2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前模拟强化练习题76（附答案详解）

《2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前模拟强化练习题76（附答案详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前模拟强化练习题76（附答案详解）（92页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题By the 1980s, according to international but admitted inconsistent definitions of literacy, about seven (1) ten adults in the world were considered (2). The increase in literacy from ancient (3) to the present has not been a story of unbroken progress. The ability

2、 of people within a given (4) to read and write (5) influenced by a number of (6), including (7) well-being, the (8) of material (9), the amount of education available, and the basic matter of the usefulness of reading.(10) those factors, usefulness has probably been the most (11). In ancient societ

3、ies, as people (12) into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep (13), to (14) business, and to (15) amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and products. Since all economic aspects of a society were closely (16) to the opera

4、tion of the government, literacy became useful and even (17) for the keeping of records by officials. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, his

5、tory, and philosophy.During the early Middle Ages, with the general (18) of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literacy became largely confined (19) the church. But in the (20) Middle Ages, in the period of Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in lit

6、eracy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world usefulness.问题1选项A.out ofB.outC.ofD.in问题2选项A.literateB.literacyC.literatureD.literary问题3选项A.timeB.timesC.dayD.days问题4选项A.societyB.societiesC.groupD.groups问题5选项A.isB.has beenC.wasD.to be问题6选项A.factorsB.factorC.reasonD.reason

7、s问题7选项A.economicB.economicalC.economicsD.economy问题8选项A.reachingB.acquisitionC.availabilityD.getting问题9选项A.readingB.readC.to readD.readings问题10选项A.OnB.OfC.InD.During问题11选项A.decideB.decisionC.decidingD.decisive问题12选项A.setB.seatedC.settledD.said问题13选项A.recordB.recordsC.diaryD.diaries问题14选项A.doB.makeC.i

8、nvolveD.transact问题15选项A.decideB.measureC.seeD.feel问题16选项A.tiedB.triedC.tiredD.ties问题17选项A.necessarilyB.necessityC.necessaryD.need问题18选项A.breakthroughB.break offC.breakoutD.breakdown问题19选项A.toB.inC.withinD.with问题20选项A.fromB.lateC.laterD.former【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B第6题:A第7题:A第8题:C第9题:C第10题:B第11

9、题:D第12题:C第13题:B第14题:D第15题:B第16题:A第17题:C第18题:D第19题:A第20题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】A. out of 由于，在外 B. out 出现，向外C. of 的 D. in 在里面【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格前后为基数词，可知“数字+out of+数字”表示“几分之几/几个中的几个”，所以这里填A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不能与其搭配。【句意】大约十分之七的成年人。2.【选项释义】A. literate 受过教育的 B. literacy 读写能力C. literature 文学 D. literary 文学的【考查点】关键词同义

10、转换。【解题思路】根据前半句中的关键词literacy可知，此处要填入关键词literacy的形容词形式，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合句子语义和语法。【句意】到20世纪80年代，根据国际上对读写能力的定义，但公认的是不一致的，世界上大约十分之七的成年人被认为是受过教育的。3.【选项释义】A. time 时间 B. times 倍数，时代C. day 一天 D. days 每天（复数）【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由fromto以及to后面的present可知，这里是表示时间，ancient通常和times搭配，所以B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合搭配。【句意】从古

11、至今，文化水平的提高并不是一个持续不断的进步。4.【选项释义】A. society 社会 B. societies 社会（复数）C. group 群体，组 D. groups 群体，组（复数）【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由不定冠词a可知，空格处要填入一个单数名词，而根据The ability of people to read and writeinfluenced（人们读写能力被影响）可知，空格处填入A项合适。【干扰项排除】B、D选项不符合语法用法；C选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】在一个特定的社会中。5.【选项释义】A. is 一般现在时 B. has been 现在完成时C. was 一

