2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷29（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewi

2、s and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Appolo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military impera

3、tives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before.Today Mars looms as humanitys next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a gr

4、owing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is a

5、t last destined to take leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?With Mars the scientific sta

6、kes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacteri

7、al fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose

8、 independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.1.According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown place in thepast was（ ）.2.At present, a probab

9、le inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is （ ）.3.What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?4.By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been”(linel, Para.4), the author means that （ ）.5.The passage tells us that proof o

10、f life on Mars would（ ）.问题1选项A.to display their countrys military mightB.to accomplish some significant scienceC.to find new areas for colonizationD.to pursue commercial and state interests问题2选项A.international cooperationB.nationalistic reasonsC.scientific researchD.long-term profits问题3选项A.To find o

11、ut if life ever existed there.B.To see if humans could survive there.C.To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.D.To show the leading role of science in space exploration.问题4选项A.with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space venturesB.in the case of Mars, the rew

12、ards of scientific exploration can by very highC.in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever beforeD.with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are issue问题5选项A.make clear the complex chemistry in the development of lifeB.confirm the suggestion that bacte

13、rial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteoriteC.reveal the kind of conditions under which life originatesD.provide an explanation why life is common in the universe【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节判断题。文章开头指出 For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons t

14、hat were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic.即近几个世纪以来，出于不同程度的经济利益或国家利益考虑，探险家们冒着生命危险探索着未知领域。D选项追求商业和国家利益符合题意。2.细节判断题。根据文章第三段第二句And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in

15、 large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface.即由于不再关心短期的经济回报，冷战的阴影也日渐退去，各国家更加重视彼此之间航空探险合作。除了经济或民族主义，责任感使得人类开始踏上探索火星的征程。 推断出如今各国家发起大规模的航空探险是出于科学研究考虑，而并非为了军备竞赛或只图短期利益。C选项符合题意。3

16、.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段末尾If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.即如果证实生命曾经在火星和地球上独立地出现过，那么这将会解开科学史上最大的谜团一一在整个宇宙中，生命肯定也普遍存在于其他星球上。确定

17、A选项把人送上火星是为了证实那里曾经有生命出现过符合题意。4.词义理解题。With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been,意思是“火星的科学利益可以说比以往任何时候都要高。” “stakes”在这里的意思是“利益”。所以B选项就火星而言，科学探索的回报可能会非常高符合题意。5.推理判断题。根据文中最后一段“ A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invalua

18、ble data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. 对于火星上过去或现在的生命，一个更具决定性的答案将为研究人员提供宝贵的数据，帮助他们了解一颗行星在何种条件下能够产生生命的复杂化学物质。” 即过去或现在火星有生命迹象这种更为概括性的解答会为一个星球在哪些复杂的化学条件下会产生生命迹象的研究提供非常珍贵的数据证明。所以C选项揭示生命起源的条件符合题意。2. 翻译题You cant buy happiness. But

19、it looks like you can at least inherit it. British and Australian researchers said.A study of nearly 1000 pairs of identical and non-identical twins found genes control half the personality traits that make people happy while factors such as relationships, health and careers are responsible for the

20、rest of our well-being. We found that around half the differences in happiness were genetic, said Tim Bates, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh who led the study. It is really quite surprising.*The researchers asked the volunteers-ranging in age from 25 to 75 - a series of questions about t

21、heir personality, how much they worried and how satisfied they were with their lives.Because identical twins share the same genes and fraternal twins do not, the researchers could identify common genes that result in certain personality traits and predispose people to happiness.People who are sociab

22、le, active, stable, hardworking and conscientious tend to be happier, the researchers reported in the journal Psychological Science. What this study showed was that the identical twins in a family were very similar in personality and in well-being, and by contrast, the fraternal twins were only arou

23、nd half as similar, Bates said, That strong implicates genes.The findings are an important piece of the puzzle for researchers trying to better understand depression and what makes different people happy or unhappy, Bates said.People with positive inherited personality traits may, in effect, also ha

24、ve a reserve of happiness to draw on in stressful times, he said. An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing, calm and reliable provide a resource, we called it effective reserve that drives future happiness Bates said.【答案】快乐买不到，但英国和澳大利亚的研究人员称，快乐至少可以遗传得到。一项对近千对同卵及异卵双胞胎开展的研

