库存管理外文文献及翻译

《库存管理外文文献及翻译》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《库存管理外文文献及翻译（17页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、本科毕业论文外文文献与译文文献、资料题目:Zero Inventory Approach文献、资料来源:The IUP Journal of SupplyChainManagement文献、资料发表出版日期:2012.06院 部:管理工程学院专 业:工业工程班 级:工业112姓 名: 张金丰学 号:2011021527指导教师:孔海花翻译日期:2- 15 - / 17外文文献：Zero Inventory ApproachManaging optimal inventory in the supply chain is critical for an enterprise. The abili

2、ty to increaseinventory turns and the use of best inventory practices will reduce inventory costs across the supply chain.Moving towards zero inventory will result in effective inventory management in the business process.Inventory Optimization Solutions can be implemented easily using inventory opt

3、imization software.With Radio Frequency Identification technology, inventory can be updated in real time withoutproduct movement, scanning or human involvement. panies have to adopt best practices to optimizeoperational processes and lower their cost structure through inventory strategies.Introducti

4、onWith supply chain planning and latest software, panies are managing theirinventory in the best possible manner, keeping inventory holdings to the minimumwithout sacrificing the customer service needs. The zero inventory concept has beenaround since the 1980s. It tries to reduce inventory to a mini

5、mum and enhances profitmargins by reducing the need for warehousing and expenses related to it.The concept of a supply chain is to have items flowing from one stage of supply to thenext, both within the business and outside, in a seamless fashion. Any stock in thesystem is caused by either delay bet

6、ween the processes orby thevariation intheflow. Eliminating/reducing stockcan be achieved by: linking processes, making the same throughput rate on processes,locating processes near each other and coordinating flows. Recent advanced software hasmade zero inventory strategy executable.Inventoryoptimi

7、zationis an emerging practical approach to balancinginvestment and service-level goals over a very large assortment of Stock-KeepingUnits . In contrast to traditional one-at-a-time marginal stock levelsetting, inventory optimization simultaneously determines all SKU stock levels tofulfill total serv

8、ice and investment constraints or objectives.Inventory optimization techniques provide a new logic to drive the system withinformation systems. To effectively manage inventory, businesses must also optimize thecosts of buying, holding, producing, moving and selling inventory.The objective of invento

9、ry optimization is to sustain minimal levels of inventorywhile providing the maximum possible levels of service. Supply Chain Design and Optimization is an inventory optimization solution which helps panies satisfy customer demands while balancing limitations on supply and the need for operational e

10、fficiency. Inventory optimization focuses on modeling uncertainty and variability and minimizing the risks they impose on the supply chain.Inventory optimization can help resolve total supply chain cost options like: In-house manufacturing vs. contract manufacturing; Domestic vs. off shore; New supp

11、liers cost vs. current suppliers cost.panies can benefit from inventory optimization, provided they control their supply chain processes and the plexity of supply chain. In case the supply chain is very plex, besides inventory optimization, network design has to be used to reap the benefits fully. T

12、his paper covers various inventory models that are available and then describes the technologies like Radio Frequency Identification and networking used for the optimization of inventory. The paper also describes the software solutions available for achieving the same. It concludes by giving a few e

13、xamples where inventory optimization has been successfully implemented.Inventory ModelsHexagon ModelThe hexagon model was developed due to the need to structure day-to-day work, reduce headcount and other inventory costs and improve customer satisfaction.In the first phase, operation strategies were

14、 established in alignment with inte-rnal customers. Later, continuous improvement plans and business continuity pl-ans were added. The five strategies used were: forecasting future consumption,setting financial targets to minimize inventory costs, preparing daily reports to monitor inventory operati

15、onal performance,studying critical success indicators to track the acplishments, to form inventory strategic objectives and inventor-y health and operating strategies. The hexagon model is a bination of two triangular structures .The upper triangle focuses on the soft management of human resources,