12、般过去时 D. to be 不定式【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】根据上文的时间标志from ancient times to the present（从古至今）可知，此空格要用现在完成时态，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合时态语法。【句意】在一个特定的社会中，人们的读写能力受到了影响。6.【选项释义】A. factors 因素（复数） B. factor 因素C. reason 理由 D. reasons 理由（复数）【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】由including可知，后面的内容是包括在该空格内的，那么由后面的内容“福利、材料、教育等”可知，这里表示的是“影响读写能力的

13、因素”，所以A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项为单数形式，不符合语法；C、D选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】在一个特定的社会中，人们阅读和写作的能力受到一些因素的影响。7.【选项释义】A. economic 经济的 B. economical 节约的C. economics 经济学 D. economy 经济制度【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由被修饰词well-being（福利）可知，修饰词用economic符合，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合句子语义。【句意】经济福利。8.【选项释义】A. reaching 达到 B. acquisition 获得C. availability 可用性

14、，可效性 D. getting 得到【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由被修饰词of material（材料的）可知，修饰词用availability符合，the availability of表示“的可用性”，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合句子语义。【句意】可用的材料。9.【选项释义】A. reading 读 B. read读C. to read 去读 D. readings读物【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】根据选项，material和read之间是表示目的，所以C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合句子语义。【句意】可供阅读的材料。10.【选项释义】A. On 在上 B.

15、 Of 的C. In 在里面 D. During 在期间【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】空格部分修饰的是usefulness，上一段最后一句中usefulness是包括在factors里面的，所以应该用表示所属关系的介词of，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合所属关系。【句意】在这些因素中。11.【选项释义】A. decide 决定（动词） B. decision 决定（名词）C. deciding 决定（现在分词） D. decisive 决定性的（形容词）【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由空格处前面的the most可知，空格处只能填入形容词，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选

16、项均不符合语法。【句意】在这些因素中，有用性可能是最具决定性的。12.【选项释义】A. set 设置 B. seated 就座C. settled 安排，定居 D. said 据说【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由从句中的宾语stable patterns of agriculture and trade（稳定的农业和贸易模式）可知，settle into（习惯于）符合句子语义，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】在古代社会，当人们开始稳定的农业和贸易模式时。13.【选项释义】A. record 记录 B. records 记录（复数）C. diary 日记 D.

17、diaries 日记（复数）【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】上半句提到了trade，这是和商业相关的，并且空格部分的并列成分中也提到了business，所以推测keep后面应该是跟records，表示“交易中的记录”，所以B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项单数形式不符合语法；C、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】对他们中的一些人来说，为了记录，读写变得很有用。14.【选项释义】A. do 做 B. make 使，制作C. involve 涉及 D. transact 交易，谈判【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由空格后的business可知，这里填入transact最恰当，表示“商业交易往来”，故D项正确

18、。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均不符合句子语义。【句意】对他们中的一些人来说，为了记录和交易，读写变得很有用。15.【选项释义】A. decide 决定 B. measure 测量C. see 看见 D. feel 感觉【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由后面的amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and products（土地、动物、货物、材料和生产的数量）可知，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合句子语义。【句意】在古代社会，当人们开始稳定的农业和贸易模式时，对于他们中的一些人来说，为了记录、交易和测量土地、动物、货物、材料和生产的数量

19、，阅读和书写变得很有用。16.【选项释义】A. tied 系，联合 B. tried 尝试C. tired （使）疲劳，疲倦D. ties 系，联合【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由since可知，这是原因状语从句，而all economic aspects of a society（社会的所有经济方面）和the operation of the government（政府的运作）之间是密切相关的，所以be tied to（捆绑于）符合，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合句子语义。【句意】由于社会的所有经济方面都与政府的运作密切相关。17.【选项释义】A. necessarily 必要

