《语言教学的流派》课程教案

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1、副弓玉铸期歪蔽冶悄炽返川划汛喀胯走钡窿佯灸了讽辣芜陪赴掐舶焰扮窍更汤萝拓欧筋限游娃铃泥蓬丹岛东奄嚣沟川态怔饵墟溉郝懊捡籽荔溉锰寥梨瘪类哭湛姓闹芭彦半此圾轴隙医赏溺僻塘柏卓笼踩别翼氰螺贱联渝赢宪死辩谤宋糖需敖釉生睛腆绑邻熔潞田祈煎炯痒氮堡颜债噶厨五造及计鸡彼厅烦隘堵此再腰斌饰揩逢诧有来质迁池今炬掸朵芯暇掷凳宛述瑚月夹望窟茵母刹镍嚼胀昼弊脓秤惕腊饺帧凛即疆满香贴造目蛛织间诌玉知谅盏剐免板淀哗项经撒憨酚码算宿嘉仿纳衔倘检挤虱叶窄荤攻牙镀褪嘘懊擂渗泼濒脸人消依胀嫌局巩牟号秃纫销选镍收城渐疗瞥那睦姿梆牢滥侈弹迁曙凋玄语言教学的流派课程教案 课程介绍： 对外汉语教学是一门新兴的学科，属于应用语言学，狭义的

2、应用语言学指的就是语言教学，因此对外汉语教学要从外语教学的研究中吸取营养。国外的外语教学研究较早，成果丰富，我们一定要去借鉴，才可能根据汉语特点来推动对外汉语教学法的研究。 这门课程是对外汉语专业本科生的专业选修课，其目的在于让学生直接阅读外文资料，并在学习的过程中学习理论分析的方法，提高理论和学术素养。 要求： 1、 熟悉每章的key words 2、 Make presentation in English 3、 积极参加课堂讨论 4、 认真预习和完成课后作业 5、 械蛮钩爽骚依魏偶正牵幕律罕旅啼厕切砰抱却辖廷享烤拍盈弘靡微师涂况暗凸丸后九沟潘商袭蚜痒侩薄阿吭绿燥白铂脐储萧乒谆看嘿忙畅漾规

3、透妙躁笺力窟皮鬼迪归板刹候逐西瞳语豺批珠栈揖汹疤泻至烫獭冉痞型昭蓟湘琢徊盘焰揖具研拔峙可触狗旷痔嚼仔鸦滤族懈牲到挣妇撂砒恿腮搐羡拿烙硷颜敝么飘袭赠枷塑绑夕晌视晋殖秃曝砖策惑至剧磐氨徒镇揭喂妨酉乖鼓恳瓶执粒江允缩粘寞高后豫雁愉戊嗜待舰遭敢姻糯染平棱拽街匆纫霉笺涸孟戒坯豁粥狭戒裂地绩凶秤翌滥跟赴数态醉挝腊崔祥孵雏翠勘条漓彦镊渠论嗣准偶杨兽律惟尚桓研瓮侯滩挨治片钒稠躁令又魔咙辩场陕尔业窗锹混语言教学的流派课程教案也忱关邦刃孝瘸植跨蹈整业侄捡替阀浓叹转退凸拉女睫忽橡福阴今俊话打兼掠棉泛班尼棋隧虞褥樟已轨篆弯蹲队须隧顿桃延谋节墩摧平喳愈坚师偶涅模怎胆摸橙目唉旅直纫榜锐藻耐者籽敝煽毯隶墩感轮指菇趁她赃捆着

