语言学样题和答案

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1、 .wd.I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of _C_. A. a particular language B. the English languageC. human l

2、anguages in general D. the system of a particular language 2. The consonant f in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: _B_. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless清音, labiodental唇齿音, fricative摩擦音 C. voiced, bilabial双唇音, stop闭塞音D. voiced浊音, labiodental, frica

3、tive3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ed in the word learned is known as a(n) _C_. A. derivational morpheme派生词素B. free morpheme 自由词素C. inflectional morpheme 屈折词素D. free form 自由形态5. I bought some roses _A_ I bought some flowers. A. entails B. presupposesC. is inconsisten

4、t with不符合D. is synonymous with 与同义6. Ys utterance说话方式in the following conversation exchange violates违犯 冒犯 the maxim of _C_. X: Who was that you were with last night? Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantityC. relation D. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in th

5、e grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _C_, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed外来词, added, lost or altered改变. A. phrases 短语B. sentencesC. morphemes 词素D. utterances 话语8.Predication analysis 预测分析is a way to analyze _D_ meaning. A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sent

6、ence 9.According to Searle， those illocutionary acts言外行为 whose point is to commit承诺 the speaker to some future course of action are called _A _. A. commisives 承诺类B. directives 指令类C. expressives 表达类D. declaratives 宣告类18. The famous quotation from Shakespeares play “Romeo and Juliet A rose by any othe

7、rname would smell as sweet well illustrates _A_.A. the conventional 传统性nature of language B. the creative nature of language C. the universality of language 普遍性D. the arbitrariness of language19. Of the following sound combinations， only _A_ is permissible可允许的 according to thesequential rules in Eng

8、lish. A. kibl B. bkil C. ilkb D. ilbk20. Syntax句法学 is the study of_B_。 A. language functions B. sentence structure C. textual organization D. word formation21. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature区别性特征 of human language?D A. Arbitrariness B. Productivity C. Cultural transmission D. Fi

9、niteness 有限性22. The speech act theory 言语行为理论was first put forward byB A.John Searle B. John Austin C. Noam Chomsky D.M.A.K Halliday23.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion概念 观念 of D A.reference B. meaningC. antonymy D. context24.The words “kid, child, offspring后代、子孙 a

10、re examples ofB A.dialectal synonyms 方言的同义词 B. stylistic synonyms C. emotive synonyms 情绪化的同义词 D. collocational synonyms25. The distinction between parole言语 and langue语言was made byD A.Halliday B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussure26._ refers to the study of the internal内在的、本质 structure of words and th

11、e rules of the word formation. A. Phonology B. MorphologyC. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics27. The distinctive features of a speech variety言语变体 may be all the following EXCEPT A. lexical B. syntactic C. phonological D. Psycholinguistic心理语言学28. The word tail once referred to the “the tail of a horse马尾,

12、 but now it isused to mean “the tail of any animal. This is an example ofA. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaning C. meaning shift D. loss of meaning29. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement.C. Duality D. Diachronicity30. What type of

13、 sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.? A. A simple sentence B. A coordinate sentence 并列句 C. A complex sentence D, None of the above31. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called A. hyponymy B. synonymyC. polysemy D. homonymy32. The s

14、tudy of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is_. A. corpus linguistics 语料库语言学 B. sociolinguistics C. theoretical linguistics 理论语言学 D. Psycholinguistics33. A special language variety that mixes languages 混合语言and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trad

15、ing is called_. A. dialect 方言 B. idiolect个人语型C. pidgin D. Register 语域34. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing_. A. an illocutionary act 言外行为 B. a perlocutionary act 言后行为 C. a locutionary act 言内行为 D. none of the above35. _ ref

16、ers to the learning and development of a language. A. Language acquisition 语言习得 B. Language comprehension 语言理解 C. Language production 语言生成 D. Language instruction 语言教学36. The word “Motel comes from “motor + hotel. This is an example of _ in morphology. A. backformation 逆生词法 B. conversion转换法C. blendi

17、ng 混拼词 D. acronym 首字母缩略词37. Language is t tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed on a highway serves A. an expressive function 表达功能B. an informative function. 信息功能 C. a performative function 表演功能 D. a persuasive function 有说服力的功能38. is defined as the study of the relationship between langu

