新概念第一次语法总结

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1、新概念一册语法总结1 时态：8N;y5d.F%j 一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1. 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。) N& ,N)r0Y0J:H:m68q;b;s1 含有be动词的句子He is a teacher. / +d1;V+Z,j;yThe girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students. 变疑问句将be动词移到句首- a3N8Q3C/Y.tIs he a teacher?2b1V #t5A2u(g*I7R;zIs the girl very bea

2、utiful?2h;h* 1p!c1f0b&cAre Tim and Jack students?: .K/Y$z(m6A*r变否定句在be动词后面加not3 Z#0R.w4z a3hJ0M+?He is not a teacher.$w*c6mi/p3f3O2vThe girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, she is. No, she is not.7 f.H2t6y6Yes, they are. No, they are not.不

3、含有be动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子) v(E/h+x$R第三人称单数及单数名词He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型Does he like books?6c &j1s2P1E%Does she like him?! n1bX/42O R)e IDoes the dog like bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesnt, 动词变为原型,原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。He doesnt like books.She doesnt like him.: 1t(L+a7UThe d

4、og doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：3b.s#J i8F._1T1uYes, he does. No, he doesnt.; j6H2V-S4r$K4S2zYes, she does. No, she doesntYes, it does. No, it doesnt.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。5 u;m-P)W8G:h其他人称及复数名词I want to have a bath. ; A7?83G(ar)XfWe have some meat.The students like smart

5、 teachers.变疑问句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加dont.You dont want to have a bath.) |5w0B!F,f7|1S0tWe dont have any meat.The students dont like smart teachers. (z,)G/r(V/GN:b3P肯定回答及否定回答 l.L#P.A D7XYes, I do. No, I dont. Yes, we do.

6、No, we dontYes, they do. No, they dont. 2. 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成： 主语be动词动词的现在分词其它成分（现在分词的构成见附录） N$v#L0o0B$v nWe are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.6 V(e+s%d Z4)F7AThe boys are swimming across the river.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?! E1Z&S :w$z

7、2u8d$MIs the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?变否定句在be动词后面加 not(ne%j!t+z3EWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.; l91B)G,特殊疑问句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.疑问词动词主语现在分词What are you d

8、oing?6V!N7u87#y)v! ?2What is she doing?9!X8W R/b2HWhat is the dog doing? (必背)没有进行时的动词/ vT; O(e6w9X表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作; .4z&l1. 表示感觉，感官的词see, hear, like, love, want,2. have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时3. 一般过去时#F l .o&g表示过去发生的动作或事件， 常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ag

9、o, / O( :*R3a7s含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were, n2b8O0I3e#yI was at the butchers.+Fh(t(p1k,/c,O5PYou were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago. A1ag-;c.V变疑问句将be动词移动到句首7?0!a 3_&K:T5p7gWere you at the butchers? S6 w#J/4_509B9V%UWere you a student a year ago

10、?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?(B$X p10i5x a:p3T#p7y)Z变否定句在be动词后面加not- 2U2i* 5v5F,|;JI was not at the butchers.1 C7-1;JL5U#f5EYou were not a student a year ago./ H32re:!F# The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.# l7Z8C &B!R7肯定回答否定回答; V; 3d:u$m5u4:d0a)ZYes, I was. No, I was n

11、ot.Yes, you were. No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑问句：What did you do?(必背)% t#/Z+|2l,x不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录I finished my homework yesterday. a)Z/H&s+J$ojThe boy went to a restaurant.( & _%e#g/f5d.JThe Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.1 p9I m*a+S.D变疑问句在句首加did， 动

12、词变为原型Did you finish your homework yesterday?$y%|) 2J)r1 e.JDid the boy go to a restaurant?$F7w/s7v-b;M-a g Q!w9JDid the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?0y2?$9! 变否定句在主语和动词之间加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Street

13、 a year ago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I did. No, I didnt.Yes, he did. No, he didnt.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4. 现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词! o-m$D2O(h.w& &n用法：2) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用(Y,i7u;D/D%a* 00PI have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）Th

