2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考前模拟强化练习题4（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-国防科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题He is as _ a politician as you can find anywhere. Theres not a hint of scandal in his long career.问题1选项A.scrupulousB.voraciousC.epicureanD.profuse【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项“一丝不苟的；审慎正直的”，B项“贪吃的；渴求的”，C项“享乐的；吃喝玩乐的”，D项“大量的；慷慨的”，根据后一句“在他漫长的职业生涯中没有一丝丑闻”，故选A。2. 单选题Proteins ar

2、e composed of more than twenty amino acids that are liberated during digestion.问题1选项A.congregatedB.multipliedC.freedD.conscripted【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。题干liberated“解放”。A项“聚集，集合”，B项“成倍增加；繁殖”，C项“解放，使自由”，D项“征募；征召”。因此选C。句意：蛋白质由二十多种在消化过程中释放的氨基酸组成。3. 翻译题Whether they are male or female, adolescents feel like deci

3、ding on everything themselves in spite of parents instruction, especially when they face problems like sex, mental stress, etc., which make them feel ashamed and embarrassed. Thus they often automatically get into troubles due to their imperfect comprehension and judgment. Some are addicted to cigar

4、ettes, only several packets of which will hurt their lings and make them breathless quickly. Other cant quit drinking alcohol, whose harmful effects includes causing young pregnant women to abort or give birth to abnormal babies. The worst is drug abuse, for the withdrawal is tough once their bodies

5、 are accustomed to the drugs. Meanwhile, those who share needles bought from illegal chemists are at great risk of being infected with desperate AIDS. If so, neither injecting nor taking pills can guarantee their survival.However, dont be disappointed at or have prejudice against our children so eas

6、ily. After all, being awkward is an appendix of youth. As long as we strengthen communication with them instead of only banning this or banning that, we will surely help them avoid anything unfit.【答案】参考译文：不论男女，青少年们都喜欢不顾家长的指导，自己对一切作决定，特别是当他们面对如性、心理压力等等一些使他们觉得羞愧和尴尬的问题时更是如此。因此，由于他们理解力和判断力的不足，他们常常会无意识地陷

7、入困境中。有的对香烟上瘾，只要几包就会对他们的肺造成损害，使他们很容易就气喘吁吁；有的没法戒酒，喝酒带来的不良后果包括造成年轻的怀孕女性流产或生下不正常的婴儿；最糟糕的是滥用毒品，因为一旦他们的身体对毒品习惯了，要想戒毒就相当困难了。同时，那些共用从非法药剂师处购买的注射器的青少年还承担着感染令人绝望的艾滋病的极大风险。一旦感染上，不管是打针还是吃药都没法保证他们的生存了。然而，请不要轻易就对我们的孩子失望或抱有偏见，毕竟，不成熟是年轻的必然附属品。只要我们加强和他们的沟通，而不是仅仅禁止这样，不准那样，我们一定能帮助他们避开不健康的东西。4. 单选题Coding schemes were d

8、eveloped to enable researchers to compare the detailed facial positions of individual portions of die face (eyebrows, mouth, etc.) for different emotions.问题1选项A.systemsB.presentationsC.proposalsD.investigations【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项system“制度，体制，系统”，B项presentation“展示，描述，陈述”，C项proposal“提议，建议”，D项investigat

9、ion“调查，调查研究”。句意：编码方案的发展，使研究人员能够比较不同情绪下模具面部各个部分（眉毛、嘴巴等）的详细面部位置。schemes在句中表示“计划、方案”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是A项。因此，该题选择A项。5. 单选题The newly-built apartment is well _.问题1选项A.ventilatedB.meditatedC.irritatedD.evaluated【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项ventilate“使通风，给装通风设备”，B项meditate“考虑，计划，企图”，C项irritate“刺激，使兴奋，激怒”，D项evaluate“评价，估价”

10、。由主语newly-built apartment（新建的公寓）可知，空格处填入“通风”符合语境。句意：这座新建的公寓通风良好。因此，该题选择A项。6. 单选题Despite the _ of her busy afternoonshomework, carpooling, dinner preparationshe strives to maintain an inner sense of order and calm.问题1选项A.enigmaB.turbulenceC.labyrinthD.precariousness【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项enigma“谜，不可思议的东西”

11、，B项turbulence“骚乱，动荡，混乱”，C项labyrinth“迷宫”，D项precariousness“不安全，不稳定”。由后面的句子she strives to maintain an inner sense of order and calm（她努力保持内心的秩序和平静），结合despite（尽管）可知，“混乱”符合语境。句意：尽管下午很忙：家庭作业，拼车，准备晚餐，但她努力保持内心的秩序和平静。因此，该题选择B项。7. 单选题It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mamma

