2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前模拟强化练习题15（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题我们的国家走向现代化，最大的障碍，并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十几亿人口的素质问题。资金可以积累，技术可以创造，也可以引进， 但十几亿人口的整体素质是无法引进的，必须靠我们自己去提高。据约略估计，中国品牌约占国内冰箱和洗衣机市场的90%,空调市场的70%-80%, 彩电市场的60%。在许多领域，产品质量有很大提高。中国一家主要的家电厂商，已经从价格转向以质量、高效销售和售后服务进行竞争。【答案】（1）On the way to modernization, the biggest obstacl

2、e to our country is not the shortage of natural resources, nor the lack of funds, still less the problem of technology, but rather the quality of over one billion people. Funds can be accumulated, technology can be created or imported, but the quality of such a large population, which cannot be intr

3、oduced from abroad, should be improved on our own.（2）Its roughly estimated that Chinese brands approximately account for 90% domestic market share of refrigerators and washing machines, with 70% to 80% of air conditioners, 60% of color TVs. In many fields, the quality of Chinese brand products has i

4、mproved greatly. A major Chinese manufacturer of home appliances has oriented its competition from price to the quality of product, high effective sales and after-sales service.2. 单选题These varied racial groups have learned to live together in peace and（ ），setting an example well worth following.问题1选

5、项A.harmonyB.graceC.rhythmD.relief【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。harmony和睦，融洽； grace 优雅；rhythm 节奏，韵律；relief救济，减轻； peace and harmony和谐和平，是固定搭配。句意：这些不同的种族群体已学会和平共处地生活在一起，树立了值得学习的榜样。答案A3. 单选题If we continue to argue over minor points we wont get （ ）near a solution.问题1选项A.somewhereB.nowhereC.anywhereD.everywhere【答案】C【解析

6、】考查副词辨析。somewhere “某个地方”；get somewhere“有进展，有结果”； nowhere “无处；任何地方”；get nowhere“无进展；无结果”；anywhere “任何地方”； everywhere “每个地方”。句意：如果我们继续为小事争吵的话，我们找不到任何解决问题的方法。由前半句的假设的内容可推知不好的结果。答案C4. 单选题Marcia and Bill were （ ）of the presidents scholarship for fine arts.问题1选项A.creatorsB.donorsC.recipientsD.instigators【

7、答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。creator “创造者，创建者”；donor “捐赠者”；recipient “接受者”；instigator “煽动者，教唆者”。句意：Marcia和Bill是美术领域的总统奖学金的接受者。C项符合句意，答案C5. 单选题Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of （ ）standards.问题1选项A.equivalentB.alikeC.uniformD.likely【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。equivalent “同等的”；alike “相似的，相同的”

8、；uniform “统一的”；likely“很可能的”。 由despite表让步关系，以及后半句中的inns are less costly than hotels可推知在同等标准条件下才能将旅馆与酒店的收费进行对比。句意：尽管旅馆的服务很好，但是大多数旅馆的收费相比同等标准的酒店更低。答案A6. 单选题Acting is such an over-crowded profession that the only advice that should be given to a young person thinking of going on the stage is “Dont!” But

9、 it is useless to try to discourage someone who feels that he must act, though the chances of his becoming famous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go to a drama school. Usually only students who show promise and talent are accepted, and the course lasts two years. Then the young actor or actr

10、ess takes up work with a repertory company, usually as an assistant stage manager. This means doing everything that there is to do in the theatre: painting scenery, looking after the furniture, taking care of the costumes, and even acting in very small parts. It is very hard work indeed. The hours a

11、re long and the salary is tiny. But young actors with the stage in their blood are happy, waiting for the chances of working with a better company, or perhaps in films or television.Of course, some people have unusual chances which lead to fame and success without this long and dull training. Connie

12、 Pratt, for example, was just an ordinary girl working in a bicycle factory. A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop, as he drove past in his big car. He told the driver to stop, and he got out to speak to the girl. He asked her if she would like to go to the

13、 film studio to do a test, and at first she thought he was joking. Then she got angry and said she would call the police. It took the producer twenty minutes to tell Connie that he was serious. Then an appointment was made for her to go to the studio the next day. The test was successful. They gave