16、customer orientation and supplier relations; the lower focuses on the execution of inventory plans with their success criteria, continuous improvement methodology and business continuity plans.The inventory indicators are: total inventory value, availability of spares, days of inventory, cost of inv

17、entory, cost saving and cash saving output expen-diture and quality improvement. The hexagon model bines the elements of the people involved in managing inventory with operational excellence .Managing inventory with operational excellence was achieved by reducing the number of employees in the mater

18、ial department, changing the mix of people skills such as introducing engineering into the department structure and reducing the cost of ownership of the material department to the operation that it supports.Normally, this is implemented with reduction in headcount of material department, having les

19、s people with engineering skills in the department. Operation results include, improvement in raw material supply line quality indicators, petitive days of inventory and improved and stabilized spares availability. And the financial results include, increase in cost savings and reduced cost of inven

20、tory. It can be established by outsourcing some of the inventory functions as required. The level of efficiency of the inventory managed can be measured to a specific risk level, changing requirements or changes in the environment.Just-In-Time Just-in-time inventory system is a concept developed by

21、the Japanese, wherein, the suppliers deliver the materials to the factory JIT for their processing, eliminating the need for storage and retrieval. The rate of output and the rate of supply of inputs are synchronized, to manage a zero inventory.The main benefits of JIT are: set up times are signific

22、antly reduced in the factory, the flow of goods from warehouse to shelves improves, employees who possess multiple skills are utilized more efficiently, better consistency of scheduling and consistency of employee work hours, increased emphasis on supplier relationships and continuous round the cloc

23、k supplies keeping workers productive and businesses focused on turnover.And though a JIT system might even be a necessity, given the inventory demandsof certain business types, its many advantages are realized only when some significantrisks like delays in movement of goods over long distances are

24、mitigated.Vendor-Managed Inventory Vendor-Managed Inventory is a planning and management system in whichthe vendor is responsible for maintaining the customers inventory levels. VMI isdefined as a process or mechanism where the supplier creates the purchase ordersbased on the demand information. VMI

25、 is a bination of e-merce, softwareand people. It has resulted in the dramatic reduction of inventory across the supplychain. VMI is categorized in the real world as collaboration, automation and costtransference.The main objectives of VMI are better, cheaper and faster transactions. In order toesta

26、blish the VMI process,management mitment,data synchronization,settingup agreements,data exchange, ordering, invoice matching and measurement have tobe undertaken.The benefits of VMI to an organization are reduction in inventorybesides reduction of stock-outs and increase in customer satisfaction. Ac

27、curateinformation which is required for optimizing the supply chain is facilitated byefficient transfer of information. The concept of VMI would be successful only whenthere is trust between the organization and its suppliers as all the demand informationis available to the suppliers which can be re

28、vealed to the petitors. VMI optimizesinventory in supply chain and reduces stock-outs by proper planning and centralizedforecasting.Consignment ModelConsignment inventory model is an extension of VMI where the vendor placesinventory at the customers location while retaining ownership of the inventor

29、y.The consignment inventory model works best in the case of new and unproven productswhere there is a high degree of demand uncertainty, highly expensive products andservice parts for critical equipment. The types of consignment inventory ownershiptransfer models are: pay as sold during a pre-define

30、d period, ownership changes after apre-defined period, and order to order consignment.The issues that the VMI and consignment inventory model encounter are cost ofdeveloping VMI system, invoicing problems, cash flow problems, Electronic DataInterchange problems and obsolete stock.Enabling PracticesT

31、he decisionmakers have to make prudent decisions on future course of action of aproject relating to the following variables: Forecasting and Inventory Management,InventoryManagementpractices,Inventory Planning,Optimal purchase, MultichannelInventory, Moving towards zero inventory.To improve inventor

32、y management for better forecasting, the 14 best practices thatwill most likely benefit business the most are:Synchronize promotions;Revamp the organizational structure;Take a longer view of item planning;Enforce vendor pliance;Track key inventory metrics;Select the right systems;Master the art of m

