2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前模拟强化练习题60（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Outdoor recreation plays a large role in national life. Norwegians prize solitude and self-reliance, and many people choose to walk or ski or camp alone.问题1选项A.richnessB.alonenessC.opennessD.fairness【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. richness 丰富，富饶 B. aloneness 孤独感C. openness

2、诚实，率真 D. fairness 公正性，公平合理性【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】solitude的意思为“独处，独居”，这里指的是挪威人崇尚独处，aloneness与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】户外娱乐在国民生活中起着很大的作用。挪威人崇尚独处和自力更生，许多人选择独自散步、滑雪或露营。2. 填空题“The IAEA should positively clarify relevant problems by cooperating with Iran in a fair and _ manner” and “Iran shou

3、ld be flexible and sincere when cooperating with the IAEA,” Xinhua reported, citing Hong. (person)【答案】impersonal【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】根据横线前的and，可知fair和横线处表示并列，所以横线处应为形容词，并且意思和fair对应，impersonal意思为“非指个人的，客观的”，符合语境。【句意】新华社援引洪磊的话说：“国际原子能机构应该以公平、客观的方式与伊朗合作，积极澄清有关问题。伊朗在与国际原子能机构合作时，应该灵活、真诚。”3. 单选题He has admit

4、ted to making a blunder by loading up on this stock during the 2008 oil boom, and just before the stock-market crash.问题1选项A.errorB.riskC.fortuneD.deal【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. error 错误，差错 B. risk 危险，风险C. fortune 机会，运气 D. deal 协议，（尤指）交易【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】blunder的意思为“愚蠢（或粗心）的错误”，指的是在不恰当的时间囤积了股票，这是一个错误，error

5、与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】他承认自己犯了一个错误，在2008年石油繁荣时期以及股市崩盘之前囤积了这支股票。4. 填空题Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survival. In general however, this struggle in nature is competition,

6、 not conflict. A B C D【答案】C the fittest survival改为the fittest survive【解析】【考查点】谓语动词。【解题思路】B部分到句子结尾为从句，C部分为从句的主干部分，其句型结构为主谓，survival为名词，survive为动词，其意思为“生存，存活”，符合语境。【句意】许多作家认为，在动物为生存而进行的斗争不可避免，只有适者生存。然而，一般来说，自然界中的这种斗争是竞争，而不是冲突。5. 单选题The chief drawback of the adeno-associated virus is that it is small,

7、carrying only two genes in its natural state.问题1选项A.featureB.concernC.defectD.barrier【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. feature 特色，特征 B. concern （尤指许多人共同的）担心，忧虑C. defect 缺点，缺陷，毛病（某事物或其制造方式上的错误，意味着不完美） D. barrier 屏障，障碍物【答案】C【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】drawback的意思为“缺点，不利条件（使某事物失去吸引力的缺点或问题）”，这里指的是腺病毒群的缺点，defect与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排

8、除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】腺病毒群的主要缺点是体积小，在自然状态下只携带两个基因。6. 填空题Sedona, located in Arizonas high desert, is famous for its _ beautiful red-sandstone formations. (startle)【答案】startlingly【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】横线处修饰形容词beautiful，所以应该用副词，startlingly意思为“惊人地”，在这里强调美丽的程度，符合语境。【句意】塞多纳位于美国亚利桑那州的高沙漠地带，以美丽的红砂岩而闻名。7. 单选题Stunk

9、ard and his colleagues emphasized that those with “fat genes” are not doomed to a lifetime of obesity.问题1选项A.subjectedB.destinedC.enduredD.sustained【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. subjected （v.）使顺从，（尤指）压服 B. destined （adj.）注定，（尤指）命中注定C. endured （v.）忍耐，忍受 D. sustained （v.）维持（生命、生存）【答案】B【考查点】词义辨析。【解题思路】doomed的意思为“使

10、注定失败（或遭殃、死亡等）”，指的是不是注定一辈子肥胖，无法改变，destined与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】斯图卡德和他的同事们强调，那些有肥胖基因的人并不是注定要一生肥胖。8. 单选题In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing

11、our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most e

12、lementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with log

13、ical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than dig

14、ital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brains neural network is a huge step

15、 in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors,” he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There a

16、re lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device

17、, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the option that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and hi

18、s fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1. The author says that the powerful computers of today _.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from _.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to _.4. Whats the authors opinion abou

