2022年考博英语-同济大学考前模拟强化练习题27（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-同济大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The field of sociology in the United States developed as a result of a social experience which had very little to do with the political and ideological controversies that stimulated sociology in France and Germany. Rather, the discipline evolved as a result of the

2、 experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth. Indeed, it must be emphasized that from its beginning, sociology has had a very practical interest, which was characterized less by political divisiveness than by soci

3、al reform and social work. This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present. It has only been since World War，however, that there has existed something in American higher education that could be properly termed a “sociological establishment” or a highly respected aca

4、demic field of study. Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.Today，what does the academic sociologist do? Professional sociologists are individuals who

5、study and teach about societies，social institutions，and the patterns of human interaction and human behavior. As a scientific discipline，sociology may be divided into three broad, analytical fields: the study of groups; institutions analysis; and the study of the social structure in general. Thus, t

6、he content of the rapidly expanding discipline of sociology is based upon culture and society，with emphasis placed upon the study of the various types of interaction and relationships which exist among individuals and human groups. In the study of such areas as social organization and disorganizatio

7、n, sociologists attempted to explain the evolution and change of social institutions and the changing nature of human attitudinal and value systems. Among the selected topics of investigation included within the study of sociology are the changing nature of family life，institutional life, sexual att

8、itudes, crime and violence，religious values, and the entire gamut of interpersonal relationships in politics and government. Indeed，many of the areas which professional sociologists study are, by their very nature, relatively familiar to many of us even though they are not clearly understood. The ba

9、sic hypotheses of the disciplinethat social life (both group and individual behavior) is patterned； that value and attitudes are learned, reinforced, and shared; that we as individuals are, in many respects，what others consider us to beare ideas which most people now instinctively accept in order to

10、 live and function as members of society. These topics, which emphasize individual and group behavior processes, then, comprise areas of concern for sociology as one of the behavior science disciplines.During these last decades of the twentieth century advanced Western society will continue to be co

11、nfronted with crucial social issues in the context of both individual and group behavior patterns resulting from continued rapid technological expansion. The solution to the problem plaguing our complex society will become，to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psy

12、chology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences. This trend is being witnessed currently by the increasing numbers of behavioral scientists that are being employed by government, by business and industry, by hospitals and other agencies dev

13、oted to problems of health care, by welfare agencies, by public educational systems, and by many other types of organizations in which some systematic knowledge of human behavior is required.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to _.2.Which of the following statements about sociology would the au

14、thor be most likely to disagree with?3.It can be inferred from the passage that social psychology and cultural anthropology_.4.Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?5.The word “empirical” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.问题1选项A.distinguish sociology in the

15、 United States from sociology in France and GermanyB.compare sociology with social psychology and cultural anthropologyC.provide a general discussion of modern Western sociology and its significanceD.show that sociology is the study of social institutions问题2选项A.Most sociologists are interested in th

16、eoretical rather than practical questions.B.There is a discernable structure to everyone s behavior.C.Human behavior can be systematically studied.D.Ones self-image is not encoded genetically.问题3选项A.are subareas of sociologyB.are other names for sociologyC.will achieve the academic respectability of

17、 sociologyD.may be consulted for solutions to sociology problems问题4选项A.Sociology theory is rarely based on empirical evidence.B.The problems facing sociologists do not change as times change.C.The problems of immigrants in a new culture stimulate sociological research.D.There are factors in interper

18、sonal relationships that are not of interests to the sociologist.问题5选项A.“relating to experience and observation”B.“relating to behavior and manner”C.“concerning academy”D.“relying on education”【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨题。根据全文可知，第一段讲到了说美国社会学发展的重要性，第二段讲到了社会学的领域和内容，最后讲到了社会学在解决复杂的社会问题中的重要性。选项

19、C符合题意。 2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present.”，这门学科强调实践的特点一直延续至今。所以社会学是注重实践的。选项A符合题意。 3.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic d

