2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考前模拟强化练习题37（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Nye argues that the interests of the international community are not illusory, that they are（ ） of our national interests, which cannot be achieved without help from other nations.问题1选项A.particleB.part and parcelC.particlesD.parts and parcels【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析和固定搭配

2、。particle“颗粒”；part and parcel“必要部分”；particles“颗粒（复数）”；没有parts and parcels用法。句意：Nye认为国际社会的利益并不是幻影，它们是我们国家利益的必要部分，没有没有其他国家的帮助，无法达到目的。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题With the expansion of the company, the manager has so much work to do that a holiday for him this year is （ ）.问题1选项A.out of questionB.out of the questionC.

3、beyond all questionD.past question【答案】B【解析】词组辨析。out of question“毫无疑问”；out of the question“不可能”；beyond all question“毫无疑问”；past question“无可争辩”。句意：随着公司的扩张，经理有很多的工作要做，所以今年的假期对他来说是不可能的。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题The nutrition of a common-wealth （ ） the plenty, and distribution of materials conducing to life.问题1选项A.co

4、nsists ofB.consists inC.is consistent withD.is composed of【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。consists of“由.组成”；consists in“存在于.”；is consistent with“与.一致”；is composed of“由.组成”。句意：共同财富的好处在于有益于生活的物质的丰富性和物质分配。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题The interconnection in the global financial system means that if one nation （ ） on its sovereign debt

5、or enters into recession that places some of the external private debt at risk as well, the banking system of creditor nations face losses.问题1选项A.accountsB.defaultsC.bailoutsD.switches【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。account “认为”；default “拖欠，不履行”；bailout “紧急救助、跳伞”；switch “转换”。句意：全球金融体系的互联互通意味着如果一个国家的主权债务违约拖欠，或陷入衰退，导

6、致部分外部私人债务也面临风险，债权国的银行体系将面临损失。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题In 1871 the Paris Commune which, as mentioned, was the first socialist revolution, was also the last one to take place in a country that was part of the capitalist center. The twentieth century inaugurated - with the “awakening of the peoples of the periphe

7、ries - a new chapter in history. Its first manifestations were the revolutions in Iran (1907), in Mexico (1910-1920), China (1911) and “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905. This awakening of the peoples and nations of the periphery was carried forward in the Revolution of 1917, the Arabo-Muslim Nahda, t

8、he constitution of the Young Turk movement (1908), the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, and the formation of the Indian Congress (1885). In reaction to the first long crisis of historical capitalism (1875-1950), the peoples of the periphery began to liberate themselves around 1914-1917, mobilizing thems

9、elves under the flags of socialism (Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba) or of national liberation (India, Algeria) associated to different degrees with progressive social reforms. They took the path to industrialization, hitherto forbidden by the domination of the old imperialism, forcing the latter to ad

10、just to this first wave of independent initiatives of the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries. From 1917 to the time when the Bandung project (1955-1980) ran out of steam and Sovietism collapsed in 1990, these were the initiatives that dominated the scene. I do not see the two long crise

11、s of aging monopoly capitalism in terms of long Kondratieff cycles, but as two stages in both the decline of historical globalized capitalism and the possible transition to socialism. Nor do I see the 1914-1945 period exclusively as the 30 years war for the succession to “British hegemony.”1 see thi

12、s period also as the long war conducted by the imperialist centers against the first awakening of the peripheries (East and South). This first wave of the awakening of the peoples of the periphery wore out for many reasons, including its own internal limitations and contradictions, and imperialisms

13、success in finding new ways of dominating the world system (through the control of technological invention, access to resources, the globalized financial system, communication and information technology, weapons of mass destruction). Nevertheless, capitalism underwent a second long crisis that began

14、 in the 1970s, exactly one hundred years after the first one. The reactions of capital to this crisis were the same as it had had to the previous one: reinforced concentration, which gave rise to generalized monopoly capitalism, globalization (liberal), and fractionalization. But the moment of trium

15、ph-the second belle poque, from 1990 to 2008, echoing the first belle poque, from 1890 to 1914-of the new collective imperialism of the Triad (the United States, Europe, and Japan) was indeed brief. A new epoch of chaos, wars, and revolutions emerged. In this situation, the second wave of the awaken

