2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前模拟强化练习题77（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题For all her rich experience in practicing law, the lawyer failed to pry much information out of the _ witness.问题1选项A.sophisticatedB.obstinateC.soberD.gloomy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sophisticated“复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的”；B选项obstinate“顽固的；倔强的；难以控制的”；C选项sober“冷静的，清醒的；未醉的”；D

2、选项gloomy“黑暗的；沮丧的；阴郁的”。句意：尽管这位律师有丰富的律师执业经验，但她未能从这位固执的证人那里打听到多少信息。因此B选项正确。2. 翻译题In the case of art appreciation, psychological conditions are required. Oriental art is dedicated not to the eye, but to the mind. It is for internal enjoyment. The ideal way of looking at a painting is not to go to a publ

3、ic gallery or in the midst of a crowd. The ideal way is to be alone with the painting, concentrating ones mind on it, communicating with it until one enters into the rhythmic vitality of the object. The garden, also, is never meant to be monumental or ornamental, but a place for spiritual communicat

4、ion and purification. In the appreciation of art, nature must be penetrated, profoundly understood, reflected upon. This attitude is almost a religious one, and is absolutely necessary in the appreciation of Oriental sculpture.【答案】就艺术欣赏而言，需要心理条件。东方艺术献身于心灵而非眼睛。它注重于内心的享受。看一幅画的理想方式不是去公共画廊或在人群中。理想的方法是与画

5、独处，专心于画，与画交流，直到感觉到它生命的韵律。花园，也从来不是纪念性的或装饰性的，而是一个精神交流和净化的地方。在欣赏艺术的过程中，必须深入自然，深刻理解自然，反思自然。这种态度几乎是一种宗教性的态度，在欣赏东方雕塑作品中是绝对必要的。3. 单选题It is a pity for _ any disagreement in the family.问题1选项A.there to beB.there beingC.there beD.being【答案】A【解析】考查不定式用法。不定式结构做主语通常表示具体动作，间或也可表示抽象动作，这一点与-ing分词结构做主语恰恰相反。用作主语的不定式结构的

6、逻辑主语通常可以在特定上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”或“for+ there to be”表示。如：It is important for us to have a good grasp of English.Its a pity for there to be any disagreement in the family.（在这种结构中，there后面的不定式只能是to be）本题句意：家庭不和实在是很遗憾。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long p

7、uzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after y

8、ear.A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances a

9、nd increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert

10、 the original level of danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersecti

11、on is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan ar

12、e far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isnt simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke Unive

13、rsity Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span

14、.1. What social scientists have long felt puzzled about is why _.2. In his research, Gerald Wilde finds that technological advances and increases in safety standards _.3. According to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from _.4. By saying “.statistically canceling out th

15、e benefits that the seat belt confers” (Para. 2), the author means _.5. Which of the following may contribute to a longer life span?问题1选项A.the mortality rate can not be predictedB.the death toll remained stable year after yearC.a quota for each type of death has not come into beingD.people lost thei

16、r lives every year for this or that reason问题2选项A.have helped solve the problem of so high death rateB.have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past centuryC.have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deathsD.have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths问题3选项A.our

17、innate desire for riskB.our fast and reckless drivingC.our ignorance of seat belt benefitsD.our instinctive interest in speeding问题4选项A.wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of viewB.deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing themC.deaths fr

18、om other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing seat beltsD.wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents问题5选项A.Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others.B.Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care.C.Cultivating an optimistic personalit

19、y and never losing heart.D.Looking on the bright side and developing a balanced level of risk.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists.No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It ju

20、st happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.（死亡率的可预测性长期以来一直困扰着社会科学家没有人为每种死亡类型设定一个限额。他们只是年复一年地遵循着一种一成不变的模式。）”由此可知B选项“死亡人数年复一年保持稳定”说法正确。A选项“死亡率无法预测”，文章的意思为死亡人数年复一年保持稳定，所以社会科学家很难预测死亡率的变化，并不是说死亡率不可预测，所以A选项说法错误；C选项“还没有形成每种死亡类型的限额”和D选项“人们每年因为这个或那个原因而失去生命”虽然文中都有提到，但这些都是死亡人数保持稳定的原因，不是主要

