2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前模拟强化练习题51（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 填空题The professional fields that deal with ethical issues in medicine including medicine, nursing, law, sociology, philosophy, and theology, though in the late 20th century medical ethics has come to berecognized as its own discipline. A B C D【答案】B including改为incl

2、ude【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】B部分在句子中是谓语动词，时态为一般现在时，主语The professional fields为复数，这里应该用include。【句意】处理医学伦理问题的专业领域包括医学、护理、法律、社会学、哲学和神学，尽管在20世纪后期，医学伦理已经被视为一门独立的学科。2. 翻译题Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers skepticism is fueled in part by their profe

3、ssional aversion to anthropomorphism (动物人格化), the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to nonhumans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methodsrepeatable observations that can be manipulated in controlled experi

4、mentsleading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evidence to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.Even the most harsh skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experie

5、nce fearwhich some scientists define as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive and requires no conscious thought.But beyond such instinctive emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the

6、possibility of more complex animal feelingsthose that entail mental processingis difficult to demonstrate, because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically.The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they

7、 are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book. The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animalsfrom cats, dogs, and chimps to birds and fish, edited by Bekoff, who says it wi

8、ll finally “legitimize” research on animal emotions.【答案】【参考译文】但是，许多科学家仍然对动物也有情感的观点持有异议。研究人员之所以表示怀疑，部分原因是他们出于职业习惯讨厌拟人论，因为他们认为这是一种将人类的特性强加在非人类生物身上的毫无科学根据的主观倾向。许多科学家还认为用标准的科学方法无法证明动物是有情感的在受控实验环境下可进行重复观察这使他们得出结论，认为这些所谓的动物情感一定不存在。但是如今出现越来越多相反的证据。站在这场运动前沿的贝科夫说道：“这场运动的潮流正在根本性地迅速转向。”甚至连那些对动物情感论持绝对怀疑态度的人也认为，

9、许多动物有恐惧感有的科学家认为，恐惧是与爱和悲伤等“中级”情感相对的“初级”情感。与较为复杂的“中级”情感相比，恐惧是一种本能，它不需要任何有意识的思维。但是，除了这些具有本能性质的情感及其可预见的行为反应之外，科学家很难证明动物可能存在更为复杂的情感，即那些需要有心理活动过程的情感，因为感情是无形的，很难用科学的方法进行研究。动物情感方面出现新主张，部分原因是越来越多的人愿意接受研究人员取得的实地观察结果，特别是把这些观察结果汇总到一起时。新书海豚的微笑对这一知识体系做出了最新贡献。该书收录了50多名研究人员撰写的个人报告，这些研究人员将自己的整个职业生涯都倾注在对动物的研究猫、狗、熊、黑猩

10、猩、鸟和鱼等动物。该书的编辑贝科夫认为，这本书最终会使动物情感的研究“合法化”。3. 填空题The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has been unexpected great, partlybecause a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now beingfollowed by a third. A B C D【答案】B unexpected改为unexpectedly【解析】【考查点】副词

11、。【解题思路】此句为主系表结构，形容词great为表语，B部分修饰great，应为副词，unexpectedly的意思为“出乎意料地”，符合语境。【句意】世界粮食市场最近的出口盈余增长出人意料地大，部分原因是北美粮食连续两次大丰收之后，现在又出现了第三次大丰收。4. 填空题Although personality change is _ difficult, sometimes people can change the most dysfunctional aspects of their feelings and behavior. (exceed)【答案】exceedingly【解析】【

12、考查点】副词。【解题思路】在is _ difficult中，is和difficult是系动词和表语，横线所在内容修饰形容词difficult，应该为副词，exceedingly“极其”符合语境，指的是性格的改变极其困难。【句意】虽然性格的改变极其困难，但有时人们可以改变他们的感觉和行为中最不正常的方面。5. 单选题Black and Latino boys commit plenty of violence in school, of course, but theyre more likely to assault an individual whom they know.问题1选项A.in

13、trudeB.violateC.attackD.battle【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. intrude 闯入，侵入 B. violate 违犯，违背（法律、协议等）C. attack 袭击，攻击 D. battle 搏斗，奋斗，斗争【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】assault的意思为“袭击，侵犯人身”，指的是黑人和拉丁裔男孩有可能攻击他们认识的人，attack与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】当然，黑人和拉丁裔男孩在学校犯下了很多暴力行为，但他们更有可能攻击他们认识的人。6. 填空题Animal behavior was stu