19、t the new AI movement?问题1选项A.are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language问题2选项A.the shift of the focus of study on to

20、 the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programsC.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old childD.the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transi

21、stors and brain cells问题3选项A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence developed in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody i

22、s sure of its future prospects.B.Its a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.D.It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The autho

23、r says that the powerful computers of today _. 作者说，如今强大的计算机_。A. are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object A. 能够确切地识别物体的形状B. are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior B. 接近人类行为C. are not very different in their performance from those of the 50s C. 它们的表现和50年代没有很大的不同D. still cannot co

24、mmunicate with people in a human language D. 仍然不能用人类的语言与人交流【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词powerful computers of today定位到第一段第二、三句，该处讲到“但尽管计算机（computers）很有用，它们离实现类似人类行为（humanlike behavior）的早期愿望还差得很远。更别提像对话这样复杂的事情了（Never mind something as complex as conversation）。”，可知作者表达的意思是，计算机不能使用人类的语言和人进行对话，因此D选项正确。

25、【干扰项排除】A选项“能够确切地识别物体的形状”：对应第一段最后一句“最强大的计算机也很难确切地识别物体的形状（struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object）。”，可知计算机不能确切地识别物体的形状，属于反向干扰；B选项“接近人类行为”：对应第一段第二句“它们离实现类似人类行为（humanlike behavior）的早期愿望还差得很远（remotely resembling）。”，可知计算机还不能接近人类行为，属于反向干扰；C选项“它们的表现和50年代没有很大的不同”：对应第一段第一句“上世纪50年代，人工智能的先驱者预测（pre

26、dicted）”，这里指的是上世纪50年代对人工智能的预测情况，没有对比计算机在不同时期的客观情况，属于偷换概念。第2题:【选项释义】The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from _. 人工智能研究的新趋势源于_。A. the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects A. 研究的重点转向对物体形状的认识B. the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplica

27、ted with logical, step-by-step programs B. 认为人类的智慧不能用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序来复制C. the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child C. 科学家希望复制10个月大的孩子的智力D. the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells D. 科学家在研究晶体管和脑细胞之间相似性

28、方面所做的努力【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词new trend in artificial intelligence定位到第二段第三句，该处讲到“另一方面（on the other hand），人工智能领域的一项新动向（A new movement in AI）更深入地探讨了自然创造智能的迂回方式。”，而其中的原因在该段第二句“科学家们表示，问题在于（The problem），人工智能一直在试图分离最高级、最抽象的思维层次（the highest, most abstract levels of thought），比如语言和数学，然后用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序复制它

29、们（duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs）。”，因为认为原来的方法行不通，所以转向新的研究方向，也就是说，科学家认为人类的智慧不能用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序来复制，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“研究的重点转向对物体形状的认识”：对应第一段最后一句“最强大的计算机也很难确切地识别物体的形状（recognize the shape of an object）。”，这只是在讲述计算机的功能限制，而不是研究重点的转移，属于偷换概念；C选项“科学家希望复制10个月大的孩子的智力”：对应第一段最后一句“确切地识别物体的形状这件事，对一个

30、10个月大的孩子来说是最基本的任务（most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid）。”，这里表达的是识别物体形状对于10个月大的孩子来说很简单，并不是说科学家希望复制孩子的智力，属于偷换概念；D选项“科学家在研究晶体管和脑细胞之间相似性方面所做的努力”：对应第二段倒数第二句“有的人想研究脑细胞和蛋白质（work with brain cells and proteins），而不是数字计算机和晶体管（Rather than digital computers and transistors）。”，这里指的是研究人体的脑细胞和蛋白质，而不是研究机

31、器的晶体管，更不是研究两者的相似性，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to _. 康拉德和他的人工智能研究小组一直在为_做着巨大的努力。A. find a roundabout way to design powerful computers A. 找到一种迂回的方法来设计功能强大的计算机B. build a computer using a clever network of switches B. 用智能交换机网络建造一台计算机C. find o

32、ut how intelligence developed in nature C. 找出智力在自然界是如何发展的D. separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought D. 把最高层次和最抽象的思想分开【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Conrad定位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“计算机科学家和生物物理学家迈克尔康拉德（Michael Conrad）说：模仿大脑的神经网络（brains neural network）是朝着正确方向迈出的一大步，但它仍然漏掉了自然智能（natural intelligence