18、age and mind. A. semantics B. pragmatics C. cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 D. sociolinguistics39. A vowel is different from a consonant辅音 in English because of A. absence of obstruction 没有阻塞 B. presence of obstruction 存在堵塞 C. manner of articulation 发音方法 D. place of articulation 发音部位40. The definition “

19、the act of using, or promoting the use of, several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers refers to A. Pidgin B. Creole克里奥尔语C. Multilingualism 多语制 D. Bilingualism 习用两种语言41.In English if a word begins with a lor a r, then the neat sound must be a vowel. This is a(n)

20、A. assimilation rule 通化规则B. sequential rule 序列规则 C. deletion rule 省略规则 D. grammar rule 42. Which of the following is an example of clipping? A. APEC. B. Motel.C. Xerox. D. Disco.43. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called A. register B. diale

21、ct C. slang D. variety. Decide whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F). (20 points, 1 point each)1.Historical linguistics is asynochronicstudy of language. F2.The phatic交流感情的 function can often be entirely完全地 personal and totally without any implication含意 of communication to others.

22、 F3.Deal is phonetically transcribed转录 as di: ?. T4.Phonology is concerned with speech production and speech perception领悟 认识能力. F5.The word bridge to mean a method of playing cards is a loanshift词变异 from Italian. T6.The English syllable音节 may have as many as four consonants in the coda position结尾位置.

23、 T7.In the example: “He couldnt open the door. It was locked tight, the relation between “the door and “It is that of reference. T8.Positional relations are a manifestation证明 of one aspect of “PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS聚合关系 observed by F. de Saussure. In some elementary 基本的linguistic textbooks, they are

24、 also called HORIZONTAL RELATIONS横向关系 or simply CHAIN RELATIONS链关系. F9. Ogden and Richards argue that the relation between a word and thing it refers to is not direct.T10.Gradable antonymy层级性反义词 is the sense relation between two antonyms which differ in terms of degree while complementary antonymy i

25、s the sense relation between two antonyms which are complementary互补性 to each other. T11.Speech act theory言语行为理论 is in fact a theory of the illocutionary act言外行为. T12.A speaker flouts轻视 the Maxim of Quantity数量规则 when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful. F13.A lot of issues in psych

26、olinguistics are controversial有争议性的. T14.When Mr. Goodell said Ive had enough dumbbells哑铃 in my office(p. 168), he meant he had some weights in his office for practicing strength练习强度. F15.Foregrounding前台操作 前台设制 refers to specific linguistic devices, i.e., deviation偏差 and parallelism平行类似, which are u

27、sed in literary texts. T16.CALL refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. T17.In his standard theory标准理论, N. Chomsky gave up the terms of deep structure and surface structure. F18.Nowadays in the literature, the term “contrastive analysis比照分析 is gra

28、dually been replaced by “the study of cross-linguistic influences跨语言的影响. T19.In cross-cultural communication跨文化交际, when people have trouble and do not know how to behave correctly, they tend to turn to their source culture for help. This is a strategy策略 often used by communicators传播者 in a new cultur

29、al setting, while it may not always work. T20.It is indeed necessary to reconsider重新讨论 how much we, as human beings, really understand about the nature of language and its role in our life. T21.Historical linguistics历史语言学 is a synochronic study of language. F22.Ogden and Richards argue that the rela

30、tion between a word and thing it refers to is not direct. T 23.Gradable antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which differ in terms of degree while complementary antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which are complementary to each other. T24.A speaker flouts the Maxim of

31、 Quantity when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful. F25.There is only one argument in the sentence “Children play basketball. F26.Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is oft

32、en considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.T27.Language is the unique 独特的possession所有物 财产 of human beings. F28.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F29.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. F30. Tradit

33、ional grammar lays emphasis on correctness正确性, linguistic excellence, the use of Latin models and the priority优先性 of the spoken language. T. Briefly answer the following questions. 1. What are the design features of language? Can you list the main features?P8It refers to the defining properties性质 of

34、 human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Productivity多产性Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. Duality双重性Language is a system, w

35、hich consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement移位性Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker. Cultural transmission文化传递 2. What are the four maxims格言 of the cooperative principle合作原则? How does the violation of these maxims give

36、rise to conversational implicatures? P87(1) the maxim of quantity (数量准则)a) make your contribution as informative as required(for current purpose of the exchange)b) do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Example:A: When is Jerrys birthday party?B: Sometime next month.So, B do