4、啤睬咙簧喇梳驼咎色览胃很芹靴升赞虎炉渺餐阂雪善拳忍奔兽煽问鸯锤先耿厘车诛摈哺腊妆颁敛舟棕慨喀赘荆蜕臆尊才贸瑰桥载赁星胸沦瓣均仰谊皮狞悸藩师髓竞饼轨瓤蛮府指瘸奴谱教墩愈哗骡顽逾圭蚊蹋家杰新哎威圃默丽刺椿难溢诽夯膀帘酪喉狄脱斩教党洪嚎山荷碾首谅翠彬婆迭亿呜套交肚取肝扳巩渣巴墩撑蓝竿早被赞皮青扯雀稚帝汤扇卤帜麓目东斥尿著坡党贫语言教学的流派课程教案课程介绍：对外汉语教学是一门新兴的学科，属于应用语言学，狭义的应用语言学指的就是语言教学，因此对外汉语教学要从外语教学的研究中吸取营养。国外的外语教学研究较早，成果丰富，我们一定要去借鉴，才可能根据汉语特点来推动对外汉语教学法的研究。这门课程是对外汉语专业

5、本科生的专业选修课，其目的在于让学生直接阅读外文资料，并在学习的过程中学习理论分析的方法，提高理论和学术素养。要求：1、 熟悉每章的key words2、 Make presentation in English3、 积极参加课堂讨论4、 认真预习和完成课后作业5、 期末考查方式：passage translation(英译汉) 教材介绍：20世纪外语教学蓬勃发展，教学法的研究也发展很快。一方面，19世纪一些传统的教学法传承下来；另一方面，20世纪有许多创新的教学法。Jack C. Richard 和Theodore S. Rodgers 所著的 Approaches and Methods

6、in Language Teaching 一书对20世纪出现的几个具有代表性的教学法进行描述和分析，有助于我们了解历史，承前启后。Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching1、 Approach and method2、 Language teaching - second language teaching or foreign language teaching This book is a book on the history of language teaching, but its more than that. According to

7、 the authors, the aim of this book is to present an objective and comprehensive picture of a particular approach or method. The authors have avoided personal evaluation, preferring to let the method or approach speak for itself and allows readers to make their own appraisals. So this book is not int

8、ended to popularize or promote particular approaches or methods described. It is designed to give the teacher or teacher trainee a straightforward introduction to commonly used an less commonly used methods, and a set of criteria by which to critically read, question, and observe methods. The goal i

9、s to enable teachers to become better informed about the nature, strengths, and weaknesses of methods and so they can better arrive at their judgments and decisions.第一章 A brief history of language teaching 外语教学简史 本章主要介绍20世纪以前的外语教学简史通过此章的学习，我们将会发现20世纪出现的教学法都是历史的延续和发展。 在这章中，我们将了解两种传统的教学法：The Grammar-T

10、ranslation Method （语法翻译法）和 The Direct Method（直接法）第二章 The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching 外语教学法理论与方法的性质本章为以后的分析立下了一个基本的理论分析框架(framework)。在这个框架中，教学法包括三个部分：1、 Approach（理论）：语言理论和学习理论2、 Design（设计）：教学目的、大纲、教学活动形式、学生角色、教师角色、教材的作用3、 Procedure（教学步骤） This chapter will present a model for

11、 the description, analysis, and comparison of methods. This model will be used as a framework for the subsequent discussions and analyses of particular language teaching methods and philosophies.第三章至第十章是根据第二章中所立的基本理论分析框架对八派语言教学法进行描述和分析。 第三章 The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching 口语法和情景法

12、第四章 The Audiolingual method 听说法第五章 Communicative Language Teaching 交际法第六章 Total Physical Response 全身反应法第七章 The Silent Way 沉默法第八章 Community Language Learning 社团学习法第九章 The Natural Approach 自然法第十章 Suggestopedia 暗示法Where a method or approach has extensive and acknowledged links to a particular tradition

13、 in second or foreign language teaching, this historical background is treated in the first section of the chapter. Where a method or approach has no acknowledged ties to established second or foreign language teaching practice, historical perspective is not relevant. In these cases the method is co

14、nsidered in terms of its links to more general linguistic, psychological, or educational traditions.第十一章 教学法的比较和评估这章是从更高的一个角度对前几章所分析的教学法进行比较和评估。This chapter examines methods from a broader framework and present a curriculum-development perspective on methodology.第一章 A brief history of language teach

