2022年考博英语-外交学院考前模拟强化练习题98（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-外交学院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题（ ）sent from Florida for all the children in Cabin Six.问题1选项A.A crate of oranges wereB.A crate of orange wereC.A crate of orange wasD.A crate of oranges was【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。a crate of“一箱；一筐”。谓语动词的变化要看有多少crate，多于一箱的，谓语动词用复数；被修饰的名词的变化还要看这个名词是可数还是不可数，如果是不可数，谓语动词用单数；如果

2、可数且为单/复数，则谓语动词对应的用单/复数。题中orange“橘子”为可数名词。句意：从佛罗里达寄来了一箱橘子给6号船舱的所有孩子。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题Redeeming your car from the（ ）can be expensive.问题1选项A.baseB.poundC.groundD.parking lot【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项base“基底；基础；基地；基本成分”；B选项pound“英镑；重击；违章停车车辆扣留场；流浪狗收留所”；C选项ground“地面；土地；范围；战场”；D选项parking lot“停车场”。句意：从车管所赎回被扣的汽车可能要花

3、很多钱。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it（ ）before the West was settled.问题1选项A.couldB.wasC.wouldD.did【答案】D【解析】考查助动词替代。题干中的as作为连词，引导方式状语从句，意为“像一样”。根据平行结构原则，从句中应填入实义动词had，但主句中已有了一个have，为了避免重复，可用助动词did代替had，例如：Study as Lenin did (did用来代替studied)像列宁那样学习。因此

4、D选项正确。4. 单选题Olive oil has been one of the staples of the Mediterranean diet for thousands of years and its popularity is growing rapidly in other parts of the world. It is one of the most versatile oils for cooking and it enhances the taste of many foods. Olive oil is the only type of vegetable/frui

5、t oil that can be obtained from just pressing. Most other types of popular oils (cor, canola, etc.) must be processed in other ways to obtain the oil. Another important bonus is that olive oil has proven health benefits. Three basic grades of olive oil are most often available to the consumer: extra

6、 Virgin; Virgin and Olive Oil. In addition to the basic grades, olive oil differs from one country or region to another because of the types of olives that are grown, the harvesting methods, the time of the harvest, and the pressing techniques. These factors all contribute to the individual characte

7、ristics of the olive oil.Olive trees must be properly cared for in order to achieve good economic yields, care includes regular irrigation, pruning, fertilizing, and killing pests. Olives will survive on very poor sites with shallow soils but will grow very slowly and yield poorly. Deep soils tend t

8、o produce excessively vigorous trees, also with lower yields. The ideal site for olive oil production is a clay loam soil with good internal and surface drainage. Irrigation is necessary to produce heavy crops and avoid alternate bearing. The site must be free of hard winter frosts because wood dama

9、ge will occur at temperatures below 15 F and a lengthy spell of freezing weather can ruin any chances for a decent crop. The growing season also must be warm enough so fruits mature before even light fall frosts (usually by early November) because of potential damage to the fruit and oil quality. Fo

10、rtunately olive trees are very hardy in hot summer temperatures and they are drought tolerant.The best olive oils hold a certificate by an independent organization that authenticates the stone ground and cold pressed extraction process. In this process, olives are first harvested by hand at the prop

11、er stage of ripeness and maturity. Experts feel that hand harvesting, as opposed to mechanical harvesting, eliminates bruising of the fruit which causes tartness and oil acidity. The olives harvested are transferred daily to the mill. This is very important because this daily transfer minimizes the

12、time spent between picking and pressing. Some extra virgin olive oil producers are known to transfer the olives by multi-ton trucks over long distances that expose the fragile fruit to crushing weight and the hot sun, which causes the olives to begin oxidizing and thus becoming acidic. In addition t

13、o the time lapse between harvesting and pressing, olive oil must be obtained using mechanical processes only to be considered virgin or extra virgin. If heat and/or chemical processes are used to produce the olive oil or if the time lapse is too long, it cannot be called virgin or extra virgin.Once

14、at the mill, the leaves are sucked away with air fans and the olives are washed with circulating potable water to remove all impurities. The first step of extraction is mashing the olives to create a paste. The oil, comprising 20% to 30% of the olive, is nestled in pockets within the fruits cells. T

15、he olives are crushed in a mill with two granite millstones rolling within a metal basin. Crushing and mixing the olives releases the oil from the cells of the olive without heating the paste. A side shutter on the mills basin allows the mixed olive paste to be discharged and applied to round mats.