14、died as a discipline on its own, and human behavior was studied similarly inrelatively isolation. However, behavioral traits in animals and in humans may under certaincircumstances have profound effects on A B Cbreeding patterns and mate selection. D【答案】B relatively改为relative【解析】【考查点】定语。【解题思路】在B部分中，

15、isolation“孤立状态”是名词，应该用形容词作为定语修饰名词，所以此处应为relative“相比较而言的”。【句意】动物行为是作为一门独立的学科来研究的，人类行为也是在相对孤立的环境中研究的。然而，在某些情况下，动物和人类的行为特征可能会对繁殖模式和配偶选择产生深远的影响。7. 单选题Maybe the saddest defect of autumn in America is the fact the country is so large that some regions do not get to experience itSouthern California, for on

16、e.问题1选项A.regretB.faultC.worryD.feature【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. regret 懊悔，遗憾 B. fault 缺陷，毛病C. worry 担心，忧虑 D. feature 特色，特征【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】defect的意思为“缺点，缺陷”，指的是美国秋天的缺点是，有的地方没有秋天，fault与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】也许美国秋天最可悲的缺点就是，美国幅员辽阔，以至于一些地区无法体验到秋天比如南加州。8. 填空题Scientists have reason to think t

17、hat a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without beingdamaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed. A B C D【答案】D agreed改为agreed on【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】be agreed on sth.为固定搭配，其意思为“（对）取得一致意见，一致同意”，此处为被动语态，这里指的是科学家一致认为人可以承受60雷姆的辐射，agreed on才正确，因此D部分应为agreed on。【句意】科学家有理由认为，人可以承受远大于0.1

18、雷姆的辐射而不受到伤害，60雷姆也一致认为可以。9. 单选题Outdoor recreation plays a large role in national life. Norwegians prize solitude and self-reliance, and many people choose to walk or ski or camp alone.问题1选项A.richnessB.alonenessC.opennessD.fairness【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. richness 丰富，富饶 B. aloneness 孤独感C. openness 诚实，率真 D. f

19、airness 公正性，公平合理性【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】solitude的意思为“独处，独居”，这里指的是挪威人崇尚独处，aloneness与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】户外娱乐在国民生活中起着很大的作用。挪威人崇尚独处和自力更生，许多人选择独自散步、滑雪或露营。10. 单选题Some reporters and commentators indulged in discreet criticism of shortcomings in Soviet life.问题1选项A.harshB.intensiveC.cautiou

20、sD.rational【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. harsh 残酷的，严酷的 B. intensive 密集的C. cautious 小心的，谨慎的 D. rational 合理的，理性的，明智的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】discreet的意思为“（言行）谨慎的，考虑周到的”，用来形容criticism，指的是记者和评论员对苏联生活的批判是经过周全考虑的，是谨慎的，cautious与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】部分记者和评论员对苏联生活的缺点进行了谨慎的批判。11. 单选题In the mid-nineteenth,

21、the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil the basic

22、ingredients of industrial growthwere plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the

23、 United States looked like a spiders web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves

24、consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.Many factors influenced the emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth centuryalways with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. Th

25、e products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the increased farm production that in turn, was made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American agricultural pr

26、oduction kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from

27、Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europemost of whom were originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most part,

28、but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be financed in their own “money market”.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. Why does the author mention “a spiders web” (Para. 2)?3. According to the passage, who were the biggest consumers of manufactured products?4. Which

29、 of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the nineteenth century?问题1选项A.The history of railroads in the United States.B.The major United States industrial centers.C.Factors that affected industrialization in the United States.D.The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century.问题2选项A

30、.To emphasize the railroads consumption of oil and coal.B.To describe the complex structure of the railway system.C.To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion.D.To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials.问题3选项A.Railway workers.B.Farmers.C.Europeans.D.City

31、 dwellers.问题4选项A.They lost some jobs because of mechanization.B.They raised their productivity by using new machinery.C.They sold food to European countries.D.They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】What does the passage mainly discuss? 文章主要讨

32、论了什么？A. The history of railroads in the United States. A. 美国铁路的历史。B. The major United States industrial centers. B. 美国主要的工业中心。C. Factors that affected industrialization in the United States. C. 影响美国工业化的因素。D. The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century. D. 19世纪农业的作用。【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段讲了美

33、国用以发展重工业的自然资源非常丰富（tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry），第二段讲到铁路对工业化的重要发展作用（movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads），第三段讲到工业化期间出现了新的工业生产方式（emerging modes of production），第四段讲到美国工业化期间的劳动力（The labor that ran the factories and b