33、aster scheduling;Adhere to exception reporting;Identify lost demands;Plan by assortment;Track inbound receipts;Create coverage reports;Balance under stock/overstock; andOptimize SKUs.This will leverage the retailers ability to buy larger quantities across all channelswhile buying only what is requir

34、ed for a specified period in order to manage riskin abetter way. In most multichannel panies, inventory is the largest asset on thebalance sheet, which means that their profitability will be determined to a large degreeby the way they plan, forecast, and manage inventory . They canfollow some steps

35、like creating a strategy, integrating planning and forecasting,equipping with the best-laid plans and building strong vendor relationships andeffective liquidation.Moving Towards Zero InventoryAt the fore is the development and widespread adoption of nimble, sophisticatedsoftware systems such as Man

36、ufacturing Resource Planning , EnterpriseResource Planning , and Advanced Planning and Scheduling systems, aswell as dedicated supplychain management software systems. These systems offermanufacturers greater functionality.To implement Zero Stock system, panies needto have a good information system

37、to handle customer orders, sub-contractor orders, product inventory and all issues related to production. If the pany has no ITinfrastructure, it will need to build it from the scratch.A good information system can help managers to get accurate data and makestrategic decisions. IT infrastructure is

38、not a cost, but an investment. A pany can use RFID method, network inventory and other software tools for inventoryoptimization.Radio Frequency Identification RFID is an automatic identification method, which relies on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponde

39、rs.RFID use in enterprise supply chain management increases the efficiency of inventory tracking and management. RFID application develops asset utilization by tracking reusable assets and provides visibility, improves quality control bytaggingraw material, work-in-progress, and finished goods inven

40、tory, improves production execution and supply chain performance by providing accurate, timely and detailed information to enterprise resource planning and manufacturing execution system.The status of inventory can be obtained automatically by using RFID. There are many benefits of using RFID such a

41、s reduced inventory, reduced time, reduced errors, accessibility increase, high security, etc.Network InventoryA Network Inventory Management System tracks movement of items across the system and thus can locate malfunctioning equipment/process and provide information required to diagnose and correc

42、t problem areas. It also determines where capacity is to be added, calculates impact of market conditions, assesses impact of new products and the impact of a new customer. NIMS is very important when the plexity of a supply chain is high. It determines the manufacturing and distribution strategies

43、for the future. It should take into consideration production, location, inventory and transportation.The NIMS software, including asset configuration information and change management, is an essential ponent of robust network management architecture.NIMS provide information that administrators can u

44、se to improve network management performance and help develop effective network asset control processes.A network inventory solution manages network resource information for multiple network technologies as well as multiple vendors in one mon accurate database. It is an extremely useful tool for imp

45、roving several operation processes, such as resource trouble management, service assurance, network planning and provisioning, field maintenance and spare parts management.The NIMS software, including asset configuration information and change management, is an essential ponent of strong network man

46、agement architecture. In addition, software tools that provide planning, design and life cycle management for network assets should prominently appear on enterprise radar screens.Inventory Optimization Softwarei2 Inventory Optimizationi2 solutions enable customers to realize top and bottom-line bene

47、fits through the use of superior inventory management practices. i2 Inventory Optimization can help panies monitor, manage, and optimize strategies to decidewhat to make, what to buy and from whom, what inventories to carry, where, in what form and how muchacross the supply chain. It enables custome

48、rs to learn and continuously improve inventory management policies and processes, strategic analysis and optimization.Product-oriented industry can install i2 Inventory Optimization and develop supply chain. Through this, the pany can reduce inventory levels and overall logistics costs. It can also

49、get higher service level performance, greater customer satisfaction, improved asset utilization, accelerated inventory turns, better product availability, reduced risk, and more precise and prehensive supply chain visibility.Oracle Inventory OptimizationOracle Inventory Optimization considers the de