14、ey have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）3) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?+t:N#;Km&h-e5VHave he seen the film?: t6o4W-nW.C.|4) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked fo

15、r this school for 1 year.: W%F1y1_!p#I(cR:f8) 表示一种经历，经验：去过地方，做过事情，经历过事情0B,L/Z-Q:i* |I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film. I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.& h2j.Y%3f2Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了; g.|#d/c$S2C$EI have been to London.(人已经回来) J4f6r .E+Z&I1X/VHe has

16、 gone to London.（人还在那里）11) 表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen. -!x-u6r!X9bI have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.2 +h; Z:h-V4h!h* 2bShe has broken my heart.! U! ? N#d%T5Z)g句型变化：9T#|-B(r5m,|3UH6K变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.( 3 %H.fV( &h#Ae.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen. 肯定回答

17、及否定回答4M)q*g0?* 2gYes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑问句：What have you done?What has he done?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：Ive left Beijing for 3 days. ) p:b,4&u5V对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.5 P:j)r4V+9x#Z6O,g9C5. 一般将来

18、时表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours time, etc. 表示将来的词联用 A7 a)q+e9x5K结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形: n x8_(Z0T)mI will go to America tomorrow. The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.%Y%o7Z9IoJack will move into his new house tomorrow

19、 morning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow? B6w;r3QXWill the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?%|3R:m&Zy3Y%Xt0N)Z53y变否定句在助动词后面加not5 fg9Z/u _3FI will not go to America tomorrow. The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the

20、next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning# +!C8o.l#C 1d肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not. D6I& 7Y#H:D7_Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.& c4- q H8n&X./U特殊疑问句：What will you do?1Iz;Y0Q9S3V6. 过去完成时：6t& 7_O#f+C用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：h

21、ad+过去分词: X$o&y8X#l7)tAfter she had finished her homework, she went shopping./ |9WO%r.l&d*e/mThey had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。0 1A1s-H& c;T*O5 变疑问句将助动词移到句首9I1?8c,t!w$I3s/3s%0YHad she finish

22、ed her homework?4+F$Y0*t4P3V6 变否定句在助动词后面加not. v0H)f-bo&V-F1GShe hadnt finished her homework.7 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. No, she hadnt.8 特殊疑问句：0_;O)L!C-P8AWhat had she done?, %f _* ) 5t7. 过去进行时 k0W2L2?0s/H2w表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。+ F3N5j;j)K,E.2U0e!w结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was

23、going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.) V6C5g3p7n:*e8U0E7H8 过去将来时结构：would doShe said she would go here the next morning.3 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构/ F+VMe1N6H1. Be going to 结构表示打算，准备，计划做某事结构：主语+be动词+go

24、ing to +动词原型. O,J7f2B+bI am going to make a bookcase.3 U:L$g1a! :l;YThey are going to paint it. $F,c*D8S,M! ,S3A7The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?

25、! -U9e;o#-M8 X变否定句在be动词后面加not 3U(J+pf.6S12| I am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter., x4u-U !D-K2P(z6s6V6_!k肯定回答及否定回答2x J1h6l7Db/R0v(V1vYes, I am. No, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.%#W5L9I6v8(J#Yes, he is. N

26、o, he is not. J.v6o4p)J#U)C特殊疑问句(H2|)l$V3L-S0F7V:?What are you going to do? a ?&H%K0B#U:S:OWhat are they going to do?What is the father going to do?(必背)2. There be 句型 1 u:g(B3H W表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)2 There is单数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）6 e(P)T8r:i23m m,U9|There is a book in this room. There is a pen on the table

27、5 There are复数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there. b8z.y*z6f.c$变疑问句将be动词移到句首$I/p.i( |9d8H*r0| CIs there a book in this room?95Yo1f*o0w3S; ?4-z6HAre there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加not0 | |)x3J1B&B%v+XThere is not a book in this room. ; + x3S5P!d(gThere

28、 are not two pens on the table. 肯定回答及否定回答+E+O,U;q:G8fYes, there is. No, there is not. Yes, there are. No, there are not. J( 7S* .R8T$U%4 问句：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句) 1T o*Uy-w$N1 一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?2 特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What is your name?4N

