwegian.Lecture4-Biology(SnowshoeHare)NarratorListentopartofalectureinabiologyclass.ProfessorNow,James,yousaidyouhadbeentotheStateofMaine,right?StudentYeah,actuallyIlivedinwesternMaineuntil

54、Iwasaboutsixteen.ProfessorGreat.Sowhydontyoutelleverybodywhatislikethereinthewinter?StudentThewinter?Well,itscold.Andthereslotsofsnow,youwouldntbelievehowmuchsnowweusedtoget.ProfessorActuallyIwould.Ididfieldresearchupthereacoupleofwinters.Anditreallyisanincredibleenvironment.Andtosurviveinthatsortof

55、environment,animalshavetoadapt,toevolveinresponsetotheirsurroundings.Asyourecall,anadaptationisanyfeature,um.physicalorbehavioralfeatureofaspeciesthathelpsitsurviveandreproduce.Andinadaptingtoextremeclimates,likeMaineinthewintertime,animalscanevolveinprettyinterestingways.Take,forexample,thesnowshoe

56、hare.Ok,thesnowshoehare,andofcourse,thatsH-A-R-E,likearabbit.AlthoughIprobablyshouldmentionthattechnicallyahareisnotexactlythesameasarabbit,eventhoughitisverysimilar.Theprimarydifferenceisthatarabbitsyoungarebornblindandwithoutfur,whileaharesbabiesarebornwithafullcoatandabletosee.Now,thesnowshoehare

57、,tellme,whatsortofadaptationsdoyouthinkithasdevelopedthathelpitsurvivetheMainewinters?Illgiveyouahint.Foodisntanissue.Thehareactuallyhasabundantfoodinthesmalltwigsitfinds.StudentWell,Idontknow.Imean,Iknowweusedtotrytolookfortheserabbits,eh.hares,whenwewenthikinginthewinter,butitwasoftenhardtofindthe

58、minthesnow.ProfessorYes.Thatsexactlyright.Themajorconcernofthesnowshoehareinthewinterispredators.Andnowthatincludeshumans.Sooneofitsadaptationsisbasicallycamouflage.Inotherwords,itscoat,itsfur,turnsfrombrowninthesummertowhiteinthewinter,whichmakesitharderfortheharespredatorstoseeitagainstthewhitesno

59、w.StudentYeah,butIcouldswearIrememberedseeingrabbitsinthesnowacoupleoftimes,Imeanshares,thatwerebrown.ProfessorWell,youmayverywellhave.Timingisreallyimportant,butthesnowshoeharedoesntalwaysgetitexactlyright.Itschancesforsurvivalarebestifitturnswhiteaboutthetimeofthefirstsnowfall.Anditstheamountofday

60、lightthattriggersthechangingoftheharescoat.Asthedaysgetshorter,thatis,astheSunisupforashorterandshortertimeeachday,thesnowshoeharestartsgrowingwhitefurandsheddingitsbrownfur.Theharedoesaprettygoodjobwithitstiming,butsometimeswhentheresareallyearlyorlatesnow,itstandsout.Plus,ittakesaboutamonthforthes

61、nowshoeharescoattocompletelychangecolor.Soiftheresaparticularlyearlysnowfall,itsverylikelythattheharesfurwouldnotyetbetotallywhite.Andthatwouldmakethisaparticularlydangeroustimeforthehare.OK.Whatelse?Otheradaptations?Susan?StudentWell,itscalledthesnowshoehare,soareitsfeetsomehowprotectitfromthecold?

62、ProfessorWell,thisanimalsnamedoeshavetodowithanadaptationofitsfeet.Uh.though,notlikeithaswarmfurrybootsorsomethingtokeepitsfeetfromgettingcold.Youveprobablyneverneededtowearsnowshoes.But,well,snowshoesarenotlikethickfurryshoesdesignedtokeepthefeetwarm,theyareactuallyquitethin,butverywide.Whattheydoi

63、sspreadouttheweightofthefootcomingdownonthesnow.See,theproblemwithwalkingonsnowisthatyousinkinwitheverystep.Butwithsnowshoes,youdontsinkin,youwalkontopofthesnow.ItmakeswalkingthroughtheMainecountrysideinthewintermucheasier.Anyway,thesnowshoeharehasanadaptationthatplaysonthesameidea.Ithashindfeetthat

64、actlikesnowshoes.Imean,itspawsarewideandtheyallowtheharetohopandrunjustatthesurfaceofdeepsnow.Andthisisahugeadvantageforthesnowshoeharesincebycontrast,thefeetofitspredatorsusuallysinkrightdownintothesnow.Now,anotheradvantagerelatedtothisisthatunlikemanyanimalsinwinter,snowshoeharescanstaylean6andlightweight.Theyaccumulateessentiallynobodyfat.Cananyoneguesswhythisisso?StudentTheydonteatverymuch?ProfessorWell,yes.Butnotbecausethereisntenoughfoodaround.Itsbecause,likeIsaid,foodisalmostalwayswithinreach,