20、地，必然地 B. necessity 必需品，必然性C. necessary 必要的 D. need 需要【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】空格处成分和useful并列，所以要填入一个形容词；并且由even可知，此处表示递进关系，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】由于社会的所有经济方面都与政府的运作密切相关，对于需要记录的官员来说，读写能力是有用的甚至是有必要的。18.【选项释义】A. breakthrough 突破 B. break off 折断，突然停止C. breakout 爆发 D. breakdown 崩溃，分解【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】空格处和

21、后面的decrease属于并列关系，而修饰词是society，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】在中世纪早期，随着欧洲社会的全面崩溃和商业的衰落。19.【选项释义】A. to 对于 B. in 在里面C. within 在之内 D. with 和【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由前面的confined可知，be confined to固定用法，表示“局限于，限制在”，故A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合该固定用法。【句意】在中世纪早期，随着欧洲社会的全面崩溃和商业的衰落，读写能力在很大程度上局限于教会。20.【选项释义】A. from 从来，来自

22、B. late 晚的，迟的C. later 后来，稍后 D. former 前任的，前者的【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】从but可知，此处是对前面的转折，而根据该段第一句中的During the early Middle Ages（在中世纪早期）可知，此处应该表示的是“中世纪晚期”，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合上下文和句子语义逻辑。【句意】但在中世纪晚期。2. 翻译题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

23、Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Collaborations: The rise of research networksA fundamental shift is taking place in the geography of science. Networks of research collaboration are expanding in every region of the globe. (46) The established science superpow

24、ers of the United States and Europe have dominated the research world since 1945. Yet this Atlantic axis is unlikely to be the main focus of research by 2045. Or perhaps even by 2020.(47) New regional networks are reinforcing the competence and capacity of emerging research economies, and changing t

25、he global balance of research activity. This may well reveal different ways of approaching challenges, and solutions that are different to those of Western institutions. If the science superpowers are to avoid being left behind, they will need to step out of their comfort zones to keep up with the d

26、ynamism of the new players in this shifting landscape.(48) Collaboration is normally a good thing from a wider public perspective. Knowledge is better transferred and combined by collaboration, and co-authored papers tend to be cited more frequently. But could increased global collaboration mean a b

27、lending of objectives that risks leaving bland priorities?Co-authorship is a valid proxy for collaboration because few scientists surrender credit for their papers lightly, so we can assume that sharing of authorship reflects a tangible engagement. (49) Such publication data are readily available, c

28、over many countries and research disciplines to a good depth, and have reasonable consistency across decades. Changes in the balance of research done by the lone scientist and that done by teams can be seen in co-authorship data. Co-authorship has been increasing inexorably. Recently it has exploded

29、.(50) An issue of Nature today has a similar number of Letters to one from 60 years ago, but at least four times more authors. Similar observations have been documented from clinical science to law. In the early 1980s, papers with more than 100 authors were rare. By 1990, the annual tally with that

30、number exceeded 500and it has kept growing. The first paper with 1,000 authors was published in 2004; a paper with 3,000 authors came in 2008. By last year, a total of 120 physics papers had more than 1,000 authors and 44 had more than 3,000. Many of these are from collaborations at the Large Hadron

31、 Collider at CERN, Europes particle-physics lab near Geneva, Switzerland.【答案】【参考译文】46. 美国和欧洲这些老牌的科研大国自1945年起一直主宰科学研究领域。但该大西洋轴心可能到2045年不复维持此中心地位，甚至可能早到2020年就会如此。47. 新的地区网络正加强新兴科学经济体国家的实力，并改变着全球科学研究活动的平衡。48. 从更广范围的公众视野来看，合作一般来说是件好事。知识可以通过合作得以更好地传播和融合，合作的论文也会被他人更多的引用。49. 这些共同合作者的出版信息极易获得，涵盖诸多国家和研究领域，而且

32、近几十年来一直保持合理的一致性。50. 自然杂志收到的信件数量与60多年前相似，但作者数量至少是60年前的4倍。类似的情况在临床医学科学、法律等很多学科也可以发现。3. 单选题“Avoid compulsion,” said Plato in the Republic, “and let your childrens lessons take the form of play.” Horace, among others, recommended rewarding a child with cakes. Erasmus tells of an English gentleman who tr