29、0e;Z7_ 3 选择疑问句: orDo you want beef or lamb?5 反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分， 否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分You dont need that pen, do you? i:V&G:Sj6 否定疑问句: 一般疑问句+否定词Arent you lucky? Dont you want have a rest?5 冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法详细见笔记7B.tJ(q#F9a+SO5l6 限定词：some, any, many, much+Y7_-fQ+Q9Q( _7 some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any

30、用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some8 many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money. I dont have much money.12 名词：种类，复数，名词所有格) K.m0s*t;K0Y1名词分为可数名词和不可数名词% c6v;N! ( & 9L5I5G0e3 不可数名词无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldnes

31、s（寒冷）- ii3&b!x( |3#W3H7A(d不可数名词有以下特点：#o7Q#Q +a:E! (O2 不能用a, an修饰3 不能加s& 3 z3j+6a4h+S04 和单数be动词或动词搭配*B:$-H$u4C-H5 可数名词：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：规则变化的名词复数形式规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shellshells bookbooks7 t55ZN:b5P 5x规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. foxfoxes churchchurches, busbuses, watchwatches规则3

32、以o结尾+s或+es e.g. potatopotatoes, NegroNegroes, heroheroes, tomatotomatoes，（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s, radioradios o/X-v,6; 规则4 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves e.g. lifelives halfhalves, shelfshelves, citycities, wifewives& C.T%og0x/P%l规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. skyskies flyflies6 I& $O(c0o!l 4L;w4W-j不规则变化的名词复数形式

33、- Y-q;x:l5N单数 man woman foot goose tooth复数 men women feet geese teeth* G+F#A!O%E,Z+I.c&V单数 child sheep deer mouse fish复数 children sheep deer mice fish M7m/qj _&q7O#J13 介词( 注意总结书上词组)3 D& $j#K* ,R&Q%b14 副词：用法及形容词变副词的变化: h0u,w&K41;a15 副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：The book is very good.He runs fast.6 - O5XX:.

34、n0u;C2She came here quite early.(s)tS5G1f-I15oCertainly I will go with you.3 h-u;v! !s1k2?:n4 变化：. f(V%K4)t&M9q5 直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,3 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,8 n4|-r:j:g0p7K2/x2qhappy-happily, lucky-luckily, C*c:0S#6p)Z4A6 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化7f+A f2tw&n0d) fast, hard, la

35、te5 W4g6S:lF&n27 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：8S;q&H#W-J |neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately, 15 情态动词的使用：can, must, may, might, need,1 4c:y$o4L x&k1情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）2 U5k 6t 6M X 1W-C.I结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型2y*a%J8r0T6WaHe can make the tea.Sally can air the room.; v(V7P9D)W2sc8mWe can speak

36、English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?1w&N4J#pF0m&X变否定句在情态动词后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.! u,G#mS 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he can. No, he cannot.; V+z.$IA6Yes, she can. No, she cannot.1 b!u.?!V)c.x( |7n6Yes, we can

37、. No, we cannot.* i7( ?/_9J/B特殊疑问句：What can you do?; B(X3$|) #w(必背)注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。& s0z pY6U) 2R2Must/have to的区别. x.R#A) 8m!x-&I! must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态3must, may, might表示猜测：1 must do 表示对现在事实的猜测2 must have done表示对过

38、去事实的猜测3 must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测1f4g7R-.u!H5Q#P4 may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。5 cant/couldnt 表示不可能; bu L*n%J8y/! /64need 用法：, $ R8N8y:P;C7D2_)v7t5 表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：; l,S- A2j)z3WI need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I dont. gW%,H/q5Q9yI need to

39、 have a rest.%_6r7C1d2s%7 Need doing=need to be done，表示被动(n8Y:O9e#,j:E6V1o+cThe flowers need watering., S%_8m2D.nK,m8 Need在否定时做情态动词使用You neednt go so early. =You dont need to go so early.4 K1n!B1h*m) 4W4?Must I clean the desk right now? No, you neednt.8 g;K6k6v&l;V!V*v18 不定代词及不定副词：Some any no everyt