16、ing of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, other than through the military control of the planet. 1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as revolution in the passage?2.The word Ko

17、ndratieff cycles in the third paragraph most probably refers to （ ）.3.How do the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries force the historical capitalism to “adjust” to their first wave of independent initiatives?4.Which of the following can best explain the idea of last sentence of the passa

18、ge?5.Which of the following statements can best explain the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.The “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905.B.The British hegemony.C.The Egyptian Revolution of 1919.D.The Paris Commune.问题2选项A.a term in politicsB.a term in economicsC.a term in ecologyD.a term in sociology问题3选项A.t

19、hrough socialism.B.through national liberation.C.through industrialization.D.through financial globalization.问题4选项A.The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery had already started, which now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positi

20、ons. In this situation, the imperialism had to resort to the military control of the planet.B.The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now couldnt accept the collective imperialism of the Triad maintaining its dominant positions and they had to res

21、ort to the military control the planet in this situation.C.In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery had already started, which now couldnt accept the collective imperialism of the Triad maintaining its dominant military control of the planet.D.In this situa

22、tion, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, let alone allow it to achieve this aim through the military control of the planet.问题5选项A.The second wave

23、 of the awakening of the nations of the periphery now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions.B.People in the periphery have no alternative than to opt for a different development path.C.The initiative of the historical development spontaneously pa

24、sses to the peoples and nations of the periphery.D.The twentieth century inauguratedwith the “awakening of the peoples of the peripheries”-a new chapter in history.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段， “In 1871 the Paris CommuneIts first manifestations were the revolutions in Iran (1907)

25、, and “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905the constitution of the Young Turk movement (1908), the Egyptian Revolution of 1919”，所以英国的霸权主义文中没有提及。选项B符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第三段， “I do not see the two long crises of aging monopoly capitalism in terms of long Kondratieff cycles, but as two stages in both the decline

26、of historical globalized capitalism and the possible transition to socialism.”，可知我并不会从长期的康德拉蒂夫周期来看待垄断资本主义衰退的两个长期危机，而是历史全球化资本主义衰落和向社会主义过渡的两个阶段。可推断出Kondratieff cycles是与经济相关的术语。选项B符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段， “They took the path to industrialization, hitherto forbidden by the domination of the old imperialism

27、, forcing the latter to adjust to this first wave of independent initiatives of the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries.”，可知他们走上了工业化的道路，来强迫统治者“调整”以适应第一次独立运动。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already star

28、ted) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, other than through the military control of the planet.”，可知在这种情况下，外围国家的第二波觉醒已经开始了，其拒绝让三足鼎立的帝国主义保持它的统治地位，但帝国主义的军事控制除外。可推断出在这种情况下，帝国主义必须对全球继续实施军事控制。选项A符合题意。5.主旨题。纵观全文。第一段提及了20世纪的民族革命运动；第二段主要提到资本主义开始走上了

29、工业化的道路来调整使其适应独立运动；接着第四段和第五段介绍了两次民族觉醒革命。所以文章的主题以20世纪外围民族的觉醒和革命运动展开。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题（ ）, even though one undergoes untold millions of individual experiences in ones life, only a few lessons are usually ever learned.问题1选项A.SpontaneouslyB.StupendouslyC.ApparentlyD.Appropriately【答案】C【解析】副词词义辨析。spontaneousl

30、y“自然地，自发地”；stupendously “巨大地、惊人地”；apparently “显然地”；appropriately “适当地”。句意：很显然，即使一个人在一生中会经历无数次的个人经历，但人们通常只能从中得到很少的经验教训。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题The second major cause of the changes in cultural policy that we are witnessing at the present time is the radical transformation of the economic environment in which c

31、ultural goods are produced, distributed and consumed, brought about by what is loosely referred to as globalization. This term is widely used in the contemporary discourse to identify a series of related trends that can be observed in economic, social and geopolitical spheres. Essentially, globaliza

32、tion can be defined as three phenomena: the breakdown of barriers to the movement of resources, especially capital and labor, between countries and regions; the emergence of a global marketplace for many commodities, with increased commercial opportunities for both national and transnational compani

