空间历史的阅读报告英文版

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1、 A reading report about space history These days,I read a material that briefly introduce some details about the history of the FAA.After reading it for three times,I learn a lot.So I am going to share it with you at this time. It can be divided into the following parts:A Brief History of the FAA，Or

2、igins of the FAA，Birth of Federal Aviation Agency,From Agency to Administration，Labor Organizes，Evolving Duties，Air Traffic Control Automation，Deregulation，Labor Unrest，Technological Innovation，Organizational Restructuring，Creation of FAA s Air Traffic Organization (ATO)，The Next Generation Air Tran

3、sportation System (Next Gen)，Enhancing Capacity，Safety First, Last, and Always and Conclusion. What about the brief introduction? The modern age of powered flight began in 1903, when Orville Wright made the first sustained, powered flight on December 17 in a plane he and his brother Wilbur built. Th

4、is twelve-second flight led to the development of the first practical airplane in 1905, and launched worldwide efforts to build better flying machines. By the mid-1930s, the four major domestic airlines that dominated commercial travel for most of the twentieth century began operations: United, Amer

5、ican, Eastern, and Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA). How FAA comes into our life?At their urging, the Air Commerce Act was passed in 1926.In 1934 the Department of Commerce renamed the Aeronautics Branch the Bureau of Air Commerce to reflect the growing importance of aviation to the nation. In

6、 1936 the Bureau took over these centers. Four years later, a DC-2 crash killed U.S. Senator Bronson Cutting of New Mexico.To ensure a federal focus on aviation safety, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Civil Aeronautics Act in 1938. In 1940 President Roosevelt split the CAA into two agencies,

7、 the Civil Aeronautics Administration, which went back to the Department of Commerce, and the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). On the eve of Americas entry into World War II, for defense purposes, CAA extended its air traffic control system to include operation of airport towers.The British Overseas A

8、ircraft Corporation introduced the first commercial jet service in 1952. By the mid-1950s, U.S. companies began designing and building their own jet airliners.On June 30, 1956, a Trans World Airlines Super Constellation and a United Air Lines DC-7 collided over the Grand Canyon, Arizona, killing all

9、 128 occupants of the two airplanes. Lets come to the birth of Federal Aviation Agency.On May 21, 1958, Senator A. S. Mike Monroney (D-OK) introduced a bill to create an independent Federal Aviation Agency to provide for the safe and efficient use of national airspace.On August 23, 1958, the Preside

10、nt signed the Federal Aviation Act, which transferred the Civil Aeronautics Authoritys functions to a new independent Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) responsible for civil aviation safety. On November 1, 1958, retired Air Force General Elwood Pete Quesada became the first FAA Administrator.On December

11、 31, FAA began operations.On November 22, 1963, FAAs Washington headquarters staff began moving into the newly completed Federal Office Building 10A, at 800 Independence Avenue, SW. Excitement about the new building quickly evaporated on move day as employees heard the news that President Kennedy ha

12、d been assassinated in Texas. Here is some information about the FAAs development from agency to administration.In 1966, Congress authorized the creation of a cabinet department that would combine major Federal transportation responsibilities. This new Department of Transportation (DOT) began full o

13、perations on April l, 1967. On that day, the Federal Aviation Agency became one of several modal organizations within DOT and received a new name, the Federal Aviation Administration. The evolving duties are also important. In 1961,the federal government began employing armed guards, border patrolme

14、n recruited from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, on civilian planes. In September, President Kennedy signed an amendment to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958.In March 1962 Attorney General Robert Kennedy swore in FAAs first peace officers, as special U.S. deputy marshals. FAA respons

15、ibilities increased even more in the late 1960s. In 1968, Congress vested in FAAs Administrator the power to prescribe aircraft noise standards. The Air Traffic Control Automation is a key to its success.FAA began modernizing the NAS in the mid-1960s. Opened in April 1970, the new facility collected

16、, correlated system wide air traffic and weather data, detected potential trouble spots, and suggested solutions. On July 29, FAA established the Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center to integrate the functions of the Central Flow Control Facility, Airport Reservation Office, the Air Traffic Se