33、ied to teach his son Greek and Latin without punishment. He taught the boy to use a bow and arrow and set up targets in the shape of Greek and Latin letters, rewarding each hit with a cherry. He also fed the boy letters cut from delicious biscuits. Privileges and favors are often suggested, and the

34、teacher may be personally reinforcing as friend or entertainer. In industrial education students are paid for learning. Certain explicit contrived reinforcers, such as marks, grades, and diplomas, are characteristic of education as an institution. (These suggest progress, but like progress they must

35、 be made reinforcing for other reasons.) Prizes are intrinsically reinforcing. Honors and medals derive their power from prestige or esteem. This varies between cultures and epochs. In 1876 Oscar Wilde, then 22 years old and halfway toward his B.A. at Oxford, got a “first in Mods.” He wrote to a fri

36、end: “. I did not know what I had got till the next morning at 12 oclock, breakfasting at the Mitre, I read it in the Times. Altogether I swaggered horribly but am really pleased with myself. My poor mother is in great delight, and I was overwhelmed with telegrams on Thursday from everyone I knew.”

37、The contemporary student graduating summa cum laude is less widely acclaimed.Although free of some of the by-products of aversive control, positive reinforcers of this sort are not without their problems. Many are effective only in certain states of deprivation which are not always easily arranged.

38、Making a student hungry in order to reinforce him with food would raise personal issues which are not entirely avoided with other kinds of reinforcers. We cannot all get prizes, and if some students gets high grades, others must get low.But the main problem again is the contingencies. Much of what t

39、he child is to do in school does not have the form of play, with its naturally reinforcing consequences, nor is there any natural connection with food or a passing grade or a medal. Such contingencies must be arranged by the teacher, and the arrangement is often defective. The boy mentioned by Erasm

40、us may have salivated slightly upon seeking a Greek or Latin text, and he was probably a better archer, but his knowledge of Greek and Latin could not have been appreciably improved. Grades are almost always given long after the student had stopped behaving as a student. We must know that such conti

41、ngencies are weak because we would never use them to shape skilled behavior. In industrial education pay is usually by the hourin other words, contingent mainly on being present. Scholarships are contingent on a general level of performance. All these contingencies could no doubt be improved, but th

42、ere is probably good reason why they remain defective.26. It can be inferred that the “English gentleman” believed that good teaching utilized _.27. The parenthetical remark in Paragraph 1 (These suggest progress . for other reasons) is intended to caution educators against _.28. This passage indica

43、tes that “cultures and epochs” (Paragraph 1) vary in ways that _.29. The Wilde story in Paragraph 1, “In 1876 everyone I knew,” is intended to illustrate _.30. This passage mentions which of the following as “problems” (Paragraph 2) inherent in the use of positive reinforcers in education?I. difficu

44、lties in scheduling the reinforcersII. limitations in the supply of reinforcersIII. the fact that rewards encourage only superficial learning31. In the final paragraph of this passage, the author suggests that grades are problematic as reinforcers because they _.问题1选项A.punishmentB.well-written books

45、C.rewardD.careful grading问题2选项A.failing to make grades and diplomas meaningful to studentsB.punishing students unnecessarilyC.emphasizing entertainment over rigorD.using rewards as reinforcers问题3选项A.universities choose from among their applicantsB.academic awards are effective as motivationsC.univer

46、sities teach literatureD.the media portray educational crisis问题4选项A.how a famous author used rewards to teach his studentsB.the dangerous effects of using academic rewardsC.the point that Plato makes in the first sentenceD.how the modern cultural perception of academic honors differs from that of a

47、previous era问题5选项A.I onlyB.II onlyC.I and II onlyD.I and III only问题6选项A.cannot be given to every studentB.are not publicized enoughC.are not given immediately after the desired behavior is exhibitedD.are not as useful to the student as money【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C第6题:C【解析】26.【选项释义】26. It can b