34、uilt the railways）和资金来源（The money to finance this tremendous expansion）。综上所述，本文以工业化为中心，阐述了影响工业化发展的因素，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“美国铁路的历史”和D选项“19世纪农业的作用”：是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全；B选项“美国主要的工业中心”：文中没有提到具体的工业中心，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】Why does the author mention “a spiders web” (Para. 2)? 作者为什么提到“蜘蛛网”（第二段）？A. To emphasi

35、ze the railroads consumption of oil and coal. A. 强调铁路对石油和煤炭的消耗。B. To describe the complex structure of the railway system. B. 描述铁路系统的复杂结构。C. To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion. C. 解释铁路扩张带来的问题。D. To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials. D. 描述原材料

36、分配的困难。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词Para. 2和信息词a spiders web定位到第二段第二句，该处讲到“铁路网迅速扩张（railway network expanded），直到（until）美国的铁路地图看起来像一张蜘蛛网，铁路网连接着（connecting）所有重要的原材料来源地、它们的制造地点和配送中心。”，可知这里的蜘蛛网形容铁路网，铁路网错综复杂，连接着各个地点，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“强调铁路对石油和煤炭的消耗”：对应第二段最后一句“铁路对工业的发展做出了贡献（contributed to the industrial

37、growth），不仅（not only）因为它连接了这些主要的中心，而且（but also）因为它本身也消耗了大量的燃料、铁和煤。”，这里表达的是铁路对工业发展的贡献，而非被称为蜘蛛网的原因，属于偷换概念；C选项“解释铁路扩张带来的问题”和D选项“描述原材料分配的困难”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】According to the passage, who were the biggest consumers of manufactured products? 根据文章，谁是工业产品的最大消费者？A. Railway workers. A. 铁路工人。B. Farmers.

38、 B. 农民。C. Europeans. C. 欧洲人。D. City dwellers. D. 城市居民。【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词manufactured products定位到第三段第三句，该处讲到“工厂生产的产品（The products of the factories）迅速被不断发展的城市所接收（growing cities），工人和商人以此谋生。”，可知消费工业产品最多的是城市居民，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“铁路工人”：对应第四段第一句“修建铁路（built the railways）的劳动力（labor）部分来自美国的农场地区”，这

39、里是说铁路工人原本是农民，而不是说铁路工人消费工业产品，属于偷换概念；B选项“农民”：农民是农产品的生产者，而不是消费者，属于张冠李戴；C选项“欧洲人”：对应第三段最后一句“美国的农业生产满足了城市的需求（kept up with the urban demand），但仍有剩余的农产品（surpluses）销往欧洲的工业中心（sale to the industrial centers of Europe）。”，可知销往欧洲工业中心的农产品是小部分，而不是大部分，属于偷换概念。第4题:【选项释义】Which of the following is NOT true of United Stat

40、es farmers in the nineteenth century? 关于19世纪的美国农民，下列哪项不正确？A. They lost some jobs because of mechanization. A. 由于机械化，他们有的人丢了工作。B. They raised their productivity by using new machinery. B. 他们通过使用新机器提高了生产力。C. They sold food to European countries. C. 他们把食物卖给欧洲国家。D. They were unable to produce sufficient

41、 food for urban areas. D. 他们无法为城市地区生产足够的食物。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第三段最后一句，该处讲到“美国的农业生产满足了城市的需求（kept up with the urban demand），仍有剩余的农产品销往欧洲的工业中心。”，可知他们为城市提供了足够的食物，还有剩余的可以用来出口，和文章内容不符，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“由于机械化，他们有的人丢了工作”：对应第四段第一句“美国农场地区的人被农业机械取代（American farm areas where people were being displaced

42、 by farm machinery）”，机器代替人做农活，做农活的人由此失业，符合文章内容，属于反向干扰；B选项“他们通过使用新机器提高了生产力”：对应第三段倒数第二句“农业生产又被新的农业机械的使用所提高（more productive by the use of the new farm machinery）”，可知本选项符合文章内容，属于反向干扰；C选项“他们把食物卖给欧洲国家”：对应第三段最后一句“仍有剩余的农产品销往欧洲的工业中心（sale to the industrial centers of Europe）。”，可知本选项符合文章内容，属于反向干扰。12. 单选题For pe

43、rplexed policymakers in Washington, they meant scrambling from one policy to another in an effort to respond to a highly confusing economic situation.问题1选项A.disturbedB.puzzledC.irritatedD.enchanted【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. disturbed 有精神病的，心理不正常的 B. puzzled 困惑的，迷惑不解的C. irritated 烦恼的，恼怒的 D. enchanted 中魔法的，着了魔