16、The mats are stacked and placed under the head of a hydraulic press frame that applies downward pressure and extracts the oil. The first pressing yields the superior quality oil, and the second and third pressings produce inferior quality oil. Some single estate producers collect the oil that result

17、s from just the initial crushing while many other producers use an additional step to extract more oil. The olive pulp is placed on mats constructed with hemp or polypropylene that are stacked and then pressed to squeeze the pulp. Oil and water filter through the mats to a collection tank below. The

18、 water and oil are then separated in a centrifuge.Regardless of the method used for the first pressing, the temperature of the oil during production is extremely important in order to maintain the distinct characteristics of the oil. If the temperature of the oil climbs above 86 F, it will be damage

19、d and cannot be considered cold-pressed.The first pressing oil contains the most “polyphenols”, substances that have been found to be powerful antioxidants capable of protecting against certain types of disease. The polyphenols are not the only substances in the olive with health-promoting effects,

20、but they are quite unique when compared to other commonly used culinary oils such as sunflower and soy. It is these polyphenols that really set extra virgin olive oils apart from any other oil and any other form of olive oil. The more refined the olive oil is, the smaller the quantity of polyphenols

21、.The result of the producers efforts is a cold pressed extra virgin olive oil with high quality standards and organoleptic characteristics, which give the oil its health-protective and aromatic properties.1. According to the text, which of the following does NOT affect the individual features of oli

22、ve oils from different regions?2. According to the text, which of the following is NOT part of olive tree management?3. According to the text, what is the main danger of frost?4. According to the text, which of the following does NOT affect the “extra virgin” olive oil certification?5. Which of the

23、following is TRUE according to the passage?问题1选项A.Picking techniquesB.The date of the pickingC.Olive varietiesD.Access to water问题2选项A.Careful wateringB.ReplantingC.Killing parasitesD.Feeding问题3选项A.Kills the olive trees.B.The fruit wont mature.C.Not enough fruit will be produced.D.The olives produced

24、 will be small in size.问题4选项A.The temperature of the extraction process.B.The time gap between tree and bottle.C.Which pressing the oil is taken from.D.Using water in the extraction process.问题5选项A.Olive trees dont need a regular supply of water to survive.B.No other cooking oils apart from olive oil

25、 contain polyphenols.C.Damage to olives before they are pressed can affect the taste of the oil.D.Many producers extracted more oil after the first pressing to produce virgin.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段的第七句话“In addition to the basic grades, olive oil differs from one count

26、ry or region to another because of the types of olives that are grown, the harvesting methods, the time of the harvest, and the pressing techniques.（除了基本等级外，不同国家或地区的橄榄油也有所不同，原因在于所种植的橄榄的种类、收获方法、收获时间和压榨技术。）”，由此可知A选项“采摘技术”；B选项“收获时间”；C选项“橄榄的品种”都会影响橄榄油的特性，只有D选项“供水”不会影响，因此D选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段第一句话“O

27、live trees must be properly cared for in order to achieve good economic yields, care includes regular irrigation, pruning, fertilizing, and killing pests.（为了获得良好的经济产量，橄榄树必须得到适当的护理，护理包括定期灌溉、修剪、施肥和灭虫。）”，由此可知A选项“小心灌溉”；C选项“灭虫”；D选项“喂养”都是橄榄树护理的一部分，只有B选项“再植”不是，因此B选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段的第六句话“The site mu

28、st be free of hard winter frosts because wood damage will occur at temperatures below 15 F and a lengthy spell of freezing weather can ruin any chances for a decent crop.（该地点必须不受严冬霜冻的影响，因为在15F以下的温度下，橄榄树会受到损害，而一段时间的严寒天气可能会毁掉一个好收成的机会。）”，由此可推断出霜冻会杀死橄榄树。B选项“水果不会成熟”；C选项“水果产量不够”；D选项“所生产的橄榄体积较小”都是附带提及，只有A选