17、rvice Contingency Command Post, and Central Altitude Reservation Facility. The Deregulation is an vital trend.The Airline Deregulation Act, signed on October 24, 1978, created a highly competitive airline industry.In the immediate years after the deregulation act, FAA flight standards and other offi

18、ces focused primarily on the new applicants.By the time airline deregulation became law, FAA had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system based on a marriage of radar and computer technology. When it comes to the labor unrest,many details can be introduced.The labor contract between FAA

19、and PATCO expired in March 1981.In the aftermath of the strike, PATCO disbanded and the controllers remained without a union until June 19, 1987, when the National Air Traffic Controllers Association became the exclusive representative of terminal and center controllers.On December 29, 1981, the Pro

20、fessional Airway Systems Specialists (PASS) became the exclusive representative of the technicians. FAA and PASS concluded their first national labor agreement during fiscal year 1984. The Technological Innovation is tough.In January 1982, FAA publicly released the first annual National Airspace Sys

21、tem (NAS) Plan.In February 1991, FAA replaced the NAS Plan with the more comprehensive Capital Investment Plan.The Aviation Safety Research Act of 1988, for example, mandated greater emphasis on long-range research planning and on study of such issues as aging aircraft structures and human factors a

22、ffecting safety. You know the Organizational Restructuring?In November 1995, DOT transferred the commercial space transportation office to the FAA. The fiscal year 1996 DOT appropriations bill signed in November 1995 included important provisions for FAA personnel and procurement reform. In June 199

23、8, FAA began testing a new compensation plan called core compensation. On April 23, 2000, FAA transferred approximately 6,500 employees into the core compensation system.On November 19, 2001, the president signed the Aviation and Transportation Security Act established a new agency responsible for a

24、viation security the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), within DOT. FAA remained responsible for aviation security until February 13, 2002, when TSA took over those responsibilities. The November 2002, passage of the Homeland Security Actmoved TSA into the new Department of Homeland Secur

25、ity on March 1, 2003. Take a look at the Creation of FAAs Air Traffic Organization (ATO).In April 2000, President Clinton signed into law the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century.In June 2003, FAA selected its first ATO Chief Operating Officer (COO), Russell Chew.O

26、n November 18, 2003, the Secretary of Transportation announced initial details of the new ATO business structure.The ATO officially began operations on February 8, 2004. In 2008, the ATO consolidated the service units and staff offices into four business units, each led by a senior vice president.In

27、 December 2005, the COO restructured ATO administrative and support functions in the field. In June 2006, he instituted a new ATO Service Center structure. With the ATO structure in place, the agencys first COO resigned from FAA on February 23, 2007. On October 1, 2007, Administrator Blakey hired th

28、e agencys second COO, Hank Krakowski. What happens in the next time?The Next Generation Air Transportation System comes out.The Vision 100 Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, signed into law in December 2003, endorsed the concept of a Next Generation Air Transportation System. On December 15, 2

29、004, DOT unveiled the Integrated Plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation System, which laid out goals, objectives, and requirements necessary to create the new system. Next is Enhancing Capacity.To improve capacity, FAA began implementing a number of new concepts.FAA also implemented the use

30、 of Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM), which reduced the minimum vertical separation between aircraft from 2,000 feet to 1,000 feet for all properly equipped aircraft flying between 29,000 feet and 41,000 feet. FAA has a simple idea.That is “Safety First, Last, and Always”.Between 2001 and 2

31、007, aviation witnessed one of its safest periods for scheduled air carriers. Not counting the terrorist activities of September 11, 2001, there were only three fatal accidents in 2001; none in 2002; two in 2003; one in 2004; three in 2005; two in 2006; and none in 2007. Fatal accidents became rare

32、events with only .01 accidents per 100,000 flight hours or .018 accidents per 100,000 departures. Now,I want to show you some of personal opinions.The FAA plays an important role in the development of aviation.It links people from coast to coast and connecting America to the world.However,FAA does n

33、ot stop his steps.It keeps on working to ensure aviations future viability.They develop a flexible aerospace system with the help of its federal and industry partners. FAA has defined a vision of the future that integrates achievements in safety, security, efficiency, and environmental compatibility. Writer: QIAN YI FAN Number:201211901413