2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前模拟强化练习题23（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题About a century age, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures ap

2、proach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatur

3、es, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can *tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other m

4、olecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic kn

5、own as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be

6、 accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise ever the barrier

7、 between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over me barrier between the two wells Recently researchers have developed the concept of tu

8、nneling temperature(删除)the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of

9、rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin Cosmic rays (high-energy pro-tons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust.

10、 Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar form-aldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions,

11、 although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to the

12、passage classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the following ways?3.According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in the passage, which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true?4.The authors attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-history o

13、f life can best be described as（ ）.5.The authors hypothesis concerning be cold prehistory of life would be most weakened if which of the following were true?6.Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe as it is presented in the passage?7.Which of the following b

14、est describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage?问题1选项A.describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developedB.initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reactions required for the development of lifeC.explaining how current research in chemistry may be re

15、lated to broader biological concernsD.reconciling opposing theories about chemical reactions问题2选项A.In both types of reactions, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.B.In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom

16、 of another.C.In neither type of reaction does the height of the barrier between the wells remain constantD.In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy问题3选项A.Chemical reactions are less likely to occur at temperatures close to absolute zero.B.In s

17、ome cases the rate of a chemical reaction is related to temperature and in other cases it is not.C.Chemical reactions frequently occur at a few degrees above absolute zero, but they are very unpredictable.D.The rate of a chemical reaction depends on many other factors besides temperature.问题4选项A.neut

18、ralB.skepticalC.mildly positiveD.very supportive问题5选项A.Cosmic rays are unlikely to trigger the formation of simple molecules.B.Tunneling occurs only in a narrow band of temperatures around zero degrees Kelvin.C.The synthesis of interstellar formaldehyde can be activated by means other than cosmic ra

19、ys.D.Simple molecules can be synthesized by means of tunneling.问题6选项A.Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.B.The galactic clouds are the places where prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.C.Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.D

20、.Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.问题7选项A.The author cites a basic principle of classical chemistry and then describes the research from which that principle was developed.B.The author cites an apparent contradiction to the principles of classical chemi

21、stry and then explains the process of a chemical reaction to show there is in fact no contradiction.C.The author describes the role of heat in chemical reactions and then offers a detailed explanation of its function.D.The author presents a law of classical chemistry in order to introduce a kind of

22、chemical reaction that differs from it and then explains the essential difference between the two.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A第6题:D第7题:D【解析】1.最后一段基本上都是谈与生化的关系：极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有几度时， 有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。以后，复杂的有机分子，慢慢的，但稳定的通过贯穿势垒的方式形成。后又有 两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确

23、实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方， 发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。”所以C选项说明现在化学研究如何能和更广 泛的生物学领域有关正确。2.根据文章第二段 A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be

24、accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise ever the barrier

25、between the two wells.：化学反应跟分子从一个势阱的底部到另一个势阱的底部的跃迁相类似。在经典化学中，这种跃迁只有跨过两阱之间势垒才能完成。位垒的高度为常数（固定不变）。这种跃迁叫做能量活化。在贯穿势垒效应中作反应的分子从一个势阱的底部通到另一个势阱底部不需要上升跨越两阱之间的位垒。确定B选项两类反应中，都有一个从一个势阱底部到另一个势阱底部的跃迁符合题意。A选项两类反应中，反应中的分子都需跨越两阱间的栏栅、C选项两类反应中， 反应中的分子都能穿过两阱之间的位垒和D选项两类反应中，没有一种化学反应的速率取决于能量活化都不符合原文。3.根据文章第一段：According to

26、 the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero reactions stop.根据阿仑尼乌斯方程，当温度接近零度时，化学反应不大可能发生，并且在绝对零度时，化学反应已经停止。确定A选项当温度接近绝对零度时，化学反应不可能发生正确。4.根据最后一段：极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说，.后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖

27、酶。他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方， 发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。因为证实了作者之假设。由此推断C选项有点肯定正确。5.根据文章最后一段：This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where te

