2022年考博英语-南京大学考前模拟强化练习题94（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-南京大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Using many symbols make （ ） to put a large amount of information on a single map.问题1选项A.possibleB.it possibleC.it is possibleD.that possible【答案】B【解析】语法知识。it 做形式宾语，后面用动词不定式to do 接真正的宾语。句意：用大量的符号把大量的信息放在一张图上成为可能。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Fun is what we experience during an act.

2、 Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more（ ） emotion.问题1选项A.compellingB.abidingC.violentD.sophisticated【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。compelling “引人注目的”；abiding “持久的”；violent “暴力的”；sophisticate “复杂的”。句意：乐趣是在一种行为中体会到的。快乐是在行为之后体会到的。快乐的感受更深一些，并且更加持久一些。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题Often such arguments have

3、 the effect of （ ）rather than clarifying the issues involved.问题1选项A.obscuringB.prejudicingC.tacklingD.blocking【答案】A【解析】考查近义词解析。obscure “使模糊不清；”prejudice “使有偏见”；tackle “阻碍”；block “阻塞”，句意：这样的争论经常会使问题变得含糊不清，而不能使问题更明确。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Ill go to the airport tomorrow morning to （ ） a good friend who leaves f

4、or Australia.问题1选项A.see offB.send offC.turn offD.say departure【答案】A【解析】词组辨析。see off“送别，送行”；send off“发送，派遣”；turn off“关掉，拐弯”；say departure“说离开”。句意：明天早上我将去机场，跟我即将去往澳大利亚的朋友送别。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题The pioneers of the teaching of science imagined that its introduction into education would move the conventionalit

5、y, artificiality, and backward-lookingness which were characteristic of classical studies, but they were gravely disappointed. So, too, in their time had the humanists) thought that the study of the classical authors in the original would banish at once the dull pedantry and superstition of mediaeva

6、l scholasticism. The professional schoolmaster was a match for both of them，and has almost managed to make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of Virgils Aeneid.The chief claim for the use of science in education is that it teaches a child somethi

7、ng about the actual universe in which he is living in, making him acquainted with the results of scientific discovery, and at the same time teaches him how to think logically and inductively by studying scientific method. A certain limited success has been reached in the first of these aims, but pra

8、ctically none at all in the second. Those privileged members of the community who have been through a secondary or public school education may be expected to know something about the elementary physics and chemistry of a hundred years ago, but they probably know hardly more than any bright boy can p

9、ick up from an interest in wireless or scientific hobbies out of school hours.As to the learning of scientific method, the whole thing is palpably a farce. Actually, for the convenience of teachers and the requirements of the examination system, it is necessary that the pupils not only do not learn

10、scientific method but learn precisely the reverse，that is, to believe exactly what they are told and to reproduce it when asked, whether it seems nonsense to them or not. The way in which educated people respond to such quackeries as spiritualism or astrology, not to say more dangerous ones such as

11、racial theories or currency myths, shows that fifty years of education in the method of science in Britain or Germany has produced no visible effect whatever. The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience, and, until the educational or social system

12、s are altered to make this possible, the best we can expect is the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire some of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.1.The author implies that the professional schoolmaster” (line 6) has（ ）.2

13、.The author blames all of the following for the failure to impart scientific method through the（ ）.3.If the author were to study current education in science to see how things have changed since he wrote the piece, he would probably be most interested in the answer to which of the following question

14、s?4.All of the following can be inferred from the text except（ ）.问题1选项A.no interest in teaching scienceB.thwarted attempts to enliven educationC.supported the humanistsD.been a pioneer in both science and humanities.问题2选项A.lack of interest on the part of studentsB.poor teachingC.examination methodsD

15、.the social and education systems问题3选项A.Do students know more about the world about them?B.Do students spend more time in laboratories?C.Can students apply their knowledge logically?D.Have textbooks improved?问题4选项A.at the time of writing, not all children received a secondary school educationB.it is

16、 relatively easy to learn scientific methodC.science teaching has imparted some knowledge of facts to some childrenD.the author believes that many teachers are authoritarian【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as

17、the reading of Virgils Aeneid.” 这些专业的老师使化学反应的理解变得乏味，使阅读变得教条化，所以教育越来越没有活跃度。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，因为老师们图方便和考试制度，使学生们没有更好地学习科学方法，直到教育制度或者社会制度发生了变化才能使学生们对科学方法的学习成为可能。所以作者没有提及学生们的兴趣问题。选项A符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章内容，作者最关心的是学生们有没有接受到科学方法教育，最后一段可以看出，“the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire so