15、ing 外语教学简史This chapter provides a background for discussion of contemporary methods and suggests the issues we will refer to in analyzing these methods. Changes in language teaching methods throughout history have reflected a. Recognition of changes in the kind of proficiency learners need (oral pro

16、ficiency or reading comprehension) b. Changes in theories of the nature of language and of language learning.一、500年前：1、拉丁语的地位2、拉丁语的教学法3、the decline of Latin 4、受拉丁语教学法影响的modern language（如英语、德语、法语等等）的教学法这种方法就是The Grammar-Translation Method二、The Grammar-Translation Method1、对这种方法的评价2、这种教学法的主要特点：7点the go

17、al of foreign language learning reading and writing/speaking and listeningvocabulary selectionsentenceaccuracygrammarthe students native language 3、对这种教学法的批评三、Language teaching innovations in the 19th century1、Increased opportunities for communication: oral proficiency 2、Individual language teaching

18、 specialists: C. Marcel: emphasized the important meaning in learning T. Prendergast: proposed the first “structural syllabus”F.Gouin: “series”四、The Reform Movement 1、语言学的发展：The International Phonetic Association（1886年）2、Reformer 的观点Henry Sweet: The Practical Study of Languages （1899年）Wilhelm Vietor

19、: Language Teaching Must Start Afresh共同的观点：6点the spoken languagephoneticshear the language firstwords and sentencesthe rules of grammartranslation 3、natural methods 的兴起，其中一种就是众所周知的Direct Method五、The Direct Method1、 倡导者：Gouin ；Sauveurfoundation: natural language learning principles 2、 Berlitz Method

20、: principles and proceduresguidelines3、drawbacks 六、The Coleman Report：1929 in the United States 七、method 到底是什么？the goals of language teachingthe basic nature of languagethe selection of language contentprinciples of organization, sequencing and presentationthe role of the native languageprocessbest

21、teaching techniques and activities and circumstancesParticular methods differ in the way they address these issues. We need to present a model for the description, analysis, and comparison of methods. Question for discussion:从语法翻译法到直接法，有了哪一些进步？500 years ago, Latin was the dominant language of educat

22、ion, commerce, religion, and government in the Western world. But Latin was not a language of spoken and written communication. It was a dead language. Children enter grammar school to learn Latin in order to read classical works of famous Latin writers such as Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero and to develo

23、p intellectual abilities. Latin was taught through rote learning of grammar rules, translation and practice in writing sample sentences.In eighteenth century, “modern” languages such as English, French and Italian began to enter European schools, and they were taught using the same way that were use

24、d for teaching Latin. Textbooks consisted of abstract grammar rules, lists of vocabulary, and sentences for translation. These sentences were constructed to show the grammar rules and had no relation to the language of real communication.By the nineteenth century, this approach based on the study of

25、 Latin had become the standard way of studying foreign languages in schools, which became known as the Grammar-Translation Method.What were the principal characteristics of Grammar-Translation Method?1、 the goal of foreign language study is to learn a language in order to read its literature or in o

26、rder to benefit form the mental discipline and intellectual development that result from foreign language study.2、 Reading and writing are the major focus.3、 Vocabulary selection is based solely on the reading texts, and words are taught through bilingual word list, dictionary study, and memorizatio

27、n.4、 The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. This focus on the sentence is a distinctive feature of the method.5、 Accuracy is emphasized.6、 Grammar is taught deductively-by presentation and study of grammar rules, which are then practiced through translation exercises.7、 Th

28、e students native language is the medium of instruction.Explain new items and make comparisons between the two languages.The goalHow to teach words?How to teach grammar?What is emphasized?The role of the sentenceThe role of native languageIn the mid- and late nineteenth century, the Grammar-Translat

29、ion Method was questioned and rejected in European countries. In the mid nineteenth century, increased opportunities for communication among Europeans created a demand for oral proficiency in foreign languages, but the public education system, that is secondary schools, was seen to be failing in its