28、mperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin Cosmic rays （high-energy pro-tons and other particles） might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. 极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有几度时，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲

29、醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。推断A选项宇宙射线不大可能导致简单分子的形成符合题意。 B选项隧道效应只出现在温度较窄范围之内，相当于凯氏温度的零度、C选项激发星际甲醛 单分子的综合的方式不同于宇宙射线和D选项通过隧道效应就能激发简单分子的综合不符合原文。6.由第27题C选项说明现在化学研究如何能和更广 泛的生物学领域有关正确，确定本题 D选项星际甲醛分子可以进化到复杂的有机分子正确。A选项宇宙射线可以直接综合复杂的有机分子、B选项大块云团是生命所需复合物前生物进化发生的地方和C选项星际甲醛分子可以 通过贯穿势垒方式加以综合不符合原文，排除。7.本文作者先引出阿仑尼乌斯方程所提出的观点，接下来

30、通过举例对比，对其解释说明。所以D选项作者先提出一种经典化学法规，是为了介绍另一 种与之完全不同的化学法规，然后再比较这两者的本质区别正确。A选项作者引用一个传统的化学的基本原理，然描述从这一原理的发展中所获得的研究成果、B选项作者引用一个与传统化学原理明显矛盾的例子，然后解释化学反应的过程，进而说明事实上，其与传统化学原理并不矛盾和C选项作者描述了化学反应过程中热度的作且，紧接着给出其作用的详细解释与原文不符，排除。2. 单选题The term “remote sensing” refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretatio

31、nof phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the Earths geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensi

32、tivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earths surfa

33、ce. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemica

34、l processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first multispectral digital data set from the multispectral scanner (MSS) aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic commun

35、ity. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote s

36、ensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic evolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock unit

37、s and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps mu

38、st be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall i

39、nterpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small area, the continuity of regional features that have intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical i

40、nformation cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specifically for geologic purposes; but to be most effective, remote

41、-sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys and laboratory tests, the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.1.By using the word “interpretative” in line32. The author is indicating which of the following?2.With which of the following statements about geologic mapping woul

42、d the author be most likely to agree?3.According to the passage, measurements of which of the following can be provided by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible-light photography?4. It can be inferred from the passage that a major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is t

43、hat such photography .5. It can be inferred from the passage that Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that Landsat images .6.The passage provides information about each of the following topics EXCEPT （ ）.7.The passage suggests which of the following about the “conventional metho

44、ds” mentioned in line 24?问题1选项A.Some maps are based more on data from aerial photography than on data from field operations.B.Some maps are based almost exclusively on laboratory measurementsC.Some maps are based on incomplete data from field observations.D.Some maps show only large geologic feature

45、s.问题2选项A.Geologic mapping is basically an art and not a science.B.Geologic mapping has not changed significantly since the early 1960sC.Geologic mapping will have limited practical applications until remote-sensing systems are perfected.D.A developmental milestone in geologic mapping was reached in

46、1972.问题3选项A.The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.B.The density of foliage in remote areas on the Earths surface.C.Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earths surface.D.The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the Earths surface.问题4选项A.cannot be used at night.B.cannot

47、 focus on the details of a geologic area.C.must be chemically processed.D.is always enhanced by digital reconstruction.问题5选项A.reveal the exact size of petroleum deposits and ore deposits.B.indicate the continuity of features that might not otherwise be interpreted as continuous.C.predict the movemen

48、ts of glaciers.D.provide highly accurate data about the occurrence of mineral deposits.问题6选项A.the principal method of geologic remote sensing prior to the mid-1960*sB.some of the phenomena measured by digital multi spectral images in remote sensing.C.some of the practical uses of regional geologic m

49、aps.D.the specific limitations of the Landsat multispectral scanner.问题7选项A.They consist primarily of field surveys and laboratory measurements.B.They are not useful in providing information necessary for reconstructing geologic evolution.C.They have rarely been used by geologists since 1972.D.They a