12、ls. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea

13、 lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until r

14、ecently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fo

15、ssil whale. The fossil was official named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Teth

16、ys Sea.The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is fi

17、lled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional

18、 form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Seve

19、ral skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an ar

20、chaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.58. Which of the following

21、 can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?59. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similar _.60. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus _.61. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations?问题

22、1选项A.It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.B.There were great numbers of them.C.They lived in the sea only.D.They did not leave many fossil remains.问题2选项A.hearing structuresB.adaptations for divingC.skull shapesD.breeding locations问题3选项A.lived later than Ambulocetus natansB.lived at t

23、he same time as PakicetusC.was able to swim wellD.could not have walked on land问题4选项A.On land.B.Both on land and at sea.C.In shallow water.D.In a marine environment.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D【解析】58.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从第1段中可以推断出关于早期海獭的哪一项？”。根据第一段第四句However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinn

24、ipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.（然而，不像海獭和鳍足类动物，如海豹、海狮和海象，它们的四肢既能在陆地上也能在海上活动，很难想象第一批鲸鱼长什么样）可知，第一批鲸鱼不像海獭和鳍足类动物一样，它们只能在海里活动，所以很难想象它们的样子，从而反推，想象早期的海獭是什么样子没有那么难，故A项“不难想象它们长什么样”正确，由此也可知

25、C项“他们只住在海里”与原文不符；第一段都没有提到早期海獭的数量及其化石，B项“数量巨大”和D项“他们没有留下很多化石遗迹”不选。因此，该题选择A项正确。59.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“巴基鲸和现代鲸目动物也有类似的”。根据第三段第三句The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.（这个头骨与鲸类动物相似，但

26、它的下颚骨缺少现代鲸鱼用来接收水下声音的、充满脂肪或油的扩大空间。）可知，Pakicetus化石有和现代鲸目动物相似的头骨，C项“头骨形状”正确；第三段第四句提到Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals.（巴基鲸可能像陆地哺乳动物一样通过耳孔探测声音。）可知，巴基鲸的听力结构可能和陆地哺乳动物一样，但现代鲸目动物是海洋哺乳生物，故A项“听力结构”错误；第三段最后两句指出It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallo

27、w water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.（据推测，巴基鲸以浅水鱼类为食，尚未适应在开阔的海洋中生活。它可能在陆地上繁殖和繁殖。）可知，巴基鲸并不能在海中生活更别说潜水，而且它们在陆地上繁殖，现代鲸目动物并不能在陆地上繁殖，所以B项“对潜水的适应能力”和D项“繁殖地点”均错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。60.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“龙王鲸的后肢是一个重要的发现，因为它表明龙王鲸”。根据题干关键词hind leg可定

28、位到文章最后两句Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.（这样的后肢太小了，根本无法在陆地上支撑50英尺长的龙王鲸。龙王鲸无疑是一种完全的海洋鲸鱼，有着可能没有功能或退化的后腿。），由此可推测，龙王鲸因为后肢太小而不能支撑自己的身体，所以它

29、不能在陆地上行走，是一种完全的海洋生物，所以D项“不能在陆地上行走”正确；A项“生活的时期比陆行鲸晚”，最后一段并未提及龙王鲸和陆行鲸生活的时期先后的比较，所以A项并不能从文中推断出来；B项“和巴基鲸生活在同一时期”，最后一段提到This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus.（这种鲸鱼生活在大约4000万年前，比巴基鲸晚1200万年。）可知，B项与原文不符；C项“游的很好”，文中虽然说龙王鲸是一种完全的海洋生物，但是并没有信息可以推敲出它游的很好，C项过度推断。因此，该题选择D项正确

30、。61.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断，龙王鲸是在以下哪个地点繁殖和分娩的？”。文章最后一句指出Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.（龙王鲸无疑是一种完全的海洋鲸鱼，有着可能没有功能或退化的后腿。）可知，龙王鲸是在海洋里面生活的，A项“在陆地上”和B项“陆上和海上都有”因此错误；文章并没有强调或者提及龙王鲸到底是生活在海洋的浅水区还是深水区，所以只能推断龙王鲸是在海洋环境中繁殖和分娩的，D项“在海洋

31、环境中”正确，C项“在浅水区”太片面。因此，该题选择D项正确。8. 单选题How do the professional timekeepers of the word determine, to the precise nanosecond, when a new year begins? They simply consult an atomic clock. And at the end of last month, just in time to ring in the new year, the Hewlett-Packard company, of Palo Alto, Calif

32、ornia, unveiled the latest in these meticulous time-pieces. For nearly 30 years, the firm has been supplying military and scientific clients with atomic clocks; the most advanced models neither gain nor lose more than a second every 800,000 years. But the newest version, a $54,0000 device the size o