25、究发现，在快乐的性格特征中，有一半是由基因控制的，而另一部分则受到人际关系、健康、职业等因素的影响。研究负责人爱丁堡大学的蒂姆贝茨说：“我们发现，研究对象在快乐方面的差异约有一半受到遗传基因的影响。这个结果实在令人惊讶。”研究人员向年龄在25岁至75岁之间的志愿者提出了一系列问题，问题涉及他们的性格特点、焦虑程度以及对目前生活的满意度。由于同卵双生的双胞胎基因完全相同，而异卵双胞胎不完全相同，所以研究人员可以分辨出决定某些性格特征及使人容易快乐的共同基因。研究报告在心理科学期刊上发表。研究人员指出，善于交际、活泼、踏实、勤 奋、有责任心的人更加快乐。贝茨说：“该研究表明，同卵双胞胎的性格特征和

26、快乐程度十分相似，然而，异卵双胞胎仅有约50%的相似度。这充分说明了基因的作用。”贝茨说，研究人员一直在努力寻找有关“人为什么会郁闷”的更为合理的解释及影响不同的人快乐与否的因素，这一发现无疑为这一难题提供了一个重要解释。他说，具有积极遗传性格特征的人实际上同时拥有一种“快乐储备”，供他们在郁闷的时候“支取”。贝茨说：“这说明了很重要的一点，外向、冷静和可靠的性格特点能形成一种“情感储备”，为将来的快乐提供保障。”3. 单选题Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the sufferin

27、g of theindustrial worker in the England of the 1840s. What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell, to convey the experience of everyday life in working-class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes

28、such features as a carefully annotated reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party, an itemized description of the furniture of the Bartons living room, and a transcription(again annotated of the ballad “The Oldham Weaver.” The interest of this record is co

29、nsiderable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect.As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creat

30、ion in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons house, and of John Barton and his friends discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families emotions and responses (which are m

31、ore crucial than the material details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D.H. Lawrence. If Gaskell never quite conveys the sense of full participation that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Barton, she st

32、ill brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.The chapter “Old Alices History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers. The account

33、of Job Legh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for living things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness. The early chapters - about factor

34、y workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields; about Alice Wilson, remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will never again see; about Job Lgh, intent on his impaled insects - capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and

35、crushing experience of industrialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming an important tradition among workers.1.Which of the following best describes the authors attitude toward Gaskells use of the meth

36、od of documentary record in Mary Barton?According to the passage, Mary Barton and the early novels of D.H Lawrence share which of the following?2. Which of the following is most closely analogous to Job Legh in Mary Barton, as that character is described in the passage?3.It can be inferred from exam

37、ples given in the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following was part of “the new and crushing experience of indusfrialism” (lines 33-34) for many 4.members of the English working class in the nineteenth century?5.It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that Mary Ba

38、rton might have been an even better novel if Gaskell had（ ） .6.Which of the following phrases could best be substituted for the phrase this aspect of Mary Barton in line 20-21 without changing the meaning of the passage as a whole?7.The author of the passage describes Mary Barton as each of the foll

39、owing EXCEPT问题1选项A.Uncritical enthusiasmB.Unresolved ambivalenceC.Qualified approvalD.Resigned acceptance问题2选项A.Depiction of the feelings of working-class families.B.Documentary objectivity about working-class circumstances.C.Richly detailed description of working-class adjustment to urban life.D.Im

40、aginatively structured plots about working-class characters.问题3选项A.An entomologist who collected butterflies as a childB.A small-town attorney whose hobby is nature photography.C.A young man who leavers his familys dairy farm to start his own business.D.A city dweller who raises exotic plants on the

41、 roof of his apartment building.问题4选项A.Extortionate food pricesB.Geographical displacementC.Hazardous working conditionsD.Alienation from fellow workers问题5选项A.concentrated on the emotions of a single characterB.made no attempt to re-create experiences of which she had no firsthand knowledge.C.made n

42、o attempt to reproduce working-class dialects.D.managed to transcend her position as an outsider.问题6选项A.the portrayal of the particular feelings and responses of working-class charactersB.the influence of Mary Barton on Lawrences early workC.the place of Maty Barton in the development of the English