29、项“杀死橄榄树”才是主要的危险。因此A选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“This is very important because this daily transfer minimizes the time spent between picking and pressing.（这是非常重要的，因为每天的转换将采摘和按压之间的时间减少到最小。）”和“If heat and/or chemical processes are used to produce the olive oil or if the time lapse is too long, it cannot

30、be called virgin or extra virgin.（如果用加热和/或化学方法生产橄榄油，或者时间间隔太长，就不能称之为初榨或特级初榨橄榄油。）”，由此可知除了采摘和压榨时间考究外，还有热量和化学过程需要注意。A选项“提取过程的温度”；B选项“树和瓶子之间的时间间隔”；C选项“用哪种方式压榨”都会影响“特级初榨”橄榄油认证，只有D选项“在提取过程中用水”文章没有提到，因此D选项正确。5.细节事实题。A选项“橄榄树不需要定期供水来生存”说法错误，文章第二段就提到了橄榄树需要定期灌溉；B选项“除橄榄油外，没有其他食用油含有多酚”文章没有提及；C选项“橄榄压榨前的损坏会影响油的味道”说

31、法正确，文中第三段有说到橄榄受到损害后会呈酸性；D选项“许多生产商在第一次压榨后提取了更多的油来生产初榨油”说法错误，文中第四段说到“Some single estate producers collect the oil that results from just the initial crushing while many other producers use an additional step to extract more oil.（一些单一的地产生产商只收集最初压榨产生的油，而许多其他生产商使用额外的步骤来提取更多的油。）”因此C选项正确。5. 单选题Ozone is a b

32、luish gas that is harmful to breathe. Nearly 90% of the Earths ozone is in the stratosphere and is referred to as the ozone layer. Ozone absorbs a band of ultraviolet radiation called UVB that is particularly harmful to living organisms. Stratospheric ozone is constantly being created and destroyed

33、through natural cycles. Various ozone depleting substances however, accelerate the destruction processes, resulting in lower than normal ozone levels. Reductions in ozone levels will lead to higher levels of UVB reaching the Earths surface. The suns output of UVB does not change; rather, less ozone

34、means less protection, and hence more UVB reaches the Earth. Studies have shown that in the Antarctic, the amount of UVB measured at the surface can double during the annual ozone hole. Laboratory and epidemiological studies demonstrate that UVB causes non melanoma skin cancer and plays a major role

35、 in malignant melanoma development. In addition, UVB has been linked to cataracts.Dramatic loss of ozone in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica was first noticed in the 1970s by a research group from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) who were monitoring the atmosphere above Antarctica from a res

36、earch station. Folklore has it that when the first measurements were taken in 1975, the drop in ozone levels in the stratosphere was so dramatic that at first the scientists thought their instruments were faulty. Replacement instruments were built and flown out and it wasnt until they confirmed the

37、earlier measurements, several months later, that the ozone depletion observed was accepted as genuine. Another story goes that the BAS satellite data didnt show the dramatic loss of ozone because the software processing the raw ozone data from the satellite was programmed to treat very low values of

38、 ozone as bad readings. Later analysis of the raw data when the results from the British Antarctic Survey team were published, confirmed their results and showed that the loss was rapid and large-scale; over most of the Antarctica continent.Ozone occurs naturally in the atmosphere. The earths atmosp

39、here is composed of several layers. We live in the Troposphere, ground level up to about 10km high, where most of the weather occurs such / as rain, snow and clouds. Above that is the Stratosphere, an important region in which effects such as the Ozone Hole and Global Warming originate. The layer ne

40、xt to space is the Exosphere and then going inwards there are the Thermosphere and the Mesosphere. Supersonic passenger jets fly just above the troposphere whereas subsonic commercial airliners are usually well in the troposphere. The narrow region between these two parts of the atmosphere is called