33、f a desktop computer, is accurate to one second in 1.6 million yearsfar longer than all of human history to date.It is natural to wonder who could possibly need such precision. The answer: practically everyone, at least indirectly. Telephone and computer networks rely on atomic clocks to synchronize

34、 the flow of trillions of bits of information around the nation and the world, thus avoiding mammoth electronic logjams. Television and radio stations use the clocks to time their broadcasts. Satellite-based navigation systems depend on the devices to measure the arrival time of radio signals to wit

35、hin a tiny fraction of second, allowing users to gauge their location to within a few feet. The armed forces use atomic clocks to help track the almost imperceptible motions of continents across the surface of the earth and galaxies and stars across the sky. Even the people who dropped the ball in N

36、ew York Citys Times Square to signal the start of 1992 relied on a timekeeping source that was pegged ultimately to an atomic clock.The principle that lies behind all this precision comes out of quantum physics. When an atom is bombarded with electromagnetic radiationin this case, microwavesits elec

37、trons shift into a new energy state. Each type of atom responds most readily to a particular frequency of radiation. For the cesium 133 atoms in most atomic clocks, the frequency is 9,192,613,770 vibrations per second. That means that when a microwave beam inside the clock is set exactly to that fre

38、quency, the maximum number of atoms will undergo the energy shift. This signals the clocks internal computer that the device is correctly tuned. And in fact, it is the vibrating microwaves that keep time; the atoms are used just to keep them on track.Theoretically, an atomic clock could keep perfect

39、 time, but the actual performance depends on engineering details exactly how the microwaves hit the cesium atoms, how sophisticated the electronics are and so on. It was by improving factors like these that Hewett-Packard boosted its clocks performance from incredibly good to even better. The next g

40、eneration of clocks should do better sill, but no one is sure when that generation will come along. For new, a second every million and a half years will have to do.31. The newest atomic clock is accurate to _.32. Which of the following is NOT mentioned?33. Atomic clock is very accurate because _.34

41、. The next generation of clock will be made _.问题1选项A.30 yearsB.no more than a second every 800,000 yearsC.a second in 1.6 million yearsD.$54,000问题2选项A.Television and radio stations use atomic clocks to time their broadcasts.B.The armed forces use atomic clocks to time secret calls to submarines arou

42、nd the world.C.Scientists use atomic clocks to gauge the location of continents across the surface of the earth.D.Telephone and computer networks rely on atomic clocks to synchronize the flow of large amount of information around the nation and the world.问题3选项A.quantum physics keeps perfect timeB.th

43、e cesium 133 atoms keeps perfect timeC.electro-magnetic radiation keeps timeD.the vibrating microwaves keep time问题4选项A.in a secondB.in a million yearsC.in a half yearD.in the time no one is sure of【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】31.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“最新的原子钟精确到”。根据第一段最后一句But the newest version, a $

44、54,0000 device the size of a desktop computer, is accurate to one second in 1.6 million years（但是最新的版本，一台价值540000美元的台式电脑大小的设备，精确到160万年中的一秒）可知，C项“160万年一秒”正确，D项“54000美元”不符合题干。根据第一段倒数第二句For nearly 30 years, the firm has been supplying military and scientific clients with atomic clocks; the most advanced

45、 models neither gain nor lose more than a second every 800,000 years.（近30年来，该公司一直为军事和科研客户提供原子钟；最先进的模型每80万年增加或减少的时间都不超过一秒。）可知，A项“30年”错误，B项“每80万年不超过一秒”是最先进的版本，并不是最新的。因此，该题选择C项正确。32.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“以下哪项没有提到？”。由第二段第二句Telephone and computer networks rely on atomic clocks to synchronize the flow

46、of trillions of bits of information around the nation and the world, thus avoiding mammoth electronic logjams.（电话和计算机网络依靠原子钟来同步全国和全世界数万亿比特信息的流动，从而避免了巨大的电子堵塞。）可知，D项“电话和计算机网络依靠原子钟来同步全国和世界各地大量信息的流动”符合原文。由第二段第三句Television and radio stations use the clocks to time their broadcasts.（电视和广播电台用这些钟来给他们的广播计时。）

47、可知，A项“电视和广播电台使用原子钟来计时他们的广播”有提到。根据第二段倒数第二句和第三句Satellite-based navigation systems depend on the devices to measure the arrival time of radio signals to within a tiny fraction of second, allowing users to gauge their location to within a few feet. The armed forces use atomic clocks to help track the al