50、mand, supply, constraints and variability in extended supply chain to optimize strategic inventory investment decisions. It allows retailers to provide higher service levels to customers at a lower total cost. Oracle Inventory Optimization is part of the Oracle e-Business Suite, an integrated set of

51、 applications that are engineered to work together.Oracle Inventory Optimization provides solutions when demand and supply are in ambiguity. It provides graphic representation of the plan. It calculates cost and risk.MRO SoftwareMRO Software announced a marketing alliance with inventory optimization

52、 specialists Xtivity to enhance the service offering of inventory management solutions for MRO Software customers. MRO offers Xtivitys Inventory Optimizer service as an extension of its asset and service management solutions.Structured Query Language Successful implementation of an inventory optimiz

53、ation solution requires significant effort and can pose certain risks to panies implementing such solutions. Structured Query Language can be used on a mon ERP platform. An optimal inventory policy can be determined by using it. Along with it, other metrics such as projected inventory levels, projec

54、ted backlogs and their confidence bands can also be calculated. The only drawback of this method is that it may not be possible to obtain quick real-time results because of architectural and algorithmic plexity. However, potential scenarios can be analyzed in anticipation of results stored prior to

55、user requests.Some ExamplesToyotas Practice in IndiaToyota, a quality conscious pany working towards zero inventory has selected Mitsui and Transport Corporation of India Ltd. for their entire logistic solutions enpassing planning, transportation, warehousing, distribution and MIS and related docume

56、ntation. Infrastructure is a bottleneck that continues to dog economic growth in India. Transystem renders services like procurement, consolidation and transportation of original equipment manufacturers parts, through milk run operations from various suppliers all over India on a JIT basis, transpor

57、tation of plete Built-up Units from plant to all dealers in the country and operation of CBU yards, coordination and transportation of Knock Down parts from port of entry to manufacturing plant, transportation of aftermarket parts to dealers by road and air to Toyota Kirloskar Motors Pvt. Ltd.Wal-Ma

58、rtWal-Mart is the largest retailer in the United States, with an estimated 20% of the retail grocery and consumables business, as well as the largest toy seller in the US, with an estimated 22% share of the toy market. Wal-Mart also operates in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Puerto Rico a

59、nd UK. Wal-Mart keeps close track of the inventories by extensively adopting vendor-managed inventory to streamline the flow of goods from manufacturer to the store shelf. This results in more turns and therefore fewer inventories.Wal-Mart is an early adopter of RFID to monitor the movement of stock

60、s in different stages of supply chain. The pany keeps tabs on all of its merchandize by outfitting its products with RFID.Wal-Mart has indicated recently that it is moving towards the aggressive theoretical zero inventory model.Chordus Inc.Chordus Inc. has the largest division of office furniture in

61、 USA. It has advanced logistics and a model of zero inventory. It has Internet-based system for distribution network with real-time updates and low costs. Chordus determined that only SAP R/3 could acmodate this cutting-edge operational model for its network of 150 dealer-owned franchises in 44 stat

62、es supported by five nationwide Distribution Centers and a fleet of 65 delivery trucks.Small Scale Cycle Industry Around LudhianaIn and around Ludhiana, there are many small bicycle units, which are not organized.They have a sharp focus on financial and raw material management enjoying a low employe

63、e turnover. They have been practicing zero inventory models which became popular in Japan only much later. Raw material is brought into the unit in the morning, processed during the day and by evening the finished product is passed on to the next unit. Thus, the chain continues till the ultimate fin

64、ished product is manufactured. In this way, the bicycles used to be produced in Ludhiana at half the production cost of TI Cycles. Even the large manufacturers of cycles, like Hero cycles, Atlas cycles and Avon cycles are reported to maintain only one weeks inventory.ConclusionInventory managers are faced with high service-level requirements and many SKUs appreciate the plexity of inventory optimization, as well as the explicit control that is needed over total investment in warehousing, moving and logistics. Inventory