2022年考博英语-厦门大学考前模拟强化练习题26（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-厦门大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The landscape of the American West was dramatically altered during the 20th century as a result of the_ construction of dams along major rivers.问题1选项A.degenerativeB.widespreadC.advancingD.extensive【答案】B【解析】degenerative退化的; widespread分布广泛的; advancing前进的; extensive广

2、泛的,一般指范围和内容宽泛。句意：由于沿主要河流修建了大量的水坝, 美国西部的景色在20世纪发生了巨大的变化。这里强调分布广泛, 所以选项B更恰当。2. 单选题The more time scientists spend designing computers the more they marvel at the human brain. Tasks that baffle（难住）the most advanced supercomputer recognizing a face, reading a handwritten note 一 are childs play for the 3-

3、pound organ. Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to imitate the brains abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to functi

4、on more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons.Conventional computers function by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions. Although very fast, t

5、heir processors can perform only one task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these artificial neurons are i

6、nterconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns.Instead of programming a neural-network computer to make decisions, its maker trains it to recognize patterns in any solution to a problem by repeatedly feed

7、ing examples to the machine.Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most existed as software simulations（模拟品）because redesigning computer chips took a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to

8、 avoid costly mistakes. 1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the most advanced supercomputer （ ）.2.What is NOT true of a conventional computer?3.The main feature of a neural-network computer is that（ ） .4.The expression this two-dimensional approach in the second paragraph refers to （

9、）.5.Scientists use software rather than hardware in their experiments because （ ） .问题1选项A.can recognize a face and read a handwritten noteB.can learn from its mistakesC.weighs only 3 poundsD.cannot distribute information across an interconnected web of nerve cells问题2选项A.It must be programmed before

10、it works.B.It can only solve one problem at a time.C.It is good at solving one problem at a time.D.It is trained to recognize patterns instead of making decisions.问题3选项A.its processors act as an interconnected web of neuronsB.it is programmed to make decisionsC.its networks are of all shapes and siz

11、esD.its neurons are artificial问题4选项A.the conventional computer and the neural computerB.making decisions and recognizing patternsC.sharing information and performing tasksD.the computer and the human brain问题5选项A.it can avoid redesigning computer chipsB.it can save a lot of time and moneyC.it can avo

12、id making mistakesD.it is more like the human brain【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or

13、neurons.可知选项D正确。2.根据第三段的内容可知选项D指的是neural-network computer而不是传统计算机。所以选项D正确。3.根据第二段第四句The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain.相比之下, 神经网络计算机中的处理器形成的网络很像大脑中的神经细胞。选项A符合原文。4.根据第二段的最后两句可知, this two-dimensional approach指的是上文提到的share inf

14、ormation and perform tasks。所以选项C正确。5.根据最后一段最后一句By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes.通过用软件而不是硬件来试验不同的方法, 科学家已经能够避免代价高昂的错误。选项B符合原文。3. 单选题The Tacomas executive director and three port commissioners will be i

15、n China next week to_advice from world port experts on improving inland transportation systems.问题1选项A.discriminateB.disperseC.differentiateD.glean【答案】D【解析】discriminate歧视, 区别；disperse（使）分散, 疏散；differentiate区别, 区分; glean 收集。句意：塔科马港执行董事和三名港务专员将于下周访问中国，听取世界港口专家关于改善内陆运输系统的建议。选项D符合句意。4. 单选题There seems to

16、be no alternative but_the offer.问题1选项A.acceptB.to acceptC.acceptingD.haying accepted【答案】B【解析】考查固定结构。no.but或者nothing but.后面接不定式to加动词原形, 为固定句型。选项B正确。5. 单选题Larry Griffin was woken at three that morning to be told that his last-minute_against his death sentence for the murder of Quintin Moss, 15 years b

17、efore, had been unsuccessful.问题1选项A.appealsB.accusationC.indictmentD.prosecution【答案】A【解析】appeal请求, 呼吁, 上诉; accusation指控，谴责; indictment控告; prosecution起诉，检举。句意：Larry Griffin在凌晨3点就被叫醒了，他被告知，15年前因谋杀Quintin Moss而被判死刑的最终上诉失败了。选项A符合句意。6. 单选题Players will be_against four others worldwide in a timed competiti