20、isciplines comprising the behavioral sciences.”，可知在更大程度上，解决我们的复杂社会更多麻烦的问题，将成为社会学、社会心理学和文化人类学的主要责任。可推断出社会心理学和文化人类学是可以用于解决社会问题的。选项D符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrializ

21、ation and urban growth.”，可知，社会学学科的发展是社会经历发展的结果，这种经历伴随着移民社会的诸多问题：快速工业化和城市扩张引起的骚乱。可推断出新文化中的移民问题激发了社会学研究。选项C符合题意。 5.词义题。根据文章第一段最后一句， “Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significan

22、t social problems.”，可知作为一个学科，它的主要优势来源于对于识别和解决实际的且相当重要的社会问题的完全依据经验的和老练的方法。所以是用富有经验和老练的方法解决社会问题。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题The farmer warned those children not to _ on the corn.问题1选项A.collapseB.stripeC.strideD.tramp【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。collapse “倒塌，崩溃”；stripe“加条纹”；stride “跨步”；tramp“踩，走过”。句意：农民告诫那些孩子们不要在庄稼地里踩踏。选项D符合题意。3

23、. 单选题Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were being over-harvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines. In those days，the magnitude of the problems was small

24、, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didnt understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation could have been much worse, had we, and others，not tak

25、en action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it.During our campaign to share the wonders of the sea and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium availablepersonal appearances, the printed word, and television. Now there is a new medium that is ev

26、en more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them，exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates. I am tremendously impressed with the personalization of what

27、had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed.For these reasons I have made a major commitment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels. Im swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around I find Im not alone. We are all learning together and it is

28、 an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new world: We recently completed a CD-ROM, Jean-Michel Cousteaus World: Cities Under the Sea-Coral Reefs. A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Re

29、ef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they grasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process，thanks to the flexibility of the medium. It was particularly exciting to see kids squeal with delight as they respond

30、ed to questions and the computer rewarded them when they got the correct answers.I want young people to experience the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable our environment is. Young people need to be taught to take responsibility for ensuring that t

31、heir heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine has. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action I am counting on young p

32、eople with their idealism and energy to create a better futureit is too important to be left to bureaucrats and politicians.1.Forty years ago people were indifferent to the health of the ocean because_.2.The last sentence of the 2nd paragraph tells us that the writer believes that _.3.The writer wen

33、t to Fiji to_.4.The writers attitude to the prospect of the ocean is_.5.According to the passage, who shall we fall back on for a better future for the environment?问题1选项A.the ocean was immune to any pollution thenB.they didnt know what would come of if the ocean was deadly disruptedC.there was no co

34、mputer thenD.there wasnt any problem with the ocean at that time问题2选项A.the computer is as smart as human beingsB.the computer is friendly with human beingsC.human beings can interact with the computer and do what they want at their willD.human beings have not used the computer to its fullest advanta

35、ge问题3选项A.participate in a celebrationB.teach children there how to use the computerC.make an adventure in the seaD.spend the holiday on the seashore问题4选项A.desperateB.unconcernedC.optimisticD.pragmatic问题5选项A.Our predecessors.B.Politicians.C.Computers.D.Young people.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.

36、细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第三句，“if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didnt understand, nor did they care”，说明关于海洋问题在将来给人们带来的经济和健康问题，人们还不在乎也不理解，所以不知道海洋问题带来的后果。选项B符合题意。 2.推断题。根据第二段最后一句话，可知作者对怀疑主义者认为的人性化印象深刻。根据前一句，“Thanks to the Internet and comp

37、uters, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them，exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates.”，多亏了网络和电脑，人们不仅可以获取更多的信息，而且可以根据自己的进度和爱好阅读信息，并进行探索和研究。所以，作者认为人们可以任意地和计算机互动。选项C符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段， “A couple of months ago I was in F