40、hing something anything nothing everythingone someone anyone anything everyonewhere somewhere anywhere anywhere everywherebody somebody anybody nobody everybodyI looked for my book everywhere, but I cant find it anywhere.If you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up. K/y4|3t7

41、w3ZHelp! Somebody? Anybody?You are really something.Since everybody is here, lets begin our class., S1F,m:X#u+I)lc.MWhere did you go? I went nowhere.Nobody is at home.I have nothing left.19 感叹句：&u/?8EZ G.d%r-Z20 What +名词+主语+谓语What a beautiful girl she is!42|-X( |+t8A9|.f11 How + 形容词+主语+谓语 %J(b,5OTHo

42、w beautiful the girl is!20 祈使句：21 第二人称：22 let+$g/D23 祈使句的否定，加dont24 反意疑问祈使句（第二人称）0 k0A0*J-P*a6q#x祈使句表示请求，命令，建议，邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。! D.J6pA;w&W) _1G(K8m5h肯定句 动词原型例， Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful. Y9z+XE0e.?7L#q祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开

43、，放在句首或者句尾Come in, Amy.Sit down here, Tom. Mary, give me a book please.否定：Dont+动词原型Dont come here.( 4V s+bFDont sit down.1 /i#P!v5?N;JDont stand up.Dont give me it.9 N#_T5l*b0I j s9F(Flet sb. do( : p6!o;F/#d.8E(ELet me pass.Let us have a rest. * (b,jm,S5C7sLets have a rest.5 D4F%B u&R.k:b!h(反意疑问)：0z%

44、N3j:f3c%L)r+BLets have a walk along the river, shall we?Let us go out for a drink, will you? 21 倒装句：so/neither的倒装eg.He can swim. So can I.+t)I/O5:m+a(v#oI didnt go to class. Neither did I.! F9d.T2f.c.J,W1F6X8+J结构：; O3g:s* 0S$p%u#w7_so/neither+be+ 主语, H-T,E$R2p43F%$s!fso/neither+助动词+ 主语, v8%D:?3L7bso

45、/neither+情态动词+ 主语一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are现在进行时, am, is, are, z3i* _16f+P7一般过去时, did4 h#|:W&MU k5G*d&t!I5X现在完成时, have, has6 v8e4K:Y-G)v一般将来时, will, shall, n8J8Y/N(D7q9o过去进行时，was, were%X(q,Z1? 过去完成时，had过去将来时, would; 8v!W63)B1$d#u&M,o22 直接引语/间接引语, H:i _&q,X _如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指

46、示词5 时态变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时) F4y,a+f8F一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时- G9I-?%Z.|;K%g一般将来时过去将来时be going towas/were going to/wouldcan-couldmay-might(A/Z(Y3xu*z,t! 7 时间地点及指示词的变化：! j#K&b;x#U l#1M-Q0qhere-there, tomorrow-the next day, the following day, this-that : qn6%R3W8 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。1 z.r!Q$M/S5g)h9 直接宾语/间接宾

47、语 p(n(k-C-p8U主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。He gives me a book.me间接宾语, a book直接宾语) w;b,G2B%e.o-h直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for主语及物动词直接宾语介词+间接宾语8|9G;x&g7Q l%NGGive me a book.: t%E9a;A#w#kGive the book to me.* ?#-$Q)J0U+GSend his a letter.S

48、end a letter to him.Show him the new dress.! E,m-_*W&A*K+b/l2l FShow the new dress to him. S1i0v5B#?!B0n0c0A24 从句：4!a(N/s.4K宾语从句，定语从句（限定性），表语从句，状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）13 宾语从句：如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。& p3g#N5v2b+b/t50$h14 定语从句： $ K8W.J.Z 4x 15 表语从句： 3;i-z/S$U8*