41、 the Tropopause. Ozone forms a layer in the stratosphere, thinnest in the tropics and denser towards the poles. The amount of ozone above a point on the earths surface is measured in Dobson units (DU)typically 260 DU near the tropics and higher elsewhere, though there are large seasonal fluctuations

42、. It is created when ultraviolet radiation in the form of sunlight strikes the stratosphere, splitting oxygen molecules to atomic oxygen. The atomic oxygen quickly combines with further oxygen molecules to form ozone.The Ozone Hole of ten gets confused in the popular press and by the general public

43、with the problem of global warming. Whilst there is a connection because ozone contributes to the greenhouse effect, the Ozone Hole is a separate issue. Over Antarctica (and recently over the Arctic), stratospheric ozone has been depleted over the last 15 years at certain times of the year. This is

44、mainly due to the release of man-made chemicals containing chlorine such as CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons), but also compounds containing bromine, other related halogen compounds and also nitrogen oxides. CFCs are a common industrial product, used in refrigeration systems, air conditioners, aerosols, so

45、lvents and in the production of some types of packaging. Nitrogen oxides are a by-product of combustion processes, for example aircraft emissions.The ozone deplete on process begins when CFCs and other ozone depleting substances are emitted into the atmosphere where winds efficiently mix and evenly

46、distribute the gases. CFCs are extremely stable, and they do not dissolve in rain. After a period of several years natural gases in the stratosphere combine with CFCs and this releases chlorine atoms, halons and methyl bromide. These in turn all release bromine atoms and it is these atoms that actua

47、lly destroy ozone. It is estimated that one chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere.The first global agreement to restrict CFCs came with the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 ultimately aiming to reduce them by half by the year 2000.

48、Two revisions of this agreement have been made in the light of advances in scientific understanding, the latest being in 1992. Agreement has been reached on the control of industrial production of many halocarbons until the year 2030. The main CFCs will not be produced by any of the signatories afte

49、r the end of 1995, except for a limited amount for essential uses, such as for medical sprays. The countries of the European Community have adopted even stricter measures. Recognizing their responsibility to the global environment they have agreed to halt production of the main CFCs from the beginni

50、ng of 1995. It was anticipated that these limitations would lead to a recovery of the ozone layer within 50 years of 2000. The World Meteorological Organization estimated 2045 but recent investigations suggest the problem is perhaps on a much larger scale than anticipated.1. It is a common mistake t

51、o associate the Ozone Hole problem with（ ）.2. Common household appliances contribute to（ ）.3. International agreements will eventually lead to（ ）.4. An apocryphal BAS story cites that equipment was changed to measure（ ）.5. The Ozone layer is destroyed by a by-product of CFCs reacting with（ ）.问题1选项A.

52、the issue of the heating up of the earths atmosphereB.the measurement of CFCs in Dobson unitsC.the dramatic loss of ozone in the lower stratosphere over AntarcticaD.the higher levels of UVB reaching the Earths surface问题2选项A.global warmingB.the release of aerosols and solventsC.the stabilization of C

53、FCs in the airD.the discharge of synthetic chemicals into the atmosphere问题3选项A.recent investigations into the strength of Dobson UnitsB.the cessation of the release of most CFC gases into the atmosphereC.the scientific understanding in the international communityD.the reduction of industrial product

54、ion of many halocarbons问题4选项A.the location of the layer relative to the earthB.the satellite orbiting the earthC.the raw data of the dramatic loss of ozoneD.the apparently anomalous readings taken earlier问题5选项A.the normal components of the earths atmosphereB.chlorine atoms, halons and methyl bromide

55、C.aircraft emissionsD.atomic oxygen【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段的第一句话“The Ozone Hole of ten gets confused in the popular press and by the general public with the problem of global warming.（大众媒体把臭氧空洞和全球变暖问题搞混了。）”。A选项“地球大气层升温的问题”正确；B选项“以多布森单位测量氯氟烃”；C选项“南极洲上空平流层低层臭氧的显著损失”；D选项“到