38、iji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children.”，可知作者是去参加1997年珊瑚礁国际年会，并用光盘向儿童展示“海底城市”。选项A符合题意。 4.作者态度题。根据文章第四段，“I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action I

39、am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future”，作者希望通过网络这个媒介，人们能够体验、学习并采取行动，并且相信，青年一代将用他们的理想和能量去创造一个更美好的未来。所以作者对前景是保持乐观积极的。选项C符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future”，可知作者指望年青一代创造一个美好的未来，所以是依靠青年

40、人。选项D符合题意。 4. 单选题It is advisable to _ an electric wire with rubber in order to secure safety.问题1选项A.desolateB.resoluteC.insolateD.insulate【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。desolate “使荒凉，使孤寂”；resolute “坚决的，刚毅的”；insolate “使暴晒”，insulate “隔离，使绝缘”。句意：为了安全起见，最好在电线涂上橡胶以绝缘。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题Very few people could understand the l

41、ecture the professor delivered because its subject was very（ ）.问题1选项A.obscureB.indefiniteC.dubiousD.intriguing【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。obscure “费解的，不清楚的”；indefinite “不明确的”；dubious“可疑的，不可靠的”；intriguing “有趣的，迷人的”。句意：很少有人听懂教授的讲课，因为主题让人费解。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题Please dont _ too much on the painful memories. Everything

42、will be all right.问题1选项A.hesitateB.fingerC.retainD.dwell【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。hesitate “犹豫，踌躇”；finger“用手触摸，拨弄”；retain “保持， 记住”；dwell“凝思，居住”。句意：请不要过多细想痛苦的记忆，所有事都会好起来的。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题Ever since its discovery, Pluto has never really fitted in. After the pale and glowing giant Neptune, it is little more than a

43、 cosmic dust mite, swept through the farthest reaches of the solar system on a planet wildly tilted relative to the rest of the planets. It is smaller than Neptunes largest moon, and the arc of its orbit is so oval that it occasionally crosses its massive blue neighbors path.For years, it has been s

44、een as our solar systems oddest planet. Yesterday，however, scientists released perhaps the most convincing evidence yet that Pluto, in fact, is not a planet at all. For the first time, astronomers have peered into a belt of rocks beyond Pluto unknown until 10 years agoand found a world that rivals P

45、luto in size. The scientists posit that larger rocks must be out there，perhaps even larger than Pluto, meaning Pluto is more likely the king of this distant realm of space detritus than the tiniest of the nine planets.When discovered in 1930，“Pluto at that point was the only thing (that far) out the

46、re, so there was nothing else to call it but a planet,” says Mike Brown, an astronomer at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. “Now it just doesnt fit.” In one sense, the question of Pluto s planetary status is arcane, the province of pocket-protected scientists and sun-deprived pen p

47、ushers determined to decide some official designation for a ball of dust and ice 3 billion miles away.Yet it is also unquestionably something more. From science fair dioramas to government funding, planets hold a special place in the public imagination, and how Pluto is eventually seenby kids and Co

48、ngress alikecould shape what future generations learn about this mysterious outpost on the edge of the solar system. The debate has split the astronomical community for decades. Even before the distant band of rocks known as the Kuiper Belt was found, Plutos unusual behavior made it suspicious.Elsew

49、here, the solar system fit into near families: the rocky inner planets，the asteroid belt, the huge and gaseous outer planets. Pluto, though, was peculiar. With the discovery of the Kuiper Beltcountless bits of rock and ice left unused when the wheel of the solar system first formedPluto suddenly see

50、med to have cousins. Yet until yesterday, it held to its planetary distinction because it was far larger than anything located there.The rub now is Quaoar (pronounced KWAH-oar), 1 billion miles beyond Pluto and roughly half as large. Named after the creation force of the tribe that originally inhabi

51、ted the Los Angeles basin, Quaoar forecasts problems for the erstwhile ninth planet, says discoverer Dr. Brown: “The case is going to get a lot harder to defend the day somebody finds something larger than Pluto,”To some, the problem is not with Pluto, but the definition of “planet.” In short，there