50、re used primarily to gather compositional information about geologic features.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B第6题:D第7题:A【解析】1.根据文章第四段：Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always l

51、imited by rock exposure, accessibility and labor resources地质图采集了数量繁多、形形色的一整套具体的实地测量和实验室测量数据，但是因为实地测量受到岩石裸露、可到达程度以及人力资源的限制，所以这一地质图必须进行分析。确定C选项一些地图的数据是来源于实地观察的不完整地数据正确。2.根据文章第二段：The acquisition of the first multispectral digital data set from the multispectral scanner （MSS） aboard the satellite Landsa

52、t in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. 1972 年，安装在 Landsat 卫星上的多谱线扫描仪传送出来的首批多谱线的数字数据，吸引了整个地学界的注意。确定D选项 1972年成为地质制图发展的里程碑正确。3.根据文章第一段：With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyo

53、nd the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the

54、Earths surface. 随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家开始利用那些超出可见光摄影术感知范围的数据构造数字化多谱线图像。这些图像的建造是通过用机械手段对一些现象的图像进行整理，如可见光谱外光波的反射，无线电波的折射以及地球表面一些地区日常温度的变化。确定C选项地球表面许多地区温度的日间变化正确。4.根据文章第二段：The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not s

55、ubject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. 相对于其它的摄影成像，数字成像的优点是明显的，产生的数字化数据可以被精确地理解，并且不会受到难以控制的化学过程的不规则性的影响。确定C选项必须经过化学过程正确。5.根据文章第四段：Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small area, the continuity of regional features that have intermittent and variable

56、expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. 由于详尽知地质绘图一般在小的范围内进行，所以那些具有断断续续和多变量的区域特征的连续性就经常不能被认可，但是Landsat卫星的全方位的观 察角度，能将这一连续性呈现出来。确定B选项指明特征的连续性并不能解释为连续性正确。6.根据文章第一段：Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was

57、 the primary means for remote sensing of the Earths geologic features. 在 20 世纪中叶之前， 对胶片的解释是对地球地质特征进行遥感的主要方法。所以A选项地质遥感的主要方法在20 世纪60年代之前就出现符合原文。根据文章第一段：With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range

58、 of visible light photography. 随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家#始构造 数字化多谱线图像，利用那些超出可见光影敏感范围的数据。所以B选项出现了在遥感中利 用数字化多谱线图像进行测量的现象符合原文。根据文章第三段：Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic evolution.：区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。所以C选项一些地区地质图有实用性符合原文。用排除法确定D选项

59、 Landsat卫星扫描仪有特 殊限制文中未提及，符合题意。7.根据文章第三段：A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. 遥感更基本的应用是增强传统的大范围的地质绘图的方法。Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic evolut

60、ion. 区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。再根据文章第四段：Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements.地质图采集了数量繁多、形形色的一整套具体的实地测量和实验室测量数据。确定A选项它们主要包括实地考察生实验室测量正确。3. 翻译题The irrational fears people express today about cloning parallel those surrounding robotics half a

61、 century ago. So I would like to propose Three Law of Cloning that also clarify three misunderstandings: 1. A human clone is a human being no less unique in his or her personhood than an identical twin. 2. A human clone has all the rights and privileges that accompany this legal and moral status. 3.

62、 A human clone is to be accorded the dignity and respect due any member of your species. Although such simplifications risk erasing the rich differences found in ethical debates over pioneering research, they do aid in reducing ridiculous fears often associated with such advances.【答案】人们今天对克隆所表现出的非理性

63、恐惧与50年前人们对机器人表现出的恐惧类似。因此我提出三个关于克隆的观点来澄清三个误解：1、克隆人也是人，他的个性就像同卵孪生子一样。2、克隆人拥有与这种法律和道德地位伴随的所有权利和特权。3、克隆人应该被给予应有的尊严和尊重，就像你对待其它成员一样。尽管这类简化冒着消除有关前沿研究的道德争论的复杂性，但是的确有助于减少有关的荒谬的恐惧。4. 单选题Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical worker, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The f

64、actors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them re