56、达地球表面的较高水平的中波”不符合题意，因此A选项正确。2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段，第四段说到臭氧会导致温室效应，臭氧层的破坏与人类释放含氯的人造化学品，以及含有溴的化合物、其他相关卤素化合物和氮氧化物有关，这些化合物通常存在于家用电器中，从而导致全球变暖，由此可知家用电器可能与全球变暖有关联。A选项“全球变暖”正确；B选项“气溶胶和溶剂的释放”；C选项“氯氟烃在空气中的稳定性”；D选项“合成化学物质排放到大气中”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段第三句话“Agreement has been reached on the control

57、 of industrial production of many halocarbons until the year 2030.（已就到2030年控制许多卤化碳的工业生产达成协议。）”，由此可知国际协议最终将导致卤化碳的减少。A选项“最近对多布森单位力量的调查”；B选项“停止向大气中释放大部分氯氟烃气体”；C选项“国际社会对科学的理解”都不符合题意，D选项“工业生产中许多卤化碳的减少”符合题意，因此D选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段第二句“Folklore has it that when the first measurements were taken in 197

58、5, the drop in ozone levels in the stratosphere was so dramatic that at first the scientists thought their instruments were faulty.（民间传说，当1975年首次进行测量时，平流层的臭氧水平急剧下降，以至于起初科学家们认为他们的仪器出了问题。）”，由此可知科学家们更换仪器是为了测量差距过大的数据。A选项“这层相对于地球的位置”；B选项“卫星绕地球运行”；C选项“臭氧显著损失的原始数据”；D选项“明显不正常的读数”。因此D选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第

59、五段的第二至四句话“CFCs are extremely stable, and they do not dissolve in rain. After a period of several years natural gases in the stratosphere combine with CFCs and this releases chlorine atoms, halons and methyl bromide. These in turn all release bromine atoms and it is these atoms that actually destroy

60、ozone.（氯氟烃非常稳定，不会在雨中溶解。几年后，平流层中的天然气与氯氟烃结合，释放出氯原子、哈龙和甲基溴。这些原子依次释放出溴原子，而正是这些原子破坏了臭氧）”。A选项“地球大气的正常组成部分”；B选项“氯原子，哈龙和甲基溴”；C选项“飞机排放”；D选项“原子氧”。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题The examination has been cancelled. You（ ）all that revision, after all.问题1选项A.didnt need to haveB.neednt have doneC.need to doD.neednt do【答案】B【解析】考查情态

61、动词+现在完成时的用法。“need”既可用做及物动词，也可用作情态动词。句意：考试已经被取消了。毕竟，你们本不需要做那么多的复习工作。题干中“你们不必复习”，意思是“你们已经做了，但实际上不必做。”此句“need”是用作情态动词，否定式就是“neednt”，因此B选项正确。7. 单选题New philanthropists also tend to stay closely involved in the foundations they set up rather than just bankrolling an organization.问题1选项A.subsidizingB.formen

62、tingC.cruciformingD.ideating【答案】A【解析】考查近义动词辨析。A选项subsidizing“资助；给予奖助金；向行贿”；B选项formenting不存在；C选项cruciform / cruciforming“（adj.） 十字形的；十字架状的”；D选项ideating“形成概念；想象，设想”。句意：新的慈善家也倾向于密切参与他们建立的基金会，而不仅仅是资助一个组织。bankroll“提供资金；提供财务上的资助”，A选项与该词词意最相近，因此A选项正确。8. 单选题Thomas Jeffersons achievements as an architect riv

63、al his contributions（ ）a politician.问题1选项A.suchB.thanC.asD.more【答案】C【解析】考查固定句式。Asas“与一样”。句意：托马斯杰斐逊作为建筑师的成就与他作为政治家的贡献不相上下。因此C选项正确。9. 单选题The shuttle Columbia was doomed in part because NASA relied on flawed computer simulations and mathematical formulas that failed to accurately predict damage to the

64、shuttle from flying pieces of foam, documents released by the space agency and the group investigating the accident show.Nuclear and aviation industry safety experts who are familiar with the sorts of analyses NASA used say space agency officials were wrong to rely on the simulations to gauge risks. Instead, the experts say, they should have performed tests on shuttle components to determine the damage that foam from the fue