2018考研英语二真题和答案

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1、2018年研究生入学考试英语二试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet ments and do other things that will obviously be painful Because humans have an inhere

2、nt need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chica

3、go and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist Half of the pens would 6 an electr

4、ic shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew

5、that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University o

6、f Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants

7、who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor.Thinking about long-term 20

8、is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity, Hsee says. In other words, don t read online ments.1 .A.ignore B.protect C.discuss D.resolve2 .A.refuse B.seek C.wait D.regret3 .A.rise B.last C.hurt D.mislead4 .A.alert B.expose C.tie D.treat5 .A.trial B.message C.review D.concept6 .A.r

9、emove B.deliver C.weaken D.interrupt7 .A.Unless B.If C.When D.Though8 .A.change B.continue C.disappear D.happen9 .A.such as B.rather than C.regardless of D.owing to10 .A.disagree B.forgive C.discover D.forget11 .A.pay B.food C.marriage D.schooling12 .A.begin with B.rest on C.lead to D.learn from13 .

10、A.inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence14 .A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evident D.self-destructive15 .A.trace B.define C.replace D.resist16 .A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict17 .A.choose B.remember C.promise D.pretend18 .A.relief B.oute C.plan D.duty19 .A.how B.why C.where D

11、.whether20 .A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategiesSection IIReading prehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek fee

12、ls almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it bee accepted

13、wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike ChainAs Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with gener

14、ations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype.that it s for kids who can t ma

15、ke it academically,he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle.We want m

16、ore for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor s degrees for all and the subtle devaluing of anything less misses an important point:That s not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelo r s degree opens moredoors.Buteven now,54 percent of the jobs in the country

17、 are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvio

18、us solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap inworking-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most are n t equipped to do them.Koziatek s ManchesterSchool of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek s school is a wake-up call. When education bees one-size-fits-all,

19、it risks overlooking a nations diversity of gifts.21 .A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack of.A.academic trainingB.practical abilityC.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22 .There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a stereotyped mindB.have n

20、o career motivationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23 .we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A.used to have more job opportunitiesB.used to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufactur

21、ing24 .The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25 .The author s attitude toward Koziatek s school can be describ

22、ed as.A.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText 2While fossil fuels coal， oil ， gas still generate roughly 85 percent of the world s energy supply, its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around

23、the world： They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a mitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummetingprices of renewable，s especially wind and solar.The cost of so

24、lar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotla，ndfor example， wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the r

25、est of the world takes the lea，d notably China and Europe， the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In Marc，h for the first time ， wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US， reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump ha

26、s underlined fossil fuels especially coa l as the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa， he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Io，wa where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state s electricity gene

27、ration and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The questio“n what happens when the wind doesn t blow or the sun doesn t shine has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries i

28、s making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturer，s who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapi

29、dly in ing years.While there s a long way to go， the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does or doesn t do to promote alternative energy may m

30、ean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26 .The word“ plummeting (Line 3， Para.2)is closest in meaning to.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27 .According to Paragraph 3， the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many c

31、hallengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa, .A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according

32、to Paragraphs 5&6A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is monly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is being a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A.will bring the US closer to oth

33、er countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not petitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chai

34、n Whole Foods for$13.5b，n but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging servic，e which doesn t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its user sfriendships and social lives.Facebook promised

35、 the European mission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities， but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messag，esthe knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political

36、 journalis，t what party whip， would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May s enemies are currentlyplottingIt may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.petition law appea

37、rs to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow pared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power.But

38、 there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. petition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don t pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertisin

39、g from them and Facebook and Google， the two virtual giants， dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment panies.The product they re selling is data， and we， the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the

40、 bugs called aphidsfor the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn t feel like a human or democratic relationship， even if bo

41、th sides benefit.31 . According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A.digital productsB.user informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32 .Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead

42、the European mission33 .According to the author,petition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing market34 .petition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users becau

43、se.A.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35 .The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model between digital giantsB.a typical petition pattern among digital giantsC.the be

44、nefits provided for digital giants customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To bat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world,remends building a habit of “ deep workthe ability to focus w

45、ithout distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep wor k be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a “journalistic approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach,the key is to de

46、termine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also remends“ deepscheduling to bat constant interruptions and get more done in less tim“e. At any given point,Ishould have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like Iwould a doctor s appoint

47、ment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided und

48、ergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,t

49、hey were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embr

50、ace downtime,or as Newport sugges“ts,be lazy.“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body.idlenessis, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work don e,he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard M

51、edical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“ What people don t realise is that in order to plete these tasks they nee

52、d to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain . says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to .A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that .A.di

53、stractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is .A.a desirable mental state for busy peopleB.a major contributor to phys

54、ical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in acplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains shift between being focused and unfocused .A.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven b

55、y task urgency40. This text is mainly about .A.ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB.approaches to getting more done in less timeC.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left col

56、umn to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Just say itB. Be presentC. Pay a unique plimentD. Name, places, thingsE. Find the “ me too sF. Skip the small talkG. Ask for an opinionFive

57、ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work

58、 or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.Suppose you are in a room with someone you don t know and something within you says“ I want to talk with

59、 this person this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something the first word but it just won t e out. It feels like itis stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen They won t talk with you

60、Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi , “Hey or “Hello do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and “sayHi .42.It s a problem all of us fac

61、e: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of“hi “, hello , “ how are you and“what s going on you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that s can make it so memorable.So don t be

62、afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in mon so that you can build the conversation from that poin

63、t. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you ll find all of a sudden that the conversation bees a lot easier.44.Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “ I can multitask

64、.So when someone tries to municate with you, just be in that munication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically bee investor in th