2022年考博英语-东华大学考前模拟强化练习题98（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-东华大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Hot metal _ as it grows cooler.问题1选项A.contractsB.reducesC.condensesD.compresses【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项contract“收缩、订约”；B项reduce“减少”；C项condense“浓缩、凝结”；D项compress“压缩、压紧、精简”；句意：热金属一变冷就收缩。因此该题A项正确。2. 单选题This is one of the few jobs you can do in this place and _being complet

2、ely drunk.问题1选项A.contribute toB.get away withC.make forD.try on【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“contribute to”，意为“有助于，促成，捐献”，B选项“get away with”，意为“侥幸成功，侥幸逃脱”，C选项“make for”，意为“有助于，促进，导致”，D选项“try on”，意为“试用，试穿”，句意：这是你在这里能做的为数不多的工作之一，而且还能避免喝醉。因此，B选项符合句意。3. 翻译题人类是一个不断自然进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的进程自45亿年前地球形成以来就一直未曾间

3、断过。这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致，因为人类已经获得了创新思维的能力。我认为这标志着进化进入了一个非常重要的阶段，使一个物种首次有能力掌握了自身命运。Directions: In this part you are required to translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write it on the Answer Sheet.【答案】Human beings are t

4、he product of a continuous process of natural evolution, including numerous genetic transformations: an inexorable process that has been going on uninterrupted since the earth formed 4.5 billion years ago. This evolutionary process, influenced by environmental factors, through random mutation, forme

5、d a more adaptable system, thus ensuring its continuity. In the animal world, this has led to the evolution of higher species, culminating in humans, who have acquired the ability to think creatively, think this marks a very important stage in evolution, the first time a species has been able to con

6、trol its own destiny.4. 单选题Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumpt

7、ion that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behavior o

8、f female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.Such characteristics make them p

9、erfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining ch

10、ambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluct

11、ant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange a tall, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in t

12、he other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable o

13、nly when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independen

14、tly in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _.2. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph 1) implies that _.3.

15、 Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _.4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.posing a contrastB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaini

16、ng a phenomenon问题2选项A.monkeys are also outraged by slacking rivalsB.resenting unfairness is also monkeys natureC.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each otherD.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions问题3选项A.more inclined to weigh what they getB.attentive to researchers instru

17、ctionsC.nice in both appearance and temperamentD.more generous than their male companions问题4选项A.prefer grapes to cucumbersB.can be taught to exchange thingsC.will not be co-operative if feeling cheatedD.are unhappy when separated from others问题5选项A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.

18、Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the world.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“开篇作者是通过什么方法切入主题？”。首段举出人们对加薪不等的事情会气愤，说这种行为是“人类化的”(all too human)，但现在有研究表明这种行为也

19、是“猴子化的”(all too monkey)行为。这里对这种行为的两种可能的属性进行类比以引出全文的主题；B项“证实一种假设”，原文提出的假定原本是人与猴不一样，所以该项错误；D项“解释一种现象”，这个说法不能够将开头和主题的内在联系结合起来。另外根据第二段第二行like their female human counterparts（就像女性人类一样）可知，这是比较的相同点；A项“指出对比”和C项“做出对照”看起来都是对的，但是A项里面的contrast是指不同处的比较，comparison是指相同处的比较，因此该题C选项正确。2.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“第一段最后一行的句子i

20、t is all too money暗示什么？”。先找到all too human的是什么行为，根据第二句Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.（然而，如果你得知一位同事的工资比你高，你自己的快乐就会消失）和第三句Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.（事实上，如果他以懒散著称，你甚至可能会感到愤怒）可以推断出，人类对不公平的待遇会愤怒；最后

21、一句提到有研究表明猴子也有这种行为，称为all too monkey；因此all too monkey暗示对不公平的憎恨猴子也会。A项“猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒”，文中只是提到人会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，没有说动物也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，所以不选；C项“猴子和人一样，也会彼此嫉妒”是干扰项，文中的主题是告诉大家猴子和人一样对不公平也会愤怒；D项“除了猴子没有动物能够培养出这样的感情”，文中没有提到其他动物，所以不选。因此该题只有B选项正确。3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“选择雌性卷尾猴作为研究对象，很可能是因为它们确实是？”。第二段最后一句提到 like their female