14、her some necessary lessons and within a few weeks she was playing the leading part opposite one of the most famous actors of the day. Of course, she was given a more dramatic name, which is now world-famous. But chances like this happen once in a blue moon!1.According to the passage, the main reason

15、 why young people should be discouraged from becoming actors is（ ）.2.An assistant stage managers job is difficult because he has to（ ）.3.According to the context, the sentence But young actors with the stage in their blood are happy at the end of the first paragraph means（ ）.4.The phrase “once in a

16、blue moon” in last line refers to（ ）.问题1选项A.actors are very unusual peopleB.the course at the drama school lasts two yearsC.acting is really a hard jobD.there are already too many actors问题2选项A.do all kinds of stage workB.work for long hoursC.wait for a better companyD.act well问题3选项A.they dont care i

17、f their job is hardB.they like the stage naturallyC.they are born happyD.they are easily satisfied问题4选项A.all at onceB.once for a long timeC.once in a whileD.once and for all【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由“Acting is such an over-crowded profession that the only advice that should be given to

18、a young person thinking of going on the stage is Dont! 演戏是一个非常拥挤的职业，对于一个想要走上舞台的年轻人来说，唯一应该给的建议就是“不要!”可知演员行业人太多了。答案选D第2题:细节事实题。由第一段“This means doing everything that there is to do in the theatre: painting scenery, looking after the furniture, taking care of the costumes, and even acting in very small

19、parts. It is very hard work indeed. 这意味着在剧院里每件事都要做：画风景画，照看家具，照看戏服，甚至在很小的部分表演。这确实是很辛苦的工作。可知舞台经理的助理需要做各种事情，所以这项工作很艰难。答案选A第3题:细节事实题。根据第一段最后句“But young actors with the stage in their blood are happy, waiting for the chances of working with a better company, or perhaps in films or television. 但是血液中有舞台的年轻

20、演员们是快乐的，他们等待着与更好的公司合作的机会，或许是在电影或电视行业。”由young actors with the stage in their blood are happy“血液中有舞台”说明对舞台的热爱是天生的。故B项符合题意，答案选B。第4题:判断推理题。由最后一段第一句“Of course, some people have unusual chances which lead to fame and success without this long and dull training. 当然，有些人有不寻常的机会，不用这种长期和枯燥的训练而一举成名。”以及举的例子可知onc

21、e in a blue moon意为不寻常的，千载难逢的。答案选B7. 单选题This border incident led to the two countries （ ）diplomatic relations in 1965.问题1选项A.breaking upB.finishingC.cutting outD.breaking off【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。break up “打碎，分手”； finish “完成”； cut out“切断，删去”； break off “中断”。句意：这次边境冲突导致这两个国家在1965年中断了外交关系。由border incident可推知

22、这两国中断了外交关系。答案D8. 单选题Mary was sure to win the prize. Her beauty and intelligence made her （ ）from the candidates.问题1选项A.show offB.stand outC.appear upD.distinguish out【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。show off “炫耀”；stand out “突出，脱颖而出”； appear up“出现”； distinguish out “分辨出”。句意：Mary肯定能获奖。她的美丽和聪明将让她从候选者中脱颖而出。由前半句以及Her bea

23、uty and intelligence可知她的外貌和才智将使她从候选者中脱颖而出。答案B9. 单选题We have invested （ ）80,000 in this project, but till now there is no hope for us to get a penny back.问题1选项A.subsequentlyB.unexpectedlyC.approximatelyD.reluctantly【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。subsequently“随后”；unexpectedly “出乎意料地”； approximately “大约”；reluctantly “

24、不情愿地”。句意：尽管我们已在这个项目上投资了大约8万英镑，但是直到现在我们拿回一分钱的希望都没有。C项最符合句意，故答案C10. 翻译题There are 2 short passages in this part. Passage A is for you to translate from English to Chinese and passage B is from Chinese to English.Passage ACustom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner

25、workings of our brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any

26、one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how abnormal. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the worl