21、困扰社会科学家们的问题。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that

22、 time.（他注意到，整个世纪以来，尽管在这段时间里发生了所有的技术进步和安全标准提高，西方世界的暴力和意外死亡死亡率一直保持着奇怪的稳定。）”，由此可知技术进步和安全标准的提高并未降低各种原因的死亡人数，所以D选项“没有达到降低死亡人数的效果”说法正确。A选项“帮助解决了高死亡率的问题”、B选项“在过去的一个世纪中对死亡率的解释很奇怪”以及C选项“减少了暴力和意外死亡的死亡率”都不符合文章事实，因此D选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain le

23、vel of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger.It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.（根据这一理论，人们本能地生活在一定程度的风险中。当某物变得更安全时，人们会以某种方式绕过该措施，重新确认原来的危险水平这样看来，我们对危险有一种天生的需求。）”，由此可知A选项“我们天生的冒险欲望”说法正确。B选项“我们的

24、快速和鲁莽驾驶”；C选项“我们对安全带好处的无知”；D选项“我们对超速的本能兴趣”文章虽然都有提到，但那些都并不是体内风险平衡理论主要阐述的导致交通事故的根本原因，因此A选项正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benef

25、its that the seat belt confers.（例如，如果他们被要求系上安全带，他们会感到更安全，因此会开车更快一点，更鲁莽一点，从而从统计学上抵消了安全带带来的好处。）”，由此可知从统计学的角度说，开快车开鲁莽车导致的死亡人数的增加抵消了系保险带引起的死亡人数减少的好处，所以C选项“其他原因造成的死亡抵消了系安全带的好处”符合题意。A选项“从统计的角度来看，系安全带没有任何好处”和B选项“系安全带和不系安全带造成的死亡是一样的”以及D选项“系上安全带不一定能减少交通事故的死亡人数”都不是作者想要表达的意思。因此C选项正确。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段“people with

26、a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition.（性格多疑的人比性格开朗的人更容易过早死亡）”可知A选项“对他人表现出足够的信任而不是怀疑”说法错误，文章提到的是要保持性格开朗，C选项“培养乐观的性格，永不气馁”正确；根据最后一段“it isnt simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving

27、with care.（这不仅仅是坚持某些预防措施的问题：吃正确的食物，不吸烟，小心驾驶。）”可知B选项“吃低脂肪的食物，小心驾驶”说法错误，正确的食物不等于低脂肪的食物；根据文章最后一句话“Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.（往好的方面看，它似乎可以延长你的寿命。）”可知D选项“看到光明的一面，发展一个平衡的风险水平”说法错误，后半句文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。5. 单选题All the rows, all the ethical problems and all the money s

28、pent in pursuing the human code for life will have been well worth it if it fulfils even some of its medical promise.The potential prizes certainly glitter. In the far future, it may be possible to prevent genetic diseases from being inherited by cutting them out of the gene pool once and for all, s

29、o-called gene engineering. At the nearer end of the time scale, genetic tests are allowing people to choose suitable therapies and life styles to beat disease. And in between, lie further tantalizing prospects: thousands of new drugs for previously untreatable diseases; drugs tailored to individuals

30、, so with far fewer side effects, the ability to replace faulty genes, short-circuiting diseases at source.But the work of turning the base pair data into the gold of new treatments has already begun, according to Dr. Francis Collins, head of the US National Human Genome Research institute. I keep a

31、 tally of the genes that are responsible for human diseases that are identified over the course of year. In a good year, in times gone by, there might have been two or three. Last year, there have been 29 discovered.Private companies have also combed the data to find genes that play roles in diabete

32、s, asthma, psoriasis and migraines. The most extreme suggested use for the human genome data is editing the DNA inheritance passed down from one generation to the next. Such a scenario involves identifying an abnormal gene and then correcting it in the cells which are used to pass genetic informatio

33、n to offspring. No subsequent generation would then be affected by their ancestors gene defect. However, such irreversible intervention generation would then be affected by their ancestors gene defect. However, such irreversible intervention with the code for life will only be allowed after major et

34、hical reservations and safety concerns over possible unexpected results of the changes are addressed.There is little doubt that the revelation of human genome will benefit healthcare in the short and long term. But many of the treatments will be expensive and will do nothing to avoid the damage caus

35、ed by viral and bacterial diseases. It has been suggested that a brave new world awaits us in which all ailments can be monitored from a daily mouth swab inserted into a DNA reader in our bathroom cabinets. But Dr. Ian Purvis says, “It could be that like, a long time in the future, but that is based