43、 novelD.the extent of the poverty and physical suffering among Englands industrial workers in thel840s问题7选项A.insightfulB.lyricalC.vividD.poignant【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B【解析】1.在文章第一段结尾the method has a slightly distancing effect: 这种方法略有轻微的距离效应。由此可知，作者对Gaskell的写作方式持轻微的批判态度， 认为这种方式会拉远读者与书

44、中人物的距离。所以C选项有条件的同意正确。A选项不加批判的热情、B选项未解决的矛盾心理和C选项和D选项顺从接受排除。2.根据文章第一段：.a similar convincing re-creation of families emotion and response, the English novel.writing of D.H.Lawrence. 在创作家庭情感这情节上，有着令人信服的相似之处。由此可知，在描写家庭情感上，Gaskell和Lawrence有相似之处。 所以A选项描写工人家庭的情感符合题意。3.文章第二段，作者以JobLegh为例，讲述对自然充满热爱的乡下人离开乡村后，对

45、城市工业环境的适应。所以C选项一位年轻人离开家里的乳牛场， 开始自己的事业符合题意。4.最后一段，作者以affinity for living things （对万物生灵的亲近感），walking out in spring into field （春天漫步在田野间），twig-gathering（收集树枝）等例子讲述地理位置的置换，使乡村人进城后仍对大自然念念不忘。所以B选项地理置换正确。5.根据文章第一段：As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as

46、an outside observer and a reporter：作为中产阶级的一 员，盖斯凯尔不可能走入工人阶级的生活中，她只能是一个局外观察者和一名记者。由此推断D选项设法摆脱其局外人的立场正确。6.题目句子在文章中之前的句子：such families emotions and responses： 这表家庭情感与反应。题干句子在文章中之后的句子：to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings：直观感受情感的场景。由此推断this aspect of Mary Barton是指对工人的情感描述。所以A选项描述工人阶层人物的特殊

47、情感与反应符合题意。7.整篇文章作者站在一个客观的立场，论述小说创作的理念， 写作方式，也指出小说的作者受到阶级的局限，对于工人阶级的更为真实的情况不能完全批露。由此得出A选项有深刻见解的、C生动的和D选项尖锐的，深刻的符合原文，B选项抒情的，不符合原文，符合题意。4. 单选题The industrialization of Europe which started in the 18th century produced urban slims which were swept periodically by epidemics of typhoid and typhus. While is

48、olated geographically from the scourges of Europe, America was occasionally hit with epidemics of its own, especially in the growing east coast cities. Recognizing that disease may be coming from the ships that docked in their ports, cities instituted quarantines during outbreaks. Treatments for wid

49、espread disease, however, did not improve.In 1847, the newly-formed American Medical Association sponsored an investigation of large U.S cities and found that living conditions for many residents had become as bad as the worst slums of Europe. It concluded that without improvements in hygiene and li

50、ving standards, European-type epidemics would soon hit American cities. It also advocated collecting vital statistics to track the countrys birth and death rates. Soon after this, many bureaus of vital statistics were organized. Including in Ohio, where birth and death statistics were collected at t

51、he country level beginning in 1867. Local sanitary commissions formed in cities and towns, spurred on by reform movements which stressed healthier living and clean water. The Massachusetts Sanitary Commission, for example, sought better venting of city homes to remove any noxious odors and fumes tha

52、t might cause disease. To provide plentiful water, 32 waterworks were built in the country by 1825, and almost 600 were added by 1880. Unfortunately it was assumed that free-flowing water was pure, so the first filtration plant was not built until 1871. The first national convention to establish uni

53、form quarantine laws, met in Philadelphia in May 1857, and four more such conventions to discuss public health issues were held before the Civil War disrupted the movement.The American Public Health Association was founded in 1872 by some of those who attended these earlier conventions. The followin

54、g year the number of boards of health in the U.S. Increased from 4 to 123. The most significant event in the public health movement, however, was the development of the germ theory and the realization that disease could be contagious.1.America was protected from the periodic epidemics of typhoid and