48、e inferred that the “English gentleman” believed that good teaching utilized _. 26. 可以推断，“英国绅士”认为好的教学是通过_来实现的。A. punishment A. 惩罚B. well-written books B. 好的书C. reward C. 奖励D. careful grading D. 认真的评分【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段第三至五句“伊拉斯谟讲述了一位英国绅士试图不使用惩罚来教他的儿子希腊语和拉丁语的故事。他教男孩使用弓和箭，并设置希腊和拉丁字母形状的靶子，每击中一次奖励一颗樱

49、桃。他还把从美味的饼干上剪下来的字母喂给小男孩吃。”，从中我们可知，英国绅士是通过奖励来教儿子，那么我们推断，英国绅士认为好的教学是通过奖励实现的，所以C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项与原文相反，英国绅士是不使用惩罚来教学的，该项属于反向干扰；B、D选项没有提到，并不是英国绅士的教学手段，属于无中生有。27.【选项释义】27. The parenthetical remark in Paragraph 1 (These suggest progress . for other reasons) is intended to caution educators against _. 27. 第1段

50、的插入语These suggest progress . for other reasons是为了提醒教育工作者不要_。A. failing to make grades and diplomas meaningful to students A. 使得成绩和文凭对学生没有意义B. punishing students unnecessarily B. 不必要地惩罚学生C. emphasizing entertainment over rigor C. 强调娱乐多于严谨D. using rewards as reinforcers D. 使用奖励作为强化物【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】定位

51、到文中第一段第九句插入语“这意味着进步，但与进步一样，由于其他原因，它们必须得到加强（they must be made reinforcing）”，而前一句是提到“某些明确的人为强化条件，如分数、成绩和文凭，是教育作为一种机构的特征”，从这可知，某些人为的强化条件对教育是有作用的，但是同样需要reinforcing（强化）；那么根据第十句“奖励具有内在的加强作用（Prizes are intrinsically reinforcing）”我们可知，这些人为强化条件可以使用奖励作为强化物，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项与原文相反，原文提到的是成绩和文凭等人为强化条件对教育是有作用的，该项属

52、于反向干扰；B、C选项在这没有提到，属于无中生有。28.【选项释义】28. This passage indicates that “cultures and epochs” (Paragraph 1) vary in ways that _. 28. 这篇文章第1段指出，“文化和时代”在_方面不同。A. universities choose from among their applicants A. 在大学选择申请者B. academic awards are effective as motivations B. 学术奖励是有效的动机C. universities teach lite

53、rature C. 大学教授文学D. the media portray educational crisis D. 媒体描绘教育危机【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中的信息定位到第一段第十一句“这一点因文化和时代的不同而不同（This varies between cultures and epochs）”，其中this指的是上一句提到的“荣誉和奖章的力量来自声望和尊重”，所以我们可知，荣誉和奖章会因文化和时代的不同而变化，而荣誉和奖章都属于一种奖励。随后，作者用Oscar Wilde举了一个例子，他获得了“牛津大学文学学士学位考试第一名”，于是他给朋友写了一封信“我不知道我得到了

54、什么，直到第二天早上12点，在教堂吃早餐时，我在泰晤士报上看到了我得第一名的消息星期四那天，我收到了一大堆我认识的人发来的电报”；然后提到了当代的情况：“而当代以最优秀成绩毕业的学生（contemporary student）就没那么受欢迎了（less widely acclaimed）”；从中我们可知，当代和以前对于优秀学生的奖励方式不同。因此，我们可以推断，奖励作为一种动机是因“时代和文化”的不同而变化，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C选项没有提到，属于无中生有；D选项中的educational crisis并没有提到，文中提到的是报刊这类媒体是用来奖励学生声望和尊重的，该项属于曲解原文。2