18、me of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.”，一部分人能研究获得科学技术和方法，但是运用的人很少。由此可见，作者关心的学生能否用一些科学的方法获得知识。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience”，学习科学方法是漫长而痛苦的，并不是简单的，选项B符

19、合题意。6. 单选题Without exposure to the cultural, intellectual, and moral traditions that are our heritage, we are excluded from a common world that （1 ） generations. On the one hand, such exclusion tends to（2 ）us to recreate everything, a needless and largely impossible task; On the other hand, it tends

20、to make us（3）, to suggest that we are indeed the creators of the world and of all good ideas （4） in fact we are only a fragment of the history of man. （5）entirely to ourselves, we could make only the slimmest contributions to wisdom.While the humanities overlap the fine and liberal arts, they are al

21、so related of necessity to the sciences and to technology. Some of the （6）of the humanities raise questions about what ends are worthy to be（7）, what ideals deserve （8）But since it is futile to know what is worth doing without having any idea of how to get things done, effective study in the humanit

22、ies requires respect for and attainment of factual knowledge and technological skill. （9）, it is pointless to know how to get things done without having any idea what is worth doing, so that informed study in applied science demands （10） in the humanities.问题1选项A.crossedB.passes downC.survivesD.exist

23、s问题2选项A.warnB.facilitateC.compelD.encourage问题3选项A.arrogantB.exhaustedC.productiveD.reliable问题4选项A.sinceB.whenC.whereasD.which问题5选项A.ProvidedB.LeftC.ReservedD.Kept问题6选项A.arenasB.communitiesC.subjectsD.disciplines问题7选项A.followedB.investigatedC.servedD.abandoned问题8选项A.identificationB.maintenanceC.rever

24、enceD.endeavor问题9选项A.SimilarlyB.ContrarilyC.VirtuallyD.Literally问题10选项A.concentrationB.presuppositionC.revelationD.reflection【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:B第10题:A【解析】（1）词义辨析。cross “穿过，交叉”；pass down “使流传”；survive “生存，幸存”；exist “存在”。根据文意，如果我们不接触到流传的文化和传统，我们将会排除在流传给下一代的大同世界之外。选项B符合题意。

25、（2）动词词义辨析。warm “警告”；facilitate “促进，帮助”；compel “强迫，迫使”；encourage “鼓励”。根据文意，这种排斥倾向于促使我们重塑所有，这是一项不必要并且不可能完成的任务。选项C符合题意。（3）形容词词义辨析。根据文意，另一方面会使我们感到自大，认为我们是世界的创造者，选项A符合题意。（4）逻辑推理。前一句说道我们是世界和优秀思想的创造者，后一句提到我们实际上只是历史中的一个小碎片。前后形成了对比和转折。选项C符合题意。（5）动词词义辨析。provide “提供，装备”；leave “留下”；reserve “保存”；keep “保留”。句意：如果完

26、全只有我们自己的话，那我们对智慧的贡献是相当微薄的。所以用keep sth. to oneself 的结构，选项D符合题意。（6）名词词义辨析。arena “舞台，竞技场”；community“社区，共同体”；subject“主题，学科”；discipline“纪律”。句意：人文科学的一些社区团体提出了一些问题。选项B符合题意。（7）动词词义辨析。Followed“追逐，追求”；investigate“调查”；serve“招待”；abandon“丢弃，抛弃”。根据文意，这些社团提出的问题是，哪些目标是值得追随的。选项A符合题意。（8）名词词义辨析。identification“鉴定，识别”；m

27、aintenance“维持，维护”；reverence“崇敬，尊严”；endeavor“努力”。根据文意，问题是什么样的理想值得人们去尊重。选项C符合题意。（9）逻辑推理。考查对上下文相关语句关系的把握，区分表示联系的副词。similarly“相似地”； contrarily“反之”；virtually“实际上”；literally “照字面地，不夸张地”。根据文意，确实地。前一句提到只知道什么事情是值得做的，但是不知道具体方法是无用的，空格后一句提到只知道如何把事情做好，而不知道什么事情是值得做的也是没意义的。所以前后两句是相反的。选项B符合题意。（10）名词词义辨析。concentrati

28、on“专心，专注”；presupposition“假定，预设”；revelation“揭露”；reflection“反映，沉思”。句意：在对应用科学进行研究时，也需要对人文科学投以关注。选项A符合题意。7. 翻译题 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 世界与宇宙的本质是什么？这是中国哲学的基本问题。春秋时期的思想家老子是第一个尝试进行阐释的中国哲学家，老子认为“道”乃宇宙及世界之源。道无始终，“道”即“天”，“天”即“道”。老子主张“道法自然”。这个观点揭示了一个平凡但深刻的真理：天、地、人及世间的一切都有着自然的属性