27、d with pure eyes. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind certain stereotypes. John Dewey has said that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of the

28、 mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk.Passage B教育的主要目标之一就是给未来的公民准备好他们在成人社会占有一席之地所需要的一切。当今的成人社会由男人和女人组成，所以男女分开的学校怎么可能为他们的 将来做好恰当的准备呢？男女同校的教育给孩子提供的完全是现实社会的真实缩影。男 孩女孩都有机会互相了解，有机会学着从小在一起生活。在这里，他们可以在学习能力、 体育运动成绩和许多课外活动方面进行相互比较，这些都是学校生活的一部分。【答案】风俗一般不被认为是什么重要的课题。我们认为我们大脑的内部活动特别值得研究。但对于传统风

29、俗，我们却觉得那不过是最平常的行为而已。但事实恰恰相反。全世界的风俗习惯是很多具体行为的集合，这些具体行为不管有多不正常，也比任何个体行为令人惊讶。这只是问题的次要方面。最重要的是，风俗习惯在人们的经验及信仰上扮演的重要角色以及它所体现的多样性。没有人能以纯净的眼睛看待世界。即使在哲学探索中，他也没有彻底抛弃成见。约翰杜威曾经说过，风俗对于个体行为的塑造之于个体对风俗的影响，正如一个人的母语词汇与他的咿呀学语一样。A major goal of education is to prepare everything they need for future citizens to their p

30、lace in adult society. Todays adult community is composed of men and women, so, how can schools separate men and women to make appropriate preparations for their future? What co-educational education provided to children is completely true microcosm of the real world. They have the opportunity to ha

31、ve mutual understanding and learn to live together. Here, they can compare with each other in learning abilities, sports performance and many extra-curricular activities and all of these are parts of school life.11. 单选题I would never have （ ）a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate.问题1选项A.sought f

32、orB.accounted forC.turned upD.resorted to【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。seek for“寻求，追求”；account for“对做出解释”；turn up “出现，发生”；resort to “依靠，求助于，诉诸”。句意：如果我没到如此绝望的地步，我是不会诉诸法律的。根据前后句意可知D项符合，答案D12. 单选题The final document was, of course, supposed to mend the damage （ ）upon the world by the war.问题1选项A.imposedB.impressedC.co

33、mpelledD.compressed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。 impose“把 强加于”； impress“给予印象”； compel“强迫，迫使”；compress “压缩”。句意：当然，最终的文件应该去修复战争强加给世界的损害。impose upon“强加给” 为固定搭配。答案A13. 单选题When it comes to teaching（ ）, many parents believe that if they teach their children and treat them kindly, the kids will know how to behave.问题1选项

34、A.mentalityB.moralityC.complicatedD.majority【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。mentality 心理，智力；morality道德，品行，美德；complicated 复杂的； majority 多数。句意：说到道德教育，许多家长相信如果他们温和地教育孩子，对待孩子，孩子们就知道如何守规矩了。下文提到的内容属于道德品行范畴，故B项符合题意。答案B14. 单选题Why this otherwise excellent newspaper allows such an article to be printed is（ ）.问题1选项A.above meB

35、.beyond meC.beside meD.lip to me【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。 above“在之上”； beyond “超过”； beside “在旁边”；up“在上方”。句意：我实在无法理解，这份本来很出色的报纸怎么会允许这篇文章被发表出来。beyond sb.超出某人能理解的范围。答案B15. 单选题One study found that job applicants who make more eye contacts are （ ）as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.问题1选项A.referred

36、B.perceivedC.recommendedD.presumed【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。referred 提到，关系到；perceived感觉，认为； recommended 推荐，劝告； presumed 以为，假定。句意：一项研究发现，眼神接触多的求职者会被视为更有警觉、独立、自信和有责任心。B项符合句意，答案B16. 单选题Designed to meet the global need for a jetliner sized between the companys own 767-300 and 4-engine 747-400, the new planes seat