55、 typhus in Europe because of （ ）.2.The word “hygiene” in line 13 is closest in meaning to（ ） .3.What fear did the American Medical Association have?4.Which of the following actions does the author imply was done in response to the American Medical Association recommendations?5.The word “noxious” in

56、line 22 is closest in meaning to .6.The first filtration plant was not built until 1871 because（ ） .7.The word “contagious” in line 36 is closest in meaning to（ ） .8.Throughout the passage, the author implies that public health （ ）.问题1选项A.better sanitationB.less urban slumsC.delayed industrializatio

57、nD.geographical isolation问题2选项A.salaryB.SanitationC.protectionD.behavior问题3选项A.that living standards would not improveB.that American slums would be as bad as those in EuropeC.that American slums could lead to European-type epidemicsD.that without improvements，American cities would become like Europ

58、ean cities问题4选项A.collecting vital statisticsB.quarantine facilitiesC.removing noxious odors and fumesD.geographical isolation of disease问题5选项A.harmfulB.unpleasantC.lingeringD.obvious问题6选项A.of disruption by the Civil WarB.uniform quarantine laws could not be agreed upon at the first national conventi

59、onC.it took a total of five national conventions to agree on uniform quarantine lawsD.free-flowing water was thought to be pure问题7选项A.seriousB.inheritedC.containedD.catching问题8选项A.was regarded as a Europe problemB.was slower to develop in American than in EuropeC.treatments were not developed with a

60、n understanding of the threatsD.actions were usually uniformed and ineffective【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A第6题:A第7题:D第8题:D【解析】1.细节判断题。根据文章第一段While isolated geographically from the scourges of Europe, America was occasionally hit with epidemics of its own, especially in the growing east coast cities.

61、由于美国的地理位置远离欧洲，所以是偶尔受到影响，避免了周期性的传染。所以D选项地理位置符合题意。2.词义推测题。上文提到美国医学会发现美国居民的生活环境十分恶劣， 急需提高 A “薪水”、C “保护”和D “行为”都与改善城市的居民生活环境没有关系，排除。文章第二段末尾处提到卫生委员会在各个城市及乡镇 中开始成立，出现了 Sanitaiy，所以B选项环境卫生符合题意。3.语义理解题。第二段开头提到美国医学会通过调查发现大多数美国城市的生活环境和欧洲最差的贫民窟相差无几。如果不提高卫生和生活条件，欧洲的流行病会袭击美国。因为美国医学会担心美国恶劣的生活环境会引发类似欧洲的流行病，所以C选项美国的

62、贫民窟可能会导致欧洲式的流行病符合题意。A “生活条件没有改善”、B “美国贫民窟生活条件会和欧洲的一样差”以及D“如果生活条件不改善，美国城市就会和欧洲城市一样”是美国医学会得出的结论，不是他们害怕的事情。4.细节判断题。第二段第三句的主语为“It”，指American Medical Association “advocated” v.主张，提倡，和题干中 “recommendationn.提倡”意思基本一致。所以可以推断答案为A。B “检疫机构”在疫情爆发期间由城市建立。C “消除有害气体” 是Massachusetts Sanitary的任务。D “远离病源”是客观存在事实。因此排除B

63、、C、D。5.词义推测题。.any noxious odors and fumes that might cause disease” 中that引导定语从句解释前面的“noxious odors and fumes”。只有A“Harmful”与“might cause disease”意思相同，所以A选项正确。6.语义理解题。因为B、C选项文章中都没有提及。文章第二段最后提到“不幸的是， 纯净的自来水厂到1871年才建成。”，D “自来水应该是纯净的”不符合文意。第二段最后一句提到“公共卫生领域运动由于内战而中断。”所以A选项正确。7.词义推测题。全文都在谈论美国意识到病源是从欧洲传染来的，为了降低疾病发生率，因此采取了一系列措施提高居民的生活环境，所以D选项“传染的”符合题意。8.根据文中第一段Treatments for widespread disease, however, did not improve 文中倒数第二段 Unfortunately it was assumed that free-flowing water was pure, so the first filtration plant was not built until 1871.都表明作者认为出现卫生问题时， 人们显得无知以及所做的行为无效。所以D选项（卫生问 题）的行动总是显得无知和