22、human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.（和人类女性一样，它们往往比男性更关注“商品和服务”的价值），可知雌性猴子比雄性猴子更会权衡。B项“注意研究员的指示”，没提到，所以不选；C项“漂亮且性情温和”，第二段确实提到了雌性猴子可爱且性情温和，但是这不是它们会被作为研究对象的原因，是因为它们和人类女性一样对价值的权衡才是研究的原因；D项“比雄性伙伴更大方”也未提及。因此A选项正确。4.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“Br

23、osnan博士和de Waal博士最终在他们的研究中发现，猴子”。最后一段第三句Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.（只有当每只动物都觉得没有被欺骗时，这种合作才有可能稳定下来）可知，如果感觉受到欺骗，猴子之间的合作就被打破了。A项“相比黄瓜更喜欢葡萄”和B项“被教会交换东西”都是实验中采取的一些行动，不是研究发现的结果，所以不选；D项“当被分开时会不高兴”，这个选项是断章取义，因此错误。所以，本题正确答案是C选项。5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干

24、意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出什么？”。A选项“猴子可以通过训练来发展社交情绪”，看最后一段第一句The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions（研究认为，卷尾猴和人类一样，也会受到社会情绪的引导）可知，社会情绪是受引导而不是训练，A项不选；C项“动物通常像人一样公开表达自己的感情”，看最后一段第三行Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.（

25、义愤填膺的情绪，似乎并不是人类独有的），这里文中描述的是愤怒的情绪，开头也是以不公平待遇的愤怒开篇，C选项有点过度解读，所以不选；D项“猴子之间的合作只有在野外才能保持稳定”，文中是说不受到欺骗才会稳定，D项错误；B项“人类的愤慨起源于一个不确定的来源”，根据最后一句whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchin and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species has 35 million years ago,

26、 is, as yet, an unanswered question.（这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上独立进化而来的，还是来自于3500万年前该物种的共同祖先，至今仍是一个未解之谜），可知人类的这种愤慨起源于不确定的因素，因此B项正确。5. 填空题Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word or delete a word

27、. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash(/) in the blank.【答案】1.【试题答案】simple改为simply2. 【试题答案】on改为in3. 【试题答案】frozen改为freezing4.【试题

28、答案】去掉being5.【试题答案】去掉and6.【试题答案】去掉the7.【试题答案】去掉why8.【试题答案】whether改为that9.【试题答案】raising改为rising10.【试题答案】for改为by【解析】1.【试题解析】：此题考查词性区分。你可能不知道雾仅仅是一种可以触碰到地面的云，这里需要用副词simply来修饰，simple是形容词放在这里句意不通。2.【试题解析】：此题考查固定搭配。in rare cases在罕见的情况下，属于固定词组搭配。3.【试题解析】：此题考查动词。below是介词，后面应加动词的-ing形式，空气的温度在冰点以下。4.【试题解析】：此题考查

29、动词。are being+形容词表示一时的表现，be+形容词表示一直这样，在此处指的是一个既定事实，因此去掉being。5.【试题解析】：此题考查固定词组。the morethe+动词的比较级，表示越多什么越怎么样，中间不需要加连接词。6.【试题解析】：此题考查冠词用法。air与前面的water形式应当一样，the是定冠词表示特指，此处是泛指空气。7.【试题解析】：此题考查句意理解。前面已经有了puzzle for，表示疑问，再用why来询问的话太过赘述。8.【试题解析】：此题考查whether和that引导主语从句的用法。它可以证明液滴在98摄氏度时会下落，因此是一个既定事实，不能用whet

30、her是否来引导。9.【试题解析】：此题考查raising和rising的区别。，.通常形容自然界的物体：如潮涨,，日出以及这里的气流上升，都是用rise而不能raise。此外,，在这里rising是分词作形容词使用,，rise后不能加物体,，只有sth rise而不能用rise sth。. raise是及物动词,， raise sth.，如raise ones hand。10.【试题解析】：此题考查固定搭配。replace by sth 用什么替换，以什么接替，replace一般与介词by或者with搭配。6. 单选题When it comes to the slowing economy,