37、ing （ ）made it the worlds largest two-engine passenger plane.问题1选项A.abilityB.capacityC.capabilityD.facility【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。seating capacity “载客人数”，为固定搭配，故答案B。ability“能力”； capability “性能，容量”； facility“设施”。 句意：它的载客人数使其成为世界上最大的双引擎客机。答案B17. 单选题Some people either（ ）avoid questions of right and wrong or r

38、emain neutral about them.问题1选项A.violentlyB.enthusiasticallyC.sincerelyD.deliberately【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。violently “激烈地，猛烈地” ；enthusiastically “热心地，满腔热情地” ；sincerely“真诚地”；deliberately “故意地”。句意：有些人不是故意避开是非的问题就是保持中立。eitheror要么要么，表示并列关系，故答案D18. 单选题The teachers of the college are making great efforts to （ ）i

39、n their students the habit of speaking English.问题1选项A.cultivateB.accomplishC.assistD.require【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。cultivate “培养，陶冶”；accomplish “完成，实现”； assist“帮助”；require“需要，要求”。句意：这所大学的老师花很多努力培养学生说外语的习惯。A项符合题意，答案A19. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of eve

40、ry five Americans at work was employed, i.e. worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a s

41、ubstantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working populati

42、on, growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubio

43、us advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist, trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have

44、employee-ship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee-ship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee rather than because the

45、y do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.1.It is implied that fifty

46、years ago（ ）.2.According to the passage, with the development of modern industry,（ ）.3.According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is（ ）.4.From the passage it can be seen that employee-ship helps one（ ）.问题1选项A.eighty percent of American working people were employed in factoriesB.twenty

47、per cent of intellectuals were employeesC.the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workersD.the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers问题2选项A.factory laborers will overtake intellectual e

48、mployees in numberB.there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborersC.employers have attached great importance to factory laborersD.the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased问题3选项A.less important than awareness of being a good employeeB.as important

49、 as the ability to deal with public relationsC.more important than employer-employee relationsD.as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization问题4选项A.to be more successful in his careerB.to solve technical problemsC.to be more specialized in his fieldD.to develop his profes

50、sional skill【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由“when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellect

51、ual and technical skills. 50年前，“受雇”意味着当工厂工人或农场工人，而今天的雇员越来越多地是受过正规教育的中产阶级，从事需要智力和技术技能的专业或管理工作。”可知50年前受雇人群以工人为主，技术类人才较少。故D项正确。C项原文内容不符，AB项文中未提及。答案D第2题:细节事实题。由第段中“middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population, growing so fast that the industrial w

52、orker has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production. 中产阶级和上层阶级雇员一直是我国劳动人口中增长最快的群体，其增长速度如此之快，以至于尽管工业生产在扩大，但工人在数量上的重要性却在下降。”可知知识分子雇员的数量增多，而工业工人的数量减少。故D项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由第二段中 And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee-ship is more

53、 important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. 越来越多的人，尤其是在大企业或政府部门，员工关系比特殊的专业知识或技能对成功更重要。可知A项“专业技能或知识没有员工关系重要”是对原文的同义转换。故A项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由第二段中“the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work

54、within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. 你爬得越高，就越会从事行政或执行工作，就越强调在组织内工作的能力，而不是技术能力或专业知识。”可知在公司内部良好的工作关系能使人们的职业生涯更成功。答案A20. 单选题To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates eve

55、ry action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is if pored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than Monkey see, monkey do.Look at it from the childs point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacki

56、ng a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a seco

57、nd element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket (叫嚷)is unp

58、leasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more attention and approval when his parents like his response. Then o

59、ther adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be

60、 like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players, while some other person may most influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a pers

61、on as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.1.For a child the first element in his learning is（ ）.2.Apart from

62、 achieving his desired result, a child should also learn to（ ）.3.Children tend to imitate the models（ ）.4.An identifying figure (Line 2, Para.5) refers to a person（ ）.问题1选项A.the need to find an authorityB.the need to find a way to achieve the desired resultC.the need for more affection from his parentsD.the desire to meet the standards of his social group问题2选项A.behave properlyB.attain his goal as soon as possibleC.show his affection for his parentsD.talk quietly问题3选项A.who do not criticize them