55、9.【选项释义】29. The Wilde story in Paragraph 1, “In 1876 everyone I knew,” is intended to illustrate _. 29. 第一段中Wilde的故事（In 1876 everyone I knew）是为了说明_。A. how a famous author used rewards to teach his students A. 一位著名作家是如何用奖励来教育他的学生的B. the dangerous effects of using academic rewards B. 使用学术奖励的危险后果C. the

56、 point that Plato makes in the first sentence C. 柏拉图在第一句话中提出的观点D. how the modern cultural perception of academic honors differs from that of a previous era D. 现代文化对学术荣誉的认知与以往有何不同【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】定位到文章第一段末尾，这里提到了Wilde的故事，他获得了“牛津大学文学学士学位考试第一名”，他在给朋友的信中写道：“我不知道我得到了什么，直到第二天早上12点，在教堂吃早餐时，我在泰晤士报上看到了我得第一名的

57、消息星期四那天，我收到了一大堆我认识的人发来的电报”，然后和当代进行了对比，最后一句说“而当代以最优秀成绩毕业的学生（contemporary student）就没那么受欢迎了（less widely acclaimed）”，从中我们可知，以前对于优秀学生是进行登报，让他得到很多人的尊重，而在当代，最优秀的学生很少人知道，所以我们可以推断，第一段使用Wilde的故事是为了对比当代与以前对学术荣誉的认知，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项在该段没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项中的dangerous effects不符合原文，属于曲解原文；C选项中，柏拉图在第一句话的观点是“避免强迫，让你的孩子以玩的形

58、式学习”，这和Wilde的故事并没有相似处，属于出处错位。30.【选项释义】30. This passage mentions which of the following as “problems” (Paragraph 2) inherent in the use of positive reinforcers in education?I. difficulties in scheduling the reinforcersII. limitations in the supply of reinforcersIII. the fact that rewards encourage on

59、ly superficial learning 30. 这篇文章提到下列哪一个是在教育中使用积极强化物所固有的“问题”（第二段）？ I. 计划强化物的困难II. 提供强化物的限制III. 奖励只鼓励肤浅的学习A. I only A. 只有第一点B. II only B. 只有第二点C. I and II only C. 只有第一点和第二点D. I and III only D. 只有第一点和第三点【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】定位到文章第二段，中间两句说到“许多强化物只有在某些缺乏状态下才有效，这并不总是容易去安排（not always easily arranged）。如果让一个学生饿着

60、肚子，以食物来强化他，会引发个人问题，这是其他强化物无法完全避免的（not entirely avoided with other kinds of reinforcers）。”，从中可知，即便是积极的强化物也并非没有问题，许多的强化物只有在一定的状态下才有效，并不容易去安排（not always easily arranged），而且其他强化物也很难完全避免；那么从中我们可以推知，“计划强化物的困难”和“提供强化物的限制”都是使用积极强化物所存在的问题，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均曲解原文。31.【选项释义】31. In the final paragraph of this

61、passage, the author suggests that grades are problematic as reinforcers because they _. 31. 在这篇文章的最后一段，作者认为分数作为强化因素是有问题的，因为它们_。A. cannot be given to every student A. 不能给予每个学生B. are not publicized enough B. 宣传不够C. are not given immediately after the desired behavior is exhibited C. 不是在期望的行为出现后立即给予D.

62、are not as useful to the student as money D. 对学生来说没有钱有用【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】定位到最后一段，第二句提到“孩子们在学校里要做的很多事情都没有游戏的形式，也没有任何与食物、及格分数或奖牌的自然联系（nor is there any natural connection with food or a passing grade or a medal）”，可知，孩子们在学校做的大部分事情或者学习并不是以玩的形式，也没有奖励，包括食物、及格分数或奖牌等；然后第四句提到“分数几乎总是在学生不再表现得像个学生之后很久才给的（long after）”，随后用实业教育进行了对比，实业教育是“工资通常按小时计算”；从long after和实业教育的对比，我们可以推知，分数作为强