29、，人类作为自然的一部分应当遵循自然的法则，而不应无节制地向自然索取。【答案】What is the essence of the world and universe? This is a basic problem in Chinese philosophy. Lao Tze of spring and autumn period attempted to explain Chinese philosophy firstly. He though that “Tao” is the source of our world or universe. “Tao” has no end or be

30、ginning. And the universe is Tao, and Tao is universe. Lao Tze advocated the theory of “the rule is consistent with nature”, which shows us a simple but profound truth: All things in the world, including universe, earth and human have natural attributes. As a part of nature, human beings shouldnt as

31、k the nature for resources immoderately and need to obey the natures rules.8. 单选题It is estimated that a scientific principle has a life expectancy of approximately a decade before it drastically revised or replaced by newer information.问题1选项A.estimatedB.a life expectancyC.decadeD.it drastically【答案】D

32、【解析】根据题中it is estimated可知，D项应该也为被动语态it is drastically revised，构成并列结构，句意：据估计，在一项科学原则被新的信息彻底地修改和更新之前，预期的寿命大概是十年。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Even today, when air and road travel has made Africa so readily accessible to Europeans and Americans, there are innumerable aspects of African life which tend to take one by s

33、urprise. The unfamiliar lies hidden everywhere, and the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity. Basically, the essence of our reaction to the strange, the unfamiliar, is a sense of fear. Every country contains landscapes that arouse uneasewhether it be some remote A

34、lpine valley, the wild lavender fields of Upper Province, or a lonely Norwegian fjord at twilight. But in my own experience West Africa contains more weird and eerie regionsrain-forest, mangroveswamp, parched plains of red earththan any other place that I have seen. It is not only in the foreigner t

35、hat these landscapes evoke fear. A large part of all old African religions is devoted to soothing the unknown and the unseenevil spirits which live in a particular tree or a particular rock, a thousand varieties of ghosts and witches, the ever-present spirits of dead ancestors or relatives. I have m

36、yself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos who was convinced that the witches of the east were out to get him, or that he was about to be kidnapped and eaten. During four and a half hours in a canoe along the creeks of the Niger della, gliding over the still and colorless water

37、 beneath an equally still and colorless but burning sky, I, too, have experienced a sense of fear, or at least a sense of awe. Except for the ticking of the little outboard engine the silence was complete. On either hand stretched the silver-white swamps of mangrove, seeming, with their awkward expo

38、sed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water. Where the creek narrowed you could peer deep into these thickets of mangrovesvistas secret, interminable and somehow meaningless. There was no sign of life except for the shrill screech of some unseen bird.I was on my way to the ancient slaving port

39、of Bonny, which we reached in late afternoon. Scrambling up some derelict stone steps (slithery with slime and which had managed to detach themselves from the landing-stage so that you had to jump a two-foot gap to reach wet land), 1 found myself in an area of black mud and tumbled blocks of stone.1

40、.There are features of Western culture which are present in West Africa（ ）.2.A lot of the old African religion has to do with （ ）3.The author was kept awake by（ ）.4.“ Mangrove” means（ ）问题1选项A.This fact makes it easier to accept the unfamiliarity of West Africa,B.This fact makes West Africa seem even

41、 stranger.C.This fact makes no difference to our reaction to West Africa.D.This fact has been greatly overemphasized.问题2选项A.kidnapping peopleB.keeping the spirits awakeC.human sacrificeD.keeping the spirits happy问题3选项A.a ghostB.his friendC.the witchesD.eerie feelings问题4选项A.a sort of birdB.a sort of

42、manC.a sort of treeD.a sort of animal【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.根据文章第一段第二句，“the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity”，推断出西非文化似乎表现出得更加陌生，选项B符合题意。2.根据文章第一段第七句，“to soothing the unknown and the unseenevil spirits”，可推断一些宗教是为了抚慰那些未知的死去的灵魂。选项D符合题意。3.根据文章第一段，“I have my

43、self been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos”，可推断我是因为朋友而不能入睡。选项B符合题意。4.根据文章第一段，“with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water.” 句意：它们的根暴露出来，站立在齐膝深的水中。可推断出mangrove应该是一种树，选项C符合题意。10. 单选题Some social critics took a dim view of the industrialism of the ninetee