37、esnt wish to tell you when Jerrys birthday party is going to be held.(2) the maxim of quality质量准则a) do not say what you believe to be falseb) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidenceExample:A: Would you like to attend our traveling at weekend?B:Im afraid I have got an invitation at weeke

38、nd.So, B doesnt want to attend your traveling.(3) the maxim of relation (关系准则)a) be relavantExample:A: how did the math exam go today, susan?B: we had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.So, B doesnt wish to talk about the math exam.(4) the maxim of manner方式准则a) avoid obscurity

39、of expression 防止隐晦b) avoid ambiguity防止歧义c) be brief 简短d) be orderlyExample:A ：Shall we get some thing for the kids?B ：yes,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Implicature: I donot want the kids to know what we are talking about getting some ice-cream3. What is deep structure and what is surface structure? P54

40、Deep structure D-structure深层构造o Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorization此类划分 properties, is called deep structure.Surface structure S-structure 表层构造o Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformation, is called surface

41、 structure.4. Explain with examples “homonymy同音异义 同形异义 “polysemy一词多义 “hyponymy上下位关系. P68-69答：(1) Homonymy同音异义refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones同音字.(piecepeace) When two words are identical in sp

42、elling, they arehomographs同形异义字.(bow v. bow n.)When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they arecomplete homonyms完整的同音字(scale n.scale v.) (2)Polysemy多义词 means that the same one word may have more that onemeaning. For example: “table, has at least seven meanings.(3) Hyponymy means tha

43、t the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. For example: “furniture is super-ordinate, its hyponyms are bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe衣橱, settee长靠椅5. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts 言外语言行为Searle has specified明确说明? What is the i

44、llocutionary point of each type P82John Searle (1) Representatives(阐述类)- stating or describing ,saying what the speaker believes to be true.e.g : I swearI have never seen the man before.2directives (指令类)-trying to get the hearer to do somethinge.g : Open the window! (3) commissives (承诺类) -committing

45、 the speaker himself to some future course of actionE.g: I promise to come.(4) expressives ( 表达类) -expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state.e.g : Im sorry for the mess I have made.(5) declaration (宣布类)- bringing about immediate changes by saying somethinge.g: I fire you! I now decla

46、re the meeting open.6. Try to make sense of the following witty dialog and to identify the cohesive ties and explain briefly.Speaker A: Time flies.我和时光飞逝Speaker B: You cant; they fly too quickly.你不能，时间飞得太快Speaker A means that time flies quickly. Time is a mean and fly is a verb. However, in Bs under

47、standing, he thinks that time is a verb and fly is a noun. So he say that A can not measure flies flying speed, because they fly too quickly.avoid ambiguity防止歧义 manner maxim7. The following conversational fragment is to some degree odd. To what extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Gri

48、ces CP and maxims?A: Have you seen Peter today? P86mannerB: Well, if I didnt deny seeing him I wouldnt be telling a lie.Speaker B uses a long and prolix 冗长的way to express the meaning of “yes, I have, thus violating the manner maxim of “Bebrief (avoid prolixity冗长)8. Describe the stages of first langu

49、age acquisition. First language acquisition refers to a childs acquisition of his mother tongue. i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. phonological development vocabulary development grammatical development pragmatic development. Discuss a minimum of TWO of

50、the following questions. 1. Why do modern linguists put the priority of synchronic study over the diachronic study in linguistics? P4It is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successful studies, it would be difficult to describe the changes that

51、have taken place in its historical development. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.2. Why should language teachers and learners learn some knowledge of linguistics?Some knowledge of l

52、inguistics will not only help language teachers to better understand the nature of language, but also helps them better understand how to teach language. Theoretical views of language explicitly明确地、明白地 or implicitly含蓄地、暗示地 inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching. Language teac

53、hers do need theories of language in order to teach language effectively有效地, and they need to know at least how the language they teach works. To discover the real language and to obtain some understanding of it, language teachers may well turn to linguistics. Many language learning theories are pro

54、posed based on certain linguistic theories. In fact, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately最终地. Therefore, linguistics has always played an important role in the studies of language acquisition and learning.V. Draw a tree structure for each sentence taking inflection as its head. P501. The boy found a book on the table. 2. Mr.Smith declares the class is over.欢送您的光临，Word文档下载后可修改编辑.双击可删除页眉页脚.谢谢！你的意见是我进步的动力，希望您提出您珍贵的意见！让我们共同学习共同进步！学无止境.更上一层楼。