48、most imperceptible motions of continents across the surface of the earth and galaxies and stars across the sky.（基于卫星的导航系统依靠这些设备来测量无线电信号的到达时间，误差不超过几分之一秒，这让用户可以在几英尺内测量自己的位置。军队使用原子钟来追踪地球表面上几乎无法察觉的大陆运动，以及天空中星系和恒星的运动。）可知，使用原子钟来追踪大陆在地表上的位置在文中有提到，但是军队使用原子钟来计时秘密呼叫在文中并没有体现，所以B项“武装部队使用原子钟来计时向世界各地的潜艇发出的秘密呼叫”错误

49、，C项“科学家使用原子钟来测量大陆在地球表面的位置”正确。因此，该题选择B项正确。33.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“原子钟非常准确是因为”。根据文章第三段首句The principle that lies behind all this precision comes out of quantum physics.（所有这些精确背后的原理来自量子物理学。）可知，原子钟的精准性是来源于量子物理学，A项“量子物理精确计时”正确。B项“133铯原子精确计时”、C项“电磁辐射计时”和D项“振动的微波计时”都是原子钟的原理，属于量子物理。因此，该题选择A项正确。34.【试题答案】D

50、【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下一代时钟将在时候制造出来”。文章最后一段倒数第二句指出The next generation of clocks should do better sill, but no one is sure when that generation will come along.（下一代钟表应该会做得更好，但没人确定这一代何时会出现。）可知，D项“没人能确定”正确。A项“一秒钟”、B项“一百万年”和C项“半年”都不正确。因此，该题选择D项正确。9. 单选题For some women, homemaking is _ to having a career, for

51、 others, raising a family and taking care of their homes is the most gratifying of lifes callings.问题1选项A.slavishB.fawningC.subservientD.subordinate【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项slavish表示“奴隶的，奴性的，卑屈的”，B项fawning表示“奉承的，恭维的，讨好的”，指通过谄媚和奉承来获得注意和赞赏，C项subservient表示“屈从的，奉承的，恭顺的”，指某人非常愿意服从别人，D项subordinate表示“从属的，隶属的，次要的”

52、。句意：对于一些女性来说，家政是比事业更重要的事情，而对于另一些女性来说，养家和照顾家庭是生活中最令人满足的召唤。因此，该题选择D项正确。10. 单选题Line, shape, or texture may be the predominant element according to the printing technique used.问题1选项A.in addition toB.in order toC.regardless ofD.depending on【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A项in addition to“除之外（还有，也）”，B项in order to“为了”，C项r

53、egardless of“不顾，不管”，D项depend on“取决于，依赖，依靠”。句意：根据使用的印刷技术，线条、形状或纹理可能是主要的元素。according to在句中表示“根据”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是D项。因此，该题选择D项。11. 单选题Social scientists have established fairly clear-cut _ that describe the appropriate behavior of children and adults, but there seems to be confusion about what constitutes

54、appropriate behavior for adolescents.问题1选项A.functionsB.rigiditiesC.normsD.castes【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项function“功能，职责”，B项rigidity“硬度，严格，刻板”，C项norm“标准，规范”，D项cast“投掷，抛”。根据句子可知，空格处缺少一个名词，并且后面的that是作定语从句修饰空格，它的意思是“描述儿童和成人的适当行为”，那么结合选项可推测，这个定语从句修饰的名词是“规范”。句意：社会科学家已经建立了相当明确的规范，描述儿童和成人的适当行为，但青少年的适当行为是由什么构成的，似乎还

55、存在困惑。因此，该题选择C项。12. 单选题Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus become part of the greatest story ever told. Many things have changed in the intervening years. The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding, and if they had to meet an unexp

56、ected influx, few inns would have a manager to accommodate the weary guests. Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that a highly mobile population will stay long enough to get a good sampling. Methods of gathering, recording, and evaluating information have presumably b

57、een improved a great deal. And where then it was the modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes, now batteries of complicated statistical series furnished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages

58、and seers to get a clue to future events. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable differences of opinion. They were aired at the celebration of the 125th an

59、niversary of the American Statistical Association. There was the thought that business forecasting might Well be on its way from an art to a science, and some speakers talked about newfangled computers and high-falutin mathematical system in terms of excitement and endearment which we, at least in o

60、ur younger years when these things mattered, would have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden. But others pointed to the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets, and the President-elect of the Association ca

61、utioned that “high powered statistical methods are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume.” We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not really newly acquired, that

62、proper statistical methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.43. Taxation in Roman days app

63、arently was based on _.44. The American Statistical Association _.45. The message the author wishes the reader to get is _.46 The “greatest story ever told” referred to in the passage is the story of _.问题1选项A.wealthB.mobilityC.populationD.census takers问题2选项A.is converting statistical study from an art to a scienceB.has an excellent record in business forecastingC.is neither hopeful nor pessimisticD.speaks with mathematical exactitude问题3选项A.statisticians have not advanced since the days of the RomanB.statistics is not as yet a scienceC.