18、on to answer trivia questions from the 1950s to present day.问题1选项A.trifledB.wreathedC.instigatedD.pitted【答案】D【解析】trifle浪费,虚度; wreathe环绕盘旋; instigate教唆, 怂恿; pit使留疤痕,使竞争,pit against使与对抗, 使竞争。句意：玩家将在一场计时比赛中与来自世界各地的另外四名玩家进行较量, 回答从20世纪60年代至今的一些琐碎问题。选项D符合句意。7. 单选题High-fructose com syrup is easy for food a

19、nd beverage makers to use, and has_ the former leading sweetener: sucrose,or ordinary table sugar.问题1选项A.edged outB.edged inC.edged awayD.edged on【答案】A【解析】edge out替代, 挤掉; edge in挤进; edge away缓缓移动; edge on 怂恿,鼓励。句意：高果糖玉米糖浆对食品和饮料生产商来说很容易使用, 而且已经取代了以前重要的增甜剂蔗糖或普通的食糖。选项A符合句意。8. 单选题Euthanasia is a practic

20、e of mercifully ending a persons life in order to_the person from an incurable disease and intolerable suffering.问题1选项A.liberateB.confineC.releaseD.apprehend【答案】A【解析】liberate解放,解脱; confine限制; release释放; apprehend理解,逮捕。句意：安乐死是一种仁慈地结束一个人的生命, 从而使病人从不可医治的绝症和无法忍受的痛苦中解脱出来的做法。选项A符合句意。9. 单选题Hello,my name is

21、 Richard and I am an ego surfer. The habit began about five years ago,and now I need help. Like most journalists, I cant deny that one of my private joys is seeing my byline in print. Now the internet is allowing me to feed this vanity to an ever greater extent,and the occasional sneaky web search h

22、as grown into a full-blown obsession with how high up Googles ranking my articles appear when I put my name into the search box. When I last looked,my best effort was a rather humiliating 47th place. You know you have a problem when you find yourself competing for ranking with a retired basketball p

23、layer from the 1970s.Not that Im alone in suffering from a dysfunctional techno-habit. New technologies have revealed a whole raft of hitherto unsuspected personality problems: think crackberry, powerpointlessness or cheesepodding. Most of us are familiar with sending an email to a colleague sitting

24、 a couple of feet away instead of talking to them. Some go onto the web to snoop on old friends,colleagues or even first dates. More of us than ever reveal highly personal information on blogs or My Space entries. A few will even use internet anonymity to fool others into believing they are someone

25、else altogether. So are these web syndromes and technological tics new versions of old afflictions,or are we developing fresh mind bugs?Developing a bad habit is easier than many might think. You can become addicted to potentially anything you do, says Mark Griffiths, an addiction researcher at Nott

26、ingham Trent University in the UK, because addictions rely on constant rewards. Indeed,although definitions of addiction vary,there is a body of evidence that suggests drug addictions and non-drug habits share the same neural pathways. While only a hardcore few can be considered true technology addi

27、cts,an entirely unscientific survey of the web,and of New Scientist staff,has revealed how prevalent techno-addictions may have become.The web in particular has opened up a host of opportunities for overindulgence. Take Wikipedia, Updating the entriessomething anyone can dohas become almost a way of

28、 life for some. There are more than 2400 Wikipedians, who have edited more than 4000 pages each. Its clearly like crack for some people, says Dan Closely at Cornell University in New York,who has studied how websites such as Wikipedia foster a community. To committed Wikipedians, he says,the site is

29、 more than a useful information resource; its the embodiment of an ideology of free information for all.Then there are photolog sites like Flickr. While most of us would rather die than be caught surreptitiously browsing through someone elses photos,there need be no such qualms about the private pic

30、s people put up on these sites. Most people using Flickr and similar sites spent time each day browsing albums owned by people they had never met. They do this for emotional kicks. Khalid and Dix suggest: flicking through someone elses wedding photos, for example, allows people to daydream about the

31、ir own nuptials.Email is another area where things can get out of hand. While email has led to a revival of the habit of penning short notes to friends and acquaintances,the ease with, which we can do this means that we dont always think hard enough about where our casual comments could end up. This

32、 was the undoing of US broadcaster Keith Olbermann, who earlier this year sent a private email in which he described a fellow MSNBC reporter as dumber than a suitcase of rocks. Unfortunately for Olbermann, the words found their way into the New York Daily News.Pam Briggs, a specialist in human-compu

33、ter interaction at the University of Northumbria,UK,says the lack of cues such as facial expressions or body language when communicating electronically can lead us to overcompensate in what we say. The medium is so thin, theres little room for projecting ourselves into it, says Briggs.When all the s