33、）的一个重要方面。”，可知康拉德试图用自然界中人类大脑的发展方式为蓝图，也就是自然发展智力的方式为蓝图，来研究人工智能的发展，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“找到一种迂回的方法来设计功能强大的计算机”：对应第三段最后一句“建造人工智能设备（build an artificially intelligent device）的最好方法是按照大脑同样的分子技术来建造。”，本文讲述的是人工智能，不仅仅是计算机，属于以偏概全；B选项“用智能交换机网络建造一台计算机”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；D选项“把最高层次和最抽象的思想分开”：对应第二段第二句“人工智能一直在试图分离最高级、最抽象的思维层次

34、（the highest, most abstract levels of thought）。”，这里的方法是以前的方法，而非康拉德采用的方法，属于张冠李戴。第4题:【选项释义】Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement? 作者对新的AI运动有什么看法？A. It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects. A. 尽管没有人能确定它的未来前景，事实可能证明，这一方向是正确的。B. Its a breakthr

35、ough in duplicating human thought processes. B. 这是复制人类思维过程的一个突破。C. Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort. C. 这更像是一场奇特的游戏，而不是真正的在科学上的努力。D. It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out. D. 它在人工智能研究人员中引起了轰动，但很快就会消失。【答案】A【考查点】推理判

36、断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第四段，该处讲到“目前，传统计算机和软件根本无法复制大脑运行过程，这一观点仍存在争议（remains controversial）。但如果这是真的（But if it proves true），那么康拉德和他的人工智能伙伴们的努力可能会成为唯一的游戏。”，可知作者认为传统计算机和软件可能可以复制大脑运行过程，也就是新的AI运动是在正确的方向上，即使没有人能够确定，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“这是复制人类思维过程的一个突破”：作者并没有明确表达新的AI运动前景光明，只是表明有可能这是正确的，属于推理过度；C选项“这更像是一场奇特的游戏，而不是真正的在科学上的

37、努力”：文章最后一句的游戏是指这场运动，而不是说真的以游戏的态度来看AI的研究和发展，属于偷换概念；D选项“它在人工智能研究人员中引起了轰动，但很快就会消失”：作者没有说这很快会消失，属于无中生有。9. 单选题But as the winter went on, I found it harder and harder to withdraweither from the events we read and heard about, or from the zeal that seized the students in the seminar.问题1选项A.enthusiasmB.moti

38、vationC.evidenceD.process【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. enthusiasm 热情，热忱 B. motivation 动力C. evidence 证明，证据 D. process （为达到某一目标的）过程，进程【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】zeal的意思为“热情，激情”，指的是研讨会上学生们的热情，enthusiasm与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】但随着冬天的到来，我发现自己越来越难以从我们读到和听到的事件中抽身，也越来越难以从研讨会上学生们的热情中抽身。10. 单选题The racial, intel

39、lectual and economic policies of the National Socialist Party were carried out with unprecedented ruthlessness.问题1选项A.crueltyB.contemptC.cautionD.concession【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. cruelty （尤指蓄意的）残酷，残忍 B. contempt 蔑视，轻蔑C. caution 谨慎，小心 D. concession 让步，妥协【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】ruthlessness的意思为“无情，残忍”，指的是国家社会

40、党实施政策的方式非常残忍，cruelty与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】国家社会党的种族、知识和经济政策以前所未有的残暴方式进行。11. 单选题For perplexed policymakers in Washington, they meant scrambling from one policy to another in an effort to respond to a highly confusing economic situation.问题1选项A.disturbedB.puzzledC.irritatedD.enchanted【

41、答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. disturbed 有精神病的，心理不正常的 B. puzzled 困惑的，迷惑不解的C. irritated 烦恼的，恼怒的 D. enchanted 中魔法的，着了魔的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】perplexed的意思为“困惑的，迷惑不解的”，修饰policymakers，指的是这些制定政策的人很困惑，自己也没搞清楚状况，puzzled与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】对于华盛顿困惑的决策者来说，这意味着匆忙地从一项政策转向另一项政策，以应对高度混乱的经济形势。12. 填空题Three bro

42、ad categories of terrorist crime may be distinguished, not in legal terms, but with intention.Foremost is the use of violence and the threat of violence to create public fear. A B C D【答案】C with intention改为by intention【解析】【考查点】被动语态。【解题思路】根据be distinguished，可知此句为被动语态，by intention指的是通过意图来区分。【句意】恐怖主义犯罪的