44、的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】perplexed的意思为“困惑的，迷惑不解的”，修饰policymakers，指的是这些制定政策的人很困惑，自己也没搞清楚状况，puzzled与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】对于华盛顿困惑的决策者来说，这意味着匆忙地从一项政策转向另一项政策，以应对高度混乱的经济形势。13. 填空题The subject of food, like all topics in which the human race has a large and inescapable interest, is something

45、 but a simple piece of business. Cooking and eating give rise to a great many horror tales and strange behavior. A B C D【答案】B something but改为anything but【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】anything but意思为“根本不，绝不”，这里指的是食物不是一件简单的事情。【句意】食物这个话题，就像所有人类有宏大而不可回避的兴趣话题一样，绝不是一件简单的事情。做饭和吃饭引申出许多恐怖故事和怪异行为。14. 单选题The rule will n

46、o longer permit us to use as evidence statements that have been obtained using cruel, inhuman, or degrading interrogation methods.问题1选项A.punchingB.disturbingC.questioningD.rejecting【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. punching 拳打，以拳痛击 B. disturbing 打扰，干扰C. questioning 正式提问，质询 D. rejecting 拒绝接受，不予考虑【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路

47、】interrogation的意思为“审问”，这里指不能用残忍、不人道或有辱人格的审讯方法，questioning与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】该规则不再允许我们使用通过残忍、不人道或有辱人格的审讯方法获得的证词作为证据。15. 填空题There are signs that specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the

48、creditand all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a womans A B C Dplace is in the home.【答案】C and all the blame改为nor all the blame【解析】【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】前面说到意识到男性的作用，可知后面表达的意思是不要把女性的作用放得那么大，也就是不要把功过都归结于女性，not receive all the credit对应的应该是nor all the blame。【句意】有迹象表明，家庭专家越来越意识到男性所起的作用，他们认为不应该把所有

49、的功劳都归于女性，也不应该把所有的过错都归女性。我们几乎放弃了“女性应该呆在家里”的说法。16. 单选题The cars handle well and have a striking design, with “butterfly” doors that _ up and open.问题1选项A.switchB.sweepC.swingD.swell【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. switch （使）改变，转变 B. sweep 打扫，清扫C. swing （使）摆动，摇摆 D. swell （使）凸出，鼓出【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词butterfly，可知车门

50、的设计就像蝴蝶一样，结合后面and open，可知横线处指的是车门打开的方式，swing符合语境，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境。【句意】这款车操作良好，设计引人注目，它的蝴蝶门可以向上摇，然后打开。17. 单选题Although blemished by the debt and deficit problems, the economy in Belgium was generally healthy. Both industrial production and overall gross domestic product were expected to ris

51、e by 1.6 percent for 1992.问题1选项A.accumulatedB.crushedC.stimulatedD.spoiled【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. accumulated 积累，积聚 B. crushed 压坏，压伤C. stimulated 激发（某事物） D. spoiled 破坏，搞坏【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】blemished的意思为“破坏的完美，玷污”，和economy构成动宾搭配关系，这里指的是经济受到债务和赤字问题的负面影响，经济遭到破坏，spoiled与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句

52、意】尽管受到债务和赤字问题的影响，比利时的经济总体健康。预计1992年的工业生产和国内总产值都将增长1.6%。18. 单选题If a person is in a state between sleeping and being awake, often as a result of heat or drinking alcohol, he feels _.问题1选项A.tiresomeB.fatiguedC.drowsyD.restless【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. tiresome 讨厌的，令人厌烦的 B. fatigued 身心交瘁，精疲力竭C. drowsy 困倦的，昏昏欲睡的

53、 D. restless 坐立不安的，不耐烦的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词between sleeping and being awake，可知这里指一个人半梦半醒时的感觉，drowsy符合语境，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境。【句意】如果一个人处于半梦半醒的状态，通常是由于发热或饮酒，他会感到昏昏欲睡。19. 单选题Vince Cables decision not to come to Oxford because of a peaceful protest is one of the most cowardly acts by a Bri

54、tish politician in living memory.问题1选项A.sensibleB.effectiveC.fearfulD.cautious【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. sensible 明智的，理智的 B. effective 有效的C. fearful 惧怕的，胆怯的，担心的 D. cautious 小心的，谨慎的（谨慎说话和行事，尤其是为了避免危险或错误）【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】cowardly的意思为“胆小的，怯懦的”，指的是因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学是懦弱的行为，fearful与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义

55、与之不符。【句意】文斯凯布尔因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学，这是人们记忆中英国政治家最懦弱的行为之一。20. 单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation a

56、ll vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycl

57、e have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by Europe