52、is none. To the Greeks, who coined the term, it meant “wanderer,” describing the way that the planets moved across the night sky differently from the stars behind them. Today, with our more nuanced understanding of the universe, the word no longer has much scientific meaning.New Yorks Hayden Planeta

53、rium caused a commotion two years ago by supposedly demoting Pluto, lumping it with the Kuiper Belt objects in its huge mobile of the solar system. In reality, however, the planetarium was making a much broader statement, says Nell Degrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist there. The textbooks of the future

54、 should focus more on families of like objects than “planets.” The discovery of Quaoar strengthens this idea: “Everyone needs to rethink the structure of our solar system,” he says. “Weve just stopped counting planets. Still, many are loath to part with the planet Pluto. They note that Pluto, in fac

55、t, is distinct from many Kuiper Belt objects. It has a thin atmosphere, for one. It reflects a great deal of light, while most Kuiper Belt objects are very dark. And unlike all but a handful of known Kuiper Belt objects，it has a moon. “Maybe Pluto，then, should be representative of a new class of pla

56、nets,” says Mark Sykes, an astronomer at the University of Arizona in Tucson. “Its the first example, and we are just beginning to find this category.”1.Which of the following is true according to the passage?2.From when was Pluto seriously questioned about its planetary status?3.The sentence “In sh

57、ort，there is none.” (Para. 7) can be paraphrased as which of the following?4.Which of the following does not support the statement that Pluto is our “solar Systems oddest planet”?5.The word “commotion” in the expression “New Yorks Hayden Planetarium caused a commotion two years ago” (Para. 8) can be

58、 replaced by _.问题1选项A.Rocks larger than Pluto have been found in the Kuiper Belt.B.The Kuiper Belt did not exist when Pluto was first discovered.C.The astronomers are divided with regard to the status of Pluto.D.There is almost no difference between Pluto and other Kuiper Belt objects.问题2选项A.As earl

59、y as 1930.B.More than a decade ago.C.When the Kuiper Belt was discovered.D.When Quaoar was discovered.问题3选项A.There is no problem with Plutos planetary status.B.There is not much difference between Pluto and other planets.C.There is yet no scientific definition of the term “planet.”D.There is no clea

60、r distinction between planets and stars.问题4选项A.It is farthest from the sun.B.It is unusually small.C.Its orbit is too oval.D.It mainly consists of dust and ice.问题5选项A.exchange of opinionsB.thorough investigationC.wild imaginationD.agitated confusion【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“T

61、he debate has split the astronomical community for decades.”，对冥王星的定位问题，几十年来争论一直存在于天文界。所以天文学家对冥王星的地位意见不一。选项C符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“however, scientists released perhaps the most convincing evidence yet that Pluto, in fact, is not a planet at all. For the first time, astronomers have peered into a belt

62、 of rocks beyond Pluto unknown until 10 years agoand found a world that rivals Pluto in size.”，可知，科学家发现了能够证明冥王星不是行星的证据，天文学家直到十年前观察了冥王星以外的岩石带，发现了一个大小和冥王星差不多的世界。根据文章第四段，“Even before the distant band of rocks known as the Kuiper Belt was found”，可知这些岩石带是被叫做凯伯带。所以在凯伯岩石带被发现的时候，就产生了怀疑。选项C符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第七段

63、一二句，“To some, the problem is not with Pluto, but the definition of “planet.” In short，there is none.”，可知问题不在于冥王星，而是对于行星的定义，反正没人能说得清楚，可推测对 “行星”这一词汇还没有科学的定义。选项C符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Pluto has never really fitted init is little more than a cosmic dust mite, swept through the farthest reaches of the solar system on a planet wildly tilted relative to the rest of the planets. It is smaller than Neptunes largest moon, and the arc of its orbit is so oval.”，可知人们把冥王星看作一个奇怪的行星的原因有：横扫太