49、5Q16 状语从句（if引导的真实条件句）：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时What will you do if you win a lot of money?If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.26 动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法(详细用法请见NECII)结构： to do, 5l d%. ; 8用法：可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语法上称之为非谓语动词。做宾语：在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语，例如：want, like, ask ,try做宾补：want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do附录：

50、5b!T!f9j0P;Y代词及be动词名词复数: R$;I0X3(a+g-H3e9g*S动词的第三人称单数形式动词现在分词动词过去式9w%?)O ?/G+r:u过去式的读音形容词的比较级8i9t!K-S!H(m7V形容词和副词的最高级: K4;f5L6K)H!y4G9x7b+W2U,?0x代词及be动词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 .单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数5M2G;N8 .x主格 I we you you she/he/it they4 w&e,:%i+W/L7L宾格 me us you you her/him/it them代词所有格 my our your your her/

51、his/its their p7,s2j9U6B!p$h名词性代词 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirsbe动词现在时 Am are are are is arebe动词过去时 was were were were was were& b5N&J&N#s99a名词的复数/ Q,rI%t,| m6s _(c*I规则变化的名词复数形式规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shellshells toytoys规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. foxfoxes churchchurches+6P15o%S0y)v0l3J+p:O规则3 以

52、o结尾s或+es e.g. radioradios potatopotatoes规则4 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves e.g. lifelives halfhalves规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. skyskies studystudies2 O&m7_$G5X#p |6c3T动词的第三人称单数形式规则1 一般情况+s e.g. like-likes, look-looks e$k5Y%_.*p5R*T/o规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. do-does, catch-catches规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g

53、. carry-carries, fly-flies$P9s%K:#Y3N!b,B2z2k;H)Ub! -C*L(f S*L$m* ?8U _,F:B9K9s0o; &D,E1S2y%m.$n动词现在分词 c-i&u)S* $X4*i规则一 一般动词加-ing e.g. look-looking, read-reading, play-playing 6D4U!k!O#c/F规则二 以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving m1-B8) 5L规则三 重读闭音节词结尾， 即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟

54、一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ing e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop-stopping动词过去式规则动词变化规则一 一般动词加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play-played - F$*i%H3e2g8M*D+o规则二 以e结尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive-arrived ; ;V! _8C %c2w#N规则三 以辅音字母加结尾的变y为i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried规则四 重读闭音节词结

55、尾， 即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ed stop-stopped, 0n;J!j+9A#|o.f%D2c(J7O$X7p,d过去式的读音在清辅音后面（除外）读/t/ e.g. walked, jumped) D.%;t#Kg*m在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ e.g. washed, watched4 i5o5y! /Y0y%z/T在/t/，/d/后读/id/ e.g. waited, hated- X,F/6z#I)v5Q.Z/_形容词和副词的比较级比较级 规则一 一般加-er e.g. high-higher 规则二 以结尾加-r nice-nicer

56、! wf8_E0g/g1w9X/I1规则三 以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-er busy-busier, 规则四 重读闭音节结尾， 双写辅音字母再加-er fat-fatter, 形容词和副词的最高级1y!v6W)k-x最高级 规则一 一般加-est e.g. high-highest 规则二 以结尾加-st nice-nicet : |&T!w! 4K C4G F/V.I#D规则三 以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-est busy-busiest ; 6 m.0D#N规则四 重读闭音节结尾， 双写辅音字母再加-est fat-fattest & _$a-l1w7a)bP0OQ5G |7

57、r5Si3常见缩写：- j!r#n,d+B d/D#yis=s I am=Im are=reis not=isnt/ iznt/ are not=arent /a:nt/#V6x.m&V0l$q%kdo not=dont; s(t.D#U!R0(y&r*Z0.9bdoes not=doesntwas=s0 Y+Xy1a)V4adid not=didnt (j(j4E1s!A3fcan not=cant( 9 w2t&z$p8W$qc4M6i8W%Ohave=ve- o!n#I%V8#C2ahas=shave not=havent! T*Z6v%C7F195y%Xhas not=hasntwill=ll$|&f.h!JJ1Q74A hwill not=wont. g*U:z;o,j6vtshall not=shant13 / 13文档可自由编辑打印