34、ocial cues disappear,we feel we have to put something else into the void, which is often an overemotional or over-intimate message.The habit of forwarding jokey emails or videosthink Diet Coke and Mentos fountainscan also say a lot about how people want to be perceived, Briggs adds.We rarely want to

35、 be seen as too serious, so we try to project more of our personality into email. This could also explain why many bloggers expose private information that they would never shout out to a crowded room. 1.Richard felt disgraced when he found （ ） .2.According to the passage,the followings are consider

36、ed as one of the web syndromes,EXCEPT（） .3.Which of the following is true to Wikipedia?4.Browsing Flickr and similar sites shows that（） .5.What does the paragraph mainly talked about?问题1选项A.his article was rated lowB.he got a dysfunctional techno-habitC.he compared himself with a retired basketball

37、playerD.he became more egocentric问题2选项A.pry into the private affairs of othersB.exposing highly personal affairs on the netC.surfing for information of colleaguesD.talking to nearby colleagues by email问题3选项A.More than 4000 pages are offered for edition.B.More than 2400 Wikipedians work for the editi

38、on.C.Everyone can do the revision on the web page.D.The entries contribute to peoples development.问题4选项A.people do not care be caught while browsing through others picsB.people worry about uploading those personal albumsC.people can make better arrangement of their own weddingD.people flick through

39、others photo to stimulate their own emotion问题5选项A.The web in particular has opened up a host of opportunities for overindulgence.B.Drug addictions and non-drug habits share the same neural pathways.C.People can become addicted to potentially anything you do.D.New technologies have revealed some unsu

40、spected personality problems.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.根据第一段的倒数第二句“When I last looked,my best effort was a rather humiliating 47th place.”当我最后一次看的时候, 我写的最好的一篇文章竟然排在相当丢人的第47名。所以选项A正确。2.根据关键词“web syndromes”定位到第二段, 网络综合症包括给坐在不远处的同事发邮件而不是直接和他们交谈；在网上窥探老朋友, 同事甚至初次约会对象的隐私；在博客或个人空间里展现完全属于个人隐私的信

41、息；还有人利用网络匿名来欺骗他人。选项A,B,D均有提及, 只有选项C不属于网络综合症。3.根据第四段的第三句“ There are more than 2400 Wikipedians, who have edited more than 4000 pages each.”有2400多个“维基百科人”, 每人编辑了4000多页的网页。选项B符合原文。4.根据关键词“Flickr”定位到第五段“Most people using Flickr and similar sites spent time each day browsing albums owned by people they h

42、ad never met. They do this for emotional kicks.”大多数使用Flickr和类似网站的人每天都花时间浏览素未谋面的人的相册。他们这样做是受到情感的剌激。也就是为了激发自己的情感, 所以选项D符合原文。5.文章第二段的一二句为本文的中心句。本文主要是阐述新科技对个人产生的一些影响, 揭示了一些未被发现的人的个性方面存在的问题。所以本题选D。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:10. 单选题You invest in the equity market to provide yourself with stream of future dividends w

43、hich will hopefully _inflation.问题1选项A.outpaceB.outfaceC.outgrowD.outlaw【答案】A【解析】outpace超过速度, 赶过; outface蔑视; outgrow出生, 蜕变; outlaw将放逐, 宣布不合法。句意：投资股票市场会给自己带来未来的红利，而且它将有望赶超通货膨胀。选项A符合句意。11. 写作题High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail, telephone and television, tend to prevent

44、meaningful and thoughtful communication.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.【答案】Nowadays no one would doubt that electron

45、ic communication media reach a much bigger audience at a speed that pales even forerunners a few decades ago. However, whether such high speed means as television and e-mail have handicapped meaningful and thoughtful communication has been called into doubt. In fact, one needs not to go far to find

46、that these doubts are groundless.Far from being an impediment,high speed electronic media step up the communication of meaningful and insightful ideas. In previous times,most of communication was carried out by mail delivered by postmen hurrying in carts pulled by horses. This was undoubtedly slow a

47、nd full of mistakes in addressing and delivery. Things became worse if weather was inclement. In 19th century,great writers,such as Tolstoy,Balzac and Moiposson, spent months waiting for important responses from their publishers and peer friends. However, what is need in the era of e-mail is a click

48、 to send an insightful review, a brilliant idea or an enlightening paper to the other hemisphere.Besides, it involved prohibitive costs of money and time to get thoughtful works, whether a play, a novel or musical composition, to a large audience that the greatness of the works ought to reach. Best