36、 on the rather arrogant view humanity has that it will understand everything we findand we never have in the past.”1. By saying that the “potential prizes certainly glitter”, the author means that _.2. The chief purpose of gene engineering is to _.3. From the first sentence of the third paragraph we

37、 learn that _.4. The author warns that in trying to alter human genes, special attention should be paid to _.5. According to Dr. Purvis, human beings _.问题1选项A.pursuing the human code for life certainly provokes much debateB.gene engineering fails to fulfil some of its medical promisesC.gene engineer

38、ing will certainly prove to be a fruitful researchD.potential prizes for gene research have actually proved to be small问题2选项A.develop drugs suited to each individual with fewer side effectsB.prevent faulty genes from passing on to the next generationC.develop drugs for previously untreatable disease

39、sD.work out the best therapy for the terminally ill问题3选项A.actual work on gene engineering has been under wayB.getting away with faulty genes has proved to be a tough taskC.the prospect of finding the new treatments seems brightD.researchers have begun to collect the human genome data问题4选项A.ethical p

40、roblems involvedB.abnormal genes to be alteredC.the code of life to be searched forD.protecting healthy genes问题5选项A.are more arrogant than we were in the pastB.will be able to monitor all ailments in the near futureC.understand our past better than we do our futureD.may not understand everything we

41、discovered【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“The potential prizes certainly glitter. In the far future, it may be possible to prevent genetic diseases from being inherited by cutting them out of the gene pool once and for all, so-called gene engineering. At the nearer end of the

42、time scale, genetic tests are allowing people to choose suitable therapies and life styles to beat disease. And in between, lie further tantalizing prospects: thousands of new drugs for previously untreatable diseases; drugs tailored to individuals, so with far fewer side effects, the ability to rep

43、lace faulty genes, short-circuiting diseases at source.（潜在的奖励肯定是闪闪发光的。在遥远的将来，通过将遗传疾病一劳永逸地从基因库中剔除，也就是所谓的基因工程，就有可能防止遗传疾病。随着时间的推移，基因测试使人们能够选择合适的治疗方法和生活方式来战胜疾病。在这两者之间，还有更诱人的前景：数以千计的新药可以治疗以前无法治疗的疾病；为个人量身定制的药物，副作用少得多，能够替换有缺陷的基因，从源头上消除疾病。）”，由此可知题干中potential prizes certainly glitter的意思是真正的工程必将被证明是一项富有成效的研究，

44、即它可以治疗遗传疾病，所以C选项“真正的工程必将被证明是一项富有成效的研究”符合题意。A选项“追寻人类的生命密码肯定会引发很多争论”；B选项“真正的工程没有履行一些医疗承诺”以及D选项“基因研究的潜在回报实际上被证明是很小的”文章都没有提及，因此C选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“In the far future, it may be possible to prevent genetic diseases from being inherited by cutting them out of the gene pool once and for all, so-call

45、ed genuine engineering. （在遥远的将来，通过将遗传疾病一劳永逸地从基因库中剔除，也就是所谓的基因工程，就有可能防止遗传疾病。）”，由此可知基因工程的主要目的是防止有缺陷的基因遗传给下一代，B选项“防止有缺陷的基因传递给下一代”更符合题意。A选项“开发适合每个人的副作用更少的药物”；C选项“为以前无法治疗的疾病开发药物”；D选项“找出治疗绝症的最佳疗法”。因此B选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到第三段第一句话“But the work of turning the base pair data into the gold of new treatments has

46、 already begun, according to Dr. Francis Collins, head of the US National Human Genome Research institute.（但美国国家人类基因组研究所所长弗朗西斯 柯林斯博士表示，将碱基对数据转化为新疗法的黄金数据的工作已经开始。）”，再联系下文可知，基因工程正在实施中，因此A选项“基因工程的实际工作正在进行中”符合题意。B选项“摆脱有缺陷的基因被证明是一项艰巨的任务”和C选项“找到新疗法的前景似乎很光明”不能从该句子体现出；根据第三段以及第四段“I keep a tally of the genes t

47、hat are responsible for human diseases that are identified over the course of year. Private companies have also combed the data to find genes that play roles in diabetes, asthma, psoriasis and migraines.（我记录了一年中发现的与人类疾病有关的基因私营公司也梳理了数据，寻找与糖尿病、哮喘、牛皮癣和偏头痛有关的基因。）”可知文章只提到弗朗西斯柯林斯博士和私营公司在收集人类基因组数据，并没有提到研究人