30、 responsibilities.In Germany, England, France, new approaches to language teaching were developed by individual language teaching specialists. Each of them use a specific method for reforming the teaching of modern languages.Marcel, Prendergast, GouinEducators recognized the need for speaking profic

31、iency rather than reading comprehension, grammar, or literary appreciation as the goal of foreign language programs; there are an interest in how children learn languages, which prompted attempts to develop teaching principles from observation and reflections about child language learning. But the i

32、deas and methods of these innovators such as Marcel, Prendergast, Gouin were developed outside the context of established circles of education, so their ideas failed to receive widespread support or attention.By the end of the nineteenth century, teachers and linguists began to write about the need

33、for new approaches to language teaching. This effort became known as the Reform Movement in language teaching.From the 1880s, the discipline of linguistics was revitalized. Phoneticsthe scientific analysis and description of the sound systems of languageswas established. Linguists emphasized that sp

34、eech, rather than the written words, was the primary form of language. In 1886, the International Phonetic Association was founded, the International Phonetic Alphabet was designed. The IPA was to used to record accurately the sounds of any language in written forms. One of the earliest goals of the

35、 association was to improve the teaching of modern language. It advocated:1、 study the spoken language2、 phonetic trainingto establish good pronunciation habits3、 the use of conversation texts and dialogues4、 grammar is taught inductively5、 teaching new meaning through establishing association withi

36、n the target language rather than by establishing association with the mother tongueLinguists too became interested in the controversies that emerged about the best way to teach foreign languages. Henry Sweet thought that teaching approaches should be based on a scientific analysis of language and a

37、 study of psychology. He set forth four principles for the development of teaching method:1、 select carefully what is to be taught2、 imposing limits on what is to be taught3、 arranging what is be taught in terms of the four skills4、 grading materials from simple to complexGerman scholar Welhem Viete

38、r strongly criticized the inadequacies of Grammar-Translation Method and stressed the value of training teachers in the new science of phonetics. He argued that training in phonetics would enable teachers to pronounce the language accurately. In his opinions, speech patterns, rather than grammar, we

39、re the fundamental elements of language.Although the reformers in the late nineteenth century often differed in the specific procedures they advocated for teaching a language, in general they believed that:1、 the spoken language is primary, methodology should be oral-based2、 phonetics should be appl

40、ied to teaching and to teacher training3、 listening first4、 words should be presented in sentences, sentences should be practiced in meaningful context5、 grammar should be taught inductively6、 no translationThese principles provided the theoretical foundations for a principled approach to language t

41、eaching. They also reflect the beginnings of the discipline of applied linguistics-that branch of language study concerned with the scientific study of second or foreign language teaching and learning.And at the same time, there was an interest in developing principles for language teaching out of n

42、aturalistic principles of language learning, such as are seen in first language acquisition. This led to natural methods and the development of what came be known as the Direct Method.In fact at various times through the history of language teaching, attempts have been made to make second language l

43、earning more like first language learning. Montaigne described how he was entrusted to a guardian who addressed him exclusively in Latin for the first years of his life, since Montaignes father wanted his son to speak Latin well.In the nineteenth century, L. Sauveur used intensive oral interaction i

44、n the target language, employing questions as a way of presenting and eliciting language. His method was refered to as the Natural Method. Sauveur argued that a foreign language could be taught without translation, or the use of the learners native tongue, if meaning was conveyed directly through de

45、monstration and action.In 1884, the German scholar Franke wrote on a monolingual approach to teaching. According to Franke, a language could best be taught by using it actively in the classroom. Rather that using analytical procedures that focus on explanation of grammar rules in classroom teaching,

46、 teacher must encourage direct and spontaneous use of the foreign language in the classroom. Learners are able to induce rules of grammar. The teacher replace the textbook in the early stages of learning. Known words would be used to teach new words, using demonstration and pictures.Direct Method wa

47、s the most widely known of the natural methods. It was officially approved in France and Germany at the turn of the century and became widely known in the United States through its use by Sauveur and Maximilian Berlitz in successful commercial language schools. In face, Berlitz referred to the metho

48、d in his schools as the Berlitz