33、es; and the internationalization of communications, leading to, among other things, the free transmission of cultural symbols and messages around the world. There are both technological and economic causes underlying these phenomena; the digital revolution, the explosion in computational power avail

34、able across a wide range of applications, the growth of the internet and the invention of new devices for communication and data transmission have together provided the technological impetus for globalization, while its operations have been enabled by a widespread acceptance of neoliberal economic p

35、rinciples as the basis for national and international policy-making. The effects of these trends on artists, creative workers, commercial and non-commercial firms producing and distributing cultural products, cultural agencies and institutions, and consumers, have been profound. To begin with, on th

36、e production side new communications technologists have fostered new forms of cultural expression and opened up new avenues for cultural exchange. At the cutting edge, artists working in new media are experimenting with innovative methods for making art and communicating it to consumers; these devel

37、opments can be likened to R&D activities in industry, given that the eventual payoff (in both artistic and commercial terms) is uncertain but could be substantial. Manuel Castells has observed that this new technological environment can be described as cultural insofar as its dynamics are dependent

38、on the culture of innovation, on the culture of risk, on the culture of expectations and. ultimately, on the culture of hope in the future. Furthermore, new technologists have led to new ways for cultural producers to carry on their business operations, through improved information and marketing ser

39、vices, more efficient management systems, and so on. For example, museums and galleries are digitizing their collections, performing groups are adopting electronic ticketing, and newspapers are being made available on-line. At the same time, threats have emerged to traditional modes of cultural prod

40、uction and distribution, nowhere more evident than in the music industry, where illegal downloads from the internet continue to affect the revenue streams of performers, publishers and record companies. 1.The best title for the passage is probably （ ）.2.Which of the following phenomena closely relat

41、ed to globalization is NOT mentioned in the passage?3.One of the causes underlying the globalization trends is that （ ）.4.Which of the following is TRUE about the effects of globalization on cultural industry?5.The word impetus in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to （ ）.问题1选项A.New Trends Brought ab

42、out by GlobalizationB.The Cultural Causes of GlobalizationC.The Emergence of GlobalizationD.Globalization and Cultural Industry问题2选项A.The breakdown of barriers to the movement of capital resources.B.The emergence of a global marketplace for many commodities.C.The vanishing of cultural diversity.D.Th

43、e free transmission of cultural symbols and messages around the world.问题3选项A.the universal acceptance of neoliberal economic principlesB.the free movement of labor resources across the worldC.the emergence of many transnational companiesD.the support of policy-makers across the world问题4选项A.The effec

44、ts of globalization on artists and creative workers have been more profound than on cultural agencies and institutions.B.It threatens the traditional modes of cultural production and distribution.C.Museums and galleries can display and sell their digitized collections.D.Downloads from the internet c

45、ontinue to affect the revenue streams of performers, publishers and record companies.问题5选项A.impedeB.fuelC.impactD.impeachment【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.主旨题。纵观全文，文章主要提到了在全球化的环境给文化产业带来了一些影响，全球化对文化产业在构成一定的威胁和挑战。所以文章内容主要是围绕全球化和文化产业展开的。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Essentially, globalization can be de

46、fined as three phenomena: the breakdown of barriers to the movement of resources, especially capital and labor, between countries and regions; the emergence of a global marketplace for many commodities, with increased commercial opportunities for both national and transnational companies; and the in

47、ternationalization of communications, leading to, among other things, the free transmission of cultural symbols and messages around the world.”，可知文中提到的全球化带来现象包括the breakdown of barriers to the movement of resources “打破资源流动的障碍”，the emergence of a global marketplace for many commodities “许多商品在全球市场出现”，

48、free transmission of cultural symbols and messages around the world “文化符号和信息的自由传播”，所以只有文化的多样性没有提及。选项C符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“There are both technological and economic causes underlying these phenomenawhile its operations have been enabled by a widespread acceptance of neoliberal economic principles as

49、 the basis for national and international policy-making.”，可知这些现象的背后既有技术原因，也有经济原因，而只有新自由主义经济原则作为国家和国际决策的基础得到广泛接受，才能使全球化成为可能。所以造成全球化趋势的原因之一是新自由主义经济原则的普遍接受。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句，“The effects of these trends on artistshave been profound.”，可知对于全球化对各方面的影响没有进行对比。选项A不符合文意，可排除。根据文章最后一段，“For example, mus