31、 Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I

32、m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know if other clien

33、ts are going to abandon me, too”, she says.Even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spendin

34、g. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, expels say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not

35、 panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. I

36、n Manhattan, “theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or th

37、ree,” says john deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broke. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in t

38、he job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Gre

39、enspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.1. By “Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means _2. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?3. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 3) the author is talking a

40、bout _4. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown?5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?问题1选项A.Spero can hardly maintain her business.B.Spero is too much engaged in her work.C.Spero has grown out of her bad habit.D.Spero is not in a desperate situation.问

41、题2选项A.Optimistic.B.Confused.C.Carefree.D.Panicked.问题3选项A.gold market.B.real estate.C.stock exchange.D.venture investment.问题4选项A.They would benefit in certain ways.B.The stock market shows signs of recovery.C.Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.D.The purchasing power would be enhanced.问题5选项A.A no

42、w boom, on the horizon.B.Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C.Caution all right, panic not.D.The more ventures, the more chances.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“通过说艾伦斯佩罗还不至于咬手指（第一段第一行），作者的意思是？”。根据本题题干直接定位到第一段第一、二句话When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting he

43、r nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either（谈到经济放缓，艾伦斯佩罗还不至于咬手指。但这位47岁的美甲师也没能随心所欲地修剪、填充或打磨指甲），再结合后文可知，她不再去高档商场而是去中档商场了，所以可知这里是指斯佩罗的经济状况还没有到绝望的境地。A项“斯佩罗几乎无法维持自己的生意”说法过于绝对，虽然遭受到经济放缓的影响，但是生意还是在继续，只是没有之前好了；B项“斯佩罗过分投入于自己的工作”说法没

44、有原文依据；C项“斯佩罗已经戒掉了坏习惯”说法错误，该处为习语理解。所以该题D项正确。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“公众对当前的经济形势有何看法？”。根据本题关键词“public”定位到第二段关键词“Consumers”以及最后一句Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening（消费者似乎只是担心，并没有惊

45、慌失措，许多人说，他们对经济的长期前景仍然乐观，即使他们稍微勒紧裤腰带）可知，公众没有感到恐慌，甚至还是保持乐观的态度。B项“困惑的”；C选项“无忧无虑的”；C项“恐慌的”三个选项描述错误。所以该题A项正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“当提及400万到1,000万美元之间（第三段第二、三行）时，作者在谈论？”。根据本题题干直接定位到第三段第三句In Manhattan, “theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street

46、bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran（经纪人芭芭拉科克伦说，在曼哈顿，“由于华尔街奖金丰厚，400万至1000万美元的黄金市场掀起了新一轮淘金热”）再结合开头一二句可知这里是指房价，所以这里是指掀起了投资房产的淘金热。A项“黄金市场”说法不准确，应该是与房地产相关内容；C选项“证券交易所”不符合本题题意；D项“风险投资”在本文没有提及。所以该题B项正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“为什么许多人能够在经济放缓中看到银色的边？”。根据本题关键词“silver linings”定位到最后一段第二、三、四句Potential home buyers

47、would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom（潜在的购房者会为较低的利率而欢呼。许多消费者似乎受到了股市波动的影响，投资者现在认为股市波动是持续繁荣的必要因素）可

48、知经济放缓也是有好处的，他们可能以某些其他的方式受益。B项“股票市场显现了复苏的迹象”、C选项“经济繁荣之前通常会有这样的滑坡”不符合本题题意、D项“购买力会增强”均在原文没有体现。所以该题A项正确。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“以下说法作者有可能会同意哪一个？”根据最后一段第二、三、四句Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to ha

49、ve been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom（潜在的购房者会为较低的利率而欢呼。许多消费者似乎受到了股市波动的影响，投资者现在认为股市波动是持续繁荣的必要因素）可知经济放缓也是有好处的，他们可能以某些其他的方式受益，且第三段提到的公众的反应也是保持乐观的，所以作者的态度与C选项符合。A项“新的繁荣，即将出现”说法过于乐观，没有提到出现了新的繁荣；B选项“勒紧裤带，别无它法”说法过于悲观，文章只是提到公众勒紧裤带，但