43、三大类可以通过意图而不是法律术语加以区分。其中最重要的是使用暴力和暴力威胁来制造公众恐惧。13. 单选题Part of the motivation for exploring the Kuiper Belt was the recognition of just how little we know about this cold, dark region at the fringe of our solar system.问题1选项A.coreB.edgeC.visionD.formation【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. core （物体的）中心部分 B. edge边，边缘C. vi

44、sion 视力，视野 D. formation 组成，形成【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】fringe的意思为“（地区或群体的）边缘”，这里指的是对太阳系的边缘了解不多，edge与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】探索柯伊伯带的部分动机是意识到我们对太阳系边缘这片寒冷、黑暗的区域知之甚少。14. 单选题Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotiona world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no t

45、error or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear:

46、 people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Societys economic underpinnings would be destroyed: sin

47、ce earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and

48、adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. Truly we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to ushurt us, surprise us,

49、anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply th

50、ese categories to every aspect of our social lifefrom what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order t

51、o maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in anti-social acts.1

52、. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _.2. According to the passage, peoples learning activities are possible because they _.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _.4. The emotional aspects

53、of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they _.问题1选项A.they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would not be happy with a life without loveD.they would do things that hurt each others fe

54、elings问题2选项A.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB.benefit from providing help and support to one anotherC.enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingD.know what is vital to the progress of society问题3选项A.the ability to make moneyB.the will to work for pleasureC.the capacit

55、y to enjoy incentivesD.the categorizations of our emotional experiences问题4选项A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal and penal systemD.help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

56、The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _. 在没有情感的世界里，人们无法生存的原因是_。A. they would not be able to tell the texture of objects A. 他们不能分辨物体的质地B. they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them B. 他们不知道什么对他们是有益的，什么是有害的C. they would not b

57、e happy with a life without love C. 如果没有爱，他们的生活就不会幸福D. they would do things that hurt each others feelings D. 他们会做一些伤害彼此感情的事情【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词stay alive定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“人类生存的机会几乎为零（survive are next to zero），因为（because）情感是我们生存和适应的基本工具（emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and a

58、daptation）。”；紧接着在下一句提出情感为什么是生存所必须的，也就是“情感以重要的方式为我们构建了世界（Emotions structure the world）”；然后在该段倒数第三句点出情感对于在社会生存的作用，也就是“与物体和事件的情感经历使我们产生了一种社会认同感，即认为某些事情和行为是好的，其他的则是坏的（agreement that certain things and actions are good and others are bad）”，可知情感可以让人知道什么是有益的，什么是有害的，这是情感对于生存很重要的原因，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们不能分辨物

59、体的质地”：对应第二段第四句“的确，我们会考虑物体的质地（texture），但一个物体的物理特性并不重要（less important）”，物体的物理特性并没有什么妨害，更不是让人无法生存的原因，属于反向干扰；C选项“如果没有爱，他们的生活就不会幸福”：对应第一段第一句“想象一个突然失去情感的世界一个人类感觉不到爱和幸福（feel no love or happiness）的世界。”，生活不幸福，并不等同不能生存，属于偷换概念；D选项“他们会做一些伤害彼此感情的事情”：没有感情，就不存在伤害感情这件事，属于曲解原文。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, peo

60、ples learning activities are possible because they _. 根据文章，人们的学习活动得以存在，因为他们_。A. believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive A. 认为情感是他们生存的基础B. benefit from providing help and support to one another B. 从互相提供帮助和支持中获益C. enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing C. 享受因为做正确的事而得到的奖励D.

61、 know what is vital to the progress of society D. 知道什么对社会进步至关重要【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词learning activities定位到第一段第四句，该处讲到“他们不会学习：因为这个没有情感的世界缺少奖励（rewards）和惩罚，他们无法从经验中获益（benefit from experience）。”，可知人们学习是因为学习的经验让他们进步，学习带来奖励，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“认为情感是他们生存的基础”：情感是生存的基础，不代表就要学习，属于偷换概念；B选项“从互相提供帮助和支持中获益”：对于学习而言，是通过学习的经验带来好处，而不是相互帮助带来好处，属于偷换概念；D选项“知道什么对社会进步至关重要”：文中没有提到学习对社会进步的重要作用，属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that the