48、员，因此D选项“研究人员已经开始收集人类基因组数据”说法错误。因此A选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段的最后一句话“However, such irreversible intervention with the code for life will only be allowed after major ethical reservations and safety concerns over possible unexpected results of the changes are addressed.（然而，只有在处理了重大伦理保留意见和对可能出现的意外结果的安全担忧

49、之后，才允许对生命守则进行这种不可逆转的干预。）”，由此可知在试图干预人类基因时应注意伦理以及安全问题，所以A选项“涉及的道德问题”符合题意。B选项“被改变的异常基因”；C选项“寻找生命的密码”；D选项“保护健康基因”均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据珀维斯博士所说“It could be that like, a long time in the future, but that is based on the rather arrogant view humanity has that it will understand everything we findand we

50、never have in the past.（可能在很长一段时间以后，但这是基于人类相当傲慢的观点，即它会理解我们发现的一切而我们过去从未这样做过。）”可知人们需要在很长一段时间后，并且是基于很傲慢的观点才会理解他们的发现，所以D选项“可能并不理解我们发现的一切”符合题意。A选项“比过去更傲慢”曲解了文意；B选项“在不久的将来能检测到所有的疾病”出现在文章最后一段“It has been suggested that a brave new world awaits us in which all ailments can be monitored from a daily mouth sw

51、ab inserted into a DNA reader in our bathroom cabinets. （有人认为，一个勇敢的新世界正在等待着我们，在这个世界里，所有的疾病都可以通过每天将口腔拭子插入浴室橱柜里的DNA读取器来监测。）”，此处只是说有些人认为、有意见认为，并没有绝对地说人类将来能监测到所有疾病，因此B选项错误；C选项“了解我们的过去胜过了解我们的将来”在珀维斯博士所说的话中没有体现。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it _ into fragments.问题1选项A.broke off

52、B.broke awayC.broke throughD.broke up【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项break off“折断；突然停止，暂停”；B选项break away“脱离；放弃；逃跑”；C选项break through“突破；突围；有重要创见”；D选项break up“打碎，破碎；结束；解散；衰落；终止；分手”。句意：木头已经是如此的腐朽以至于我们一拉它就变成了碎片。因此D选项正确。7. 单选题Some taxonomists, particularly those working in herbaria and providing an identification ser

53、vice, do need such _.问题1选项A.approachB.confidenceC.faithD.expertise【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项approach“方法，方式；接近；接洽”；B选项confidence“信心；信任；秘密”；C选项faith“信仰；信念；信任；忠实”；D选项expertise“专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见”。句意：一些分类学家，特别是那些在标本室工作并提供鉴定服务的分类学家，确实需要这样的专业知识。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题There are several _ between the original estimates of the

54、 cost and the actual bills.问题1选项A.exaggerationsB.discrepanciesC.breakthroughsD.compliances【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项exaggeration“夸张；夸大之词；夸张的手法”；B选项discrepancy“不符；矛盾；相差”；C选项breakthrough“突破；突破性进展”；D选项compliance“顺从，服从；符合；屈从；可塑性”。句意：费用的原始估计和实际账单之间有几处不一致。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题It is difficult to _ of a plan to end pover

55、ty.问题1选项A.speculateB.conceiveC.ponderD.reckon【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项speculate“推测；推断；投机；思索”；B选项conceive“怀孕；构思；以为；持有；设想；考虑”；C选项ponder“仔细考虑；衡量；考虑；沉思”；D选项reckon“测算，估计；认为；计算；猜想，料想”。conceive of“设想；以为；想象；构思”。句意：想出一个消除贫困的计划是很难的。因此B选项正确。10. 单选题There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly comm

56、on in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job, either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Cont

57、act us before writing your application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is

58、 also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae (or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passe

59、d any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, and everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique

60、worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you fro

61、m the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for”, was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job interview.There is no doubt, however, that it is increasing number of a

62、pplicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.1. The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns _.2. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created beca

63、use _.3. In the past it was expected that first job hunters would _.4. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter _.5. The curriculum vitae has become such an important document because _.问题1选项A.informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB.promises to offer useful advice to those looking for employmentC.divides available jobs into various typesD.informs employers of the people available for work问题2选项A.there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB.there are so many top level jobs availableC.there are so many people o