49、sellers by scintillating names,for example,Dickens,Dumas,Hugo,hardly approached the threshold of a million. Today TVs and Internet can place novels,drama or thoughts at the focus of national attention within minutes. Never has it been more convenient to conduct thoughtful and meaningful communicatio

50、n with high speed electronic media as today.Not only do high speed electronic media contribute much to quickly communicating thoughtful and meaningful ideas or works,they also enhance their production. TVs and Internet open up new fields of perception and broaden our horizon,bringing myriads of new

51、knowledge before our inquiring minds. With the richness and completeness of information available,we are more ready to come up with meaningful and holistic ideas since insularity hampers perception and yields bigotry. Whats more,the vividness of TVs and highly interactive nature of e-mail help draw

52、closer the minds of people of different skin colors and nationalities, fostering curiosity and a sense of unity. This in turn promotes the readiness to a higher stage of meaningful and in-depth communication. In the Hollywood classic Youve Got Mail, Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan demonstrates what an amazin

53、g altitude communication through email can reach. Meaningfulness and insight always result from the same thingsperception and love of truth, candor and trust, and readiness to share ideas and skill in self-expression. The ease and richness of high speed electronic media add new strength to these thi

54、ngs in bringing forth insights in communication.Admittedly,there are lots of trash ads and unwholesome contents in TV shows and e-mails,which constitute real threats to meaningful communication. But we should not balk at promoting the usage of email or watching TV programs. We should see the tremend

55、ous joint efforts by email service providers,TV program producers and legislation to get rid of trash information that stands in the way of customer rights and meaningful communication. The hope for a clean and clear space both in TV and cyberspace is growing bigger.High speed electronic media are b

56、lessing for meaningful and thoughtful communication, though there are spots that may mar their perfection. We should embrace them and help them grow wholesomely.12. 单选题It wasnt until the late 19th century that physicians realized that its_symptoms were all part of the same disease.问题1选项A.perfunctory

57、B.peremptoryC.perplexingD.perambulatory【答案】C【解析】perfunctory敷衍的; peremptory强制的, 专横的; perplexing复杂的, 令人困惑的; perambulatory巡视的。句意：直到19世纪末, 医生们才意识到, 这些令人费解的症状都是同一种疾病的一部分。选项C符合句意。13. 单选题Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th_the birth of Jesus Christ.问题1选项A.in accordance wit

58、hB.in terms ofC.in favor ofD.in honor of【答案】D【解析】in accordance with根据; in terms of就.而言, 关于; in favor of支持, 赞同; in honor of为庆祝, 向.致敬。句意：圣诞节是基督教的一个神圣的日子, 通常在12月25日庆祝耶稣基督的诞生。选项D符合句意。14. 单选题In the wake of the 70-vehicle pileup,a slew of lawsuits are expected to be_against drivers, trucking companies and

59、 several state agencies alleging negligence and wrongful death.问题1选项A.subjectedB.filedC.committedD.surrendered【答案】B【解析】subject使屈从于, 使隶属; file把归档, 提出(申请等); commit犯罪,做错事; surrender投降, 自首。句意：在这起70辆汽车连环相撞事件发生后, 预计将对司机、货运公司和几家州政府机构提起一系列诉讼, 指控他们玩忽职守和过失杀人。file a lawsuit against控告, 起诉。选项B符合句意。15. 单选题She is

60、one of the few people here I can understand properly, she pronounces all her words so_.问题1选项A.exactlyB.distinctlyC.distinctivelyD.distinguishably【答案】B【解析】exactly精确地；distinctly明显地， 清晰地；distinctively特殊地；distinguishably可区别地，辨认得出。句意：她是我能听懂的为数不多的几个人之一，她把所有的字都读得很清楚。由题意可知， 作者强调此人发音清晰，故选B。16. 单选题He wants to

61、 start his own business,but_handling payroll,government compliance,and benefits chores.问题1选项A.loatheB.remarkC.upholdD.systematize【答案】A【解析】loathe讨厌，厌恶; remark评论, 谈及; uphold支持, 赞成; systematize系统化。句意：他想自己创业，但又讨厌处理工资、应对政府法规和处理收益上的琐事。选项A符合句意。17. 写作题Write an essay on the given topic. On Unrestrained Consu

62、mption. Based on the following outline, present your argument with supporting details of no less than 250 words.1.人们在节假日无节制消费2.大量消费对个人和社会的影响3.我的看法【答案】On Unrestrained ConsumptionOur country is on the phase of fast development and peoples consuming level mounts up along with it,too. Although people are wealthier than before, there comes a problem that is worthy of our paying attention to, namely .the problem of unrestrained con