50、他们依然是乐观的；C项“谨慎无碍，恐慌无需”；D项“风险越多，机会越多”在原文中没有提及。所以该题C项正确。7. 单选题By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can _ the surroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项explore“探索、探险”；B项expose“暴露”；C项exploit“利用”；D项expand“扩展”；句意：通过缓慢地绕圈移动雷达波束，我们可以探索周围的环境。因此该题A项正确。8. 单选题It make

51、s me sick to think of his highly _ manners.问题1选项A.artisticB.artfulC.artlessD.artificial【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项artistic“艺术的、有美感的”；B项artful“巧妙的、狡猾的”；C项artless“天真的、朴实的”；D项artificial“人造的、仿造的、虚伪的”；句意：我一想到他那矫揉造作的举止就觉得恶心。因此该题D项正确。9. 单选题Faced with the _ difficulties, they are determined to carry on their progra

52、m.问题1选项A.satisfactoryB.attributableC.innocentD.intangible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项satisfactory“满意的”；B项attributable“可归于的、可归属的”；C项innocent“无辜的、无罪的”；D项intangible“无形的、触摸不到的”；句意：面对无形的困难，他们决心把计划进行下去。因此该题D项正确。10. 单选题I _ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.问题1选项A.expressB.c

53、onfessC.verifyD.acknowledge【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项express“表达”；B项confess“承认、坦白”；C项verify“核实、查证”；D项acknowledge“承认、答谢、报偿”；句意：我感谢同事们在准备这个新专栏时给予我的帮助。acknowledge with thanks the help of“答谢的帮助”；因此该题D项正确。11. 单选题Taking advantage of his popularity in the opinion polls, the Prime Minister has decided to call a_ ele

54、ction for next month.问题1选项A.convincingB.magneticC.snapD.clean-cut【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“convincing”，意为“令人信服的；有说服力的”；B选项“magnetic”，意为“地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的”；C选项“snap”，意为“突然的”，snap election是个短语，意为“提前选举；临时选举”；D选项“clean-cut”，意为“（尤指男人）外表整洁的，优雅高尚的；轮廓分明的”。句意：首相利用他在民意调查中的声望，决定在下个月_提前_举行选举。本句表示“首相想趁着自己在民意调查中富有声望，于是提前

55、进行选举，来获取优势地位”。因此C选项符合题意。12. 单选题_ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.问题1选项A.To giveB.GivenC.GivingD.Having given【答案】B【解析】考查given的用法。A项to give不定式；B项given 过去分词作介词放句首，表“考虑到”；C项giving现在分词；D项having given现在完成时；句意：考虑到有关德国经济实力的

56、说法，德国经济实际上是相对较小的，这多少有些令人惊讶。因此该题B项正确。13. 单选题In the end the little boy went to school without so much a_ of protest.问题1选项A.whimperB.whimC.whirlD.whistle【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“whimper”，意为“抽泣，吹口哨”；B选项“whim”，意为“心血来潮，突发奇想”，C选项“whirl”，意为“旋转，回转”，D选项“whistle”，意为“口哨，汽笛声”。句意：最后，小男孩去上学了，并没有多少抗议的念头。因此，B选项符合题意。14. 单

57、选题The proposal he put forward two days ago has been supported by people on all sides of the political_.问题1选项A.spectrumB.ambitionC.expectationD.strength【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“spectrum”，意为范围，幅度，B选项“ambition”，意为“抱负，志向”，C选项“expectation”，意为“期望，期待”，D选项“strength”，意为“力气，力量”。句意：他两天前提出的建议得到了政治力量各方面人士的支持。因此，D选项符合

58、句意。15. 单选题I didnt say anything like that at all. You are purposely _ my idea to prove your point.问题1选项A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项revise“修正、复习、校订”；B项contradict“反驳、否定”；C项distort“扭曲、曲解”；D项distract“转移、分心”；句意：我根本没有那样说，你故意曲解我的观点以证明你的论点。因此该题C项正确。16. 单选题Since the daw

59、n of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanic

60、al version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking i

61、s done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are control led by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds

62、of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few de

63、cisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed resul