44、nth century, believing that it （ ） a harsh, crude life-style.问题1选项A.eradicatedB.facilitatedC.releasedD.imagined【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。eradicate “根除，消灭”；facilitate “促进，助长”；release “释放，发行”；imagine “想象，猜想”。句意：一些社会批判家对19世纪的工业化持悲观态度，认为它助长了一种严酷粗糙的生活方式。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题Donor fatigue and （ ） of the countrys poverty

45、are now causing those hopes to wither.问题1选项A.expenditureB.extremityC.wreckageD.supremacy【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。expenditure “支出”；extremity “极端”；wreckage “残骸”；supremacy “至高无上”。句意：捐赠者的疲倦和这个国家的极端贫困导致希望越来越渺茫。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatu

46、res，especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud，feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be

47、poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?For some fifty million years，despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Co

48、mmon in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-colored and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usual

49、ly the creatures are cucumber-shapedhence their name and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with (heir flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night,

50、 sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low metabolic ratefeeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty. they would devour all the food availa-ble in a short

51、 time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentac

52、les. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or the water becomes too polluted.1.According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumber important?2.The fourth paragraph of the p

53、assage primarily discusses（ ）3.What can be inferred about the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumber?4.Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water?问题1选项A.Because it helps them digest food.B.Because it helps them protect themselves from danger.C

54、.Because it makes it easier for them to move through mud.D.Because it makes them attractive to fish.问题2选项A.the reproduction of sea cucumbersB.the food sources of sea cucumbersC.the eating habits of sea cucumbersD.threats to sea cucumbers existence问题3选项A.They are very sensitive to the surrounding sti

55、muli.B.They are almost useless.C.They require group cooperation.D.They are similar to those of most sea creatures.问题4选项A.A touchB.FoodC.Unusually warm waterD.Pollution【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean curre

56、nts.”。可知海参的颜色和形状使它们可以藏进裂缝中，可以远离捕食者，更好地保护自己。选项B符合题意。2.主旨题。根据第四段，“Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night.”。海参的胃口很大，可以昼夜不停地吃。可知第四段主要讨论海参的饮食习惯。选项C符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched” 一受到攻击甚至是触摸，海参把内脏会喷射到水里然后重

57、生，可推断出海参对外界的攻击反应是很灵敏的。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段， “if it is attacked or even touched if the surrounding water temperature is too high or the water becomes too polluted.”。可知水温、水污染、攻击或者触碰都会使海参有反应。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题The sheer diversity of tropical plants represents a seemingly （ ） source of raw materials, of

58、 which only a few have been utilized.问题1选项A.exploitedB.controversialC.inexhaustibleD.remarkable【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。exploited “被利用的”；controversial “有争议的”；inexhaustible “无穷无尽的”；remarkable “卓越的，非凡的”。句意：热带植物的多样性代表了似乎用之不竭的原材料，其中只有少部分被利用了。选项C符合题意。14. 单选题We shall probably never be able to（ ） the exact nature

59、of these sub-atomic particles.问题1选项A.assertB.impartC.ascertainD.notify【答案】C【解析】考查上下文动词词义解析。assert “维护，主张”；impart “给予，传授”；ascertain “确定，查明”；notify “通知，公布”。句意：我们也许永远不能确定这些亚原子粒子的确切性质。选项C符合题意15. 单选题Thomas Leech（ ）a very successful career as a photographer.问题1选项A.built upB.carved outC.fought forD.stumble

60、d on【答案】B【解析】动词词组辨析。build up “增强，加强”；carved out “创业，开创”；fought for “为.而奋斗”；stumble on “无意中发现，偶然遇到”。句意：托马斯作为一名摄影师开创了一份成功的事业。选项B符合题意。16. 单选题James is quite （ ） with the customs and languages of the people in that part of the country.问题1选项A.knowledgeableB.commonC.awareD.familiar【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。knowledg

61、eable “博学的”;common “普遍的”;aware “意识到的”;familiar “熟悉的”。句意：詹姆斯对这个国家的这个地区人们的习俗和语言都相当熟悉。选项D符合题意。17. 单选题Though I had tried to explain it as clearly as possible, my explanation seemed not to（ ）.问题1选项A.get upB.get alongC.get acrossD.get down【答案】C【解析】动词短语。get up“起床”；get along“相处，进展”；get across “使被理解”；get down“从下来，使沮丧”。句意：尽管我努力解释地足够清楚了，但是我的解释似乎不能被理解。选项C符合题意。18. 单选题If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at