50、eums and galleries are digitizing their collections”，可知博物馆和画廊正在把他们的收藏品数字化，所以并没有提到display and sell，选项C不符合文意，可排除。根据文章最后一段， “threats have emerged to traditional modes of cultural production and distribution, nowhere more evident than in the music industry, where illegal downloads from the internet cont

51、inue to affect the revenue streams of performers, publishers and record companies.”，可知来自互联网的非法下载继续对演员、出版商和唱片公司的收入来源造成影响。选项D并未提到下载是非法还是合法的，不符合文意，可排除。同时根据此句，可知传统的文化生产和传播方式受到了威胁。选项B符合题意。5.词义理解题。impede“妨碍”；fuel“燃料，刺激因素”；impact“影响，撞击”；impeachment “弹劾，控告”。句意：为全球化提供技术动力。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Americans have a profo

52、und longing for heroes - now perhaps more than ever. On some level, we still （ ） the myth of the man in the white hat.问题1选项A.succeed toB.subscribe toC.succeed againstD.subside into【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。succeed to “继承，接着发生”；subscribe to “同意，赞成”；succeed against “成功应对”；subside into “逐渐衰退”。句意：美国人对英雄有一种深厚的渴望-现在活

53、着比以往更加渴望。在某种程度上，我们仍然相信戴白帽子人的神话。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题Around the world, rumbles of complaint about globalization are growing louder. In East Asia, the financial crisis of 1997 left a jaundiced sense of what globalization entails, though robust economic recovery has tempered that. Globalizations standing has

54、also been badly damaged in Latin America by the meltdown of the Argentine economy in 2000 and financial crises in Brazil in 1999 and 2001. New fears about globalization are surfacing in Europe too. In France and Germany, working people link globalization with pressures to dismantle the social democr

55、atic state.These developments have raised concerns about the durability of globalization even among its supporters. In the final section of his new book Global Capitalism: Its Fail and Rise in the 20th Century，the Harvard professor Jeffry Friedenwho is in favor of globalizationruminates on the possi

56、bility that todays globalization, like that of the 19th century, might falter.It can be highly instructive to look back at what some historians call “the first globalization”. When people do so, however, they often tend to identify its end as the beginning of World War I in 1914. This is wrong, and

57、leads to misunderstandings about todays globalization.The first globalization ended with the Wall Street crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression. The worlds response to the crash, however, was profoundly affected by the political conditions that World War I had created. In the United States,

58、Britain and France, the war created political and social conditions that fostered a turn to social democracy. In Germany, the onerous economic burdens of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles fostered a turn to Nazism.This history has enormous significance for understanding todays predicament. The first les

59、son is that the economic crisis of 1929not politicsbrought down the first globalization, suggesting that an economic crisis, and not politics, will bring down todays globalization.The second lesson is that while political developments before 1929 did not cause the crash, they mattered enormously for

60、 the international response. After World War I, governments substantially recreated the prewar economic system, but the reconstructed system distributed prosperity extremely unevenly. In the United States, wealth and income inequality grew during the Roaring Twenties. In Britain, the industrial midl

61、ands and the north suffered from persistent stagnation because of an overvalued exchange rate. And prosperity simply bypassed Germany.Additionally, there was a popular turn to isolationism in response to the carnage wrought by the war. The global economic system was therefore unpopular, and conseque

62、ntly it had few defenders when the crash came. That lesson holds for the current globalization, which is also unpopular and feared.After the first globalization crashed because of inherent financial fragility, the ensuing New Deal era created a system that remedied that fragility. The New Deal era a

63、lso created a social democratic, mass-consumption economy in which income was more broadly shared because of unionization, minimum wages and social security provisions. But such an economy is expensive for individual capitalists, giving them incentive to evade its costs. That has been a driving forc

64、e behind globalization since 1980, and that is the contradiction in todays system.1.The financial cries in Brazil are mentioned in the first paragraph to （ ）.2.Which of the following is NOT true about Jeffry Frieden?3.Why does the author advocate looking back at the first globalization?4.Which of the following is the lesson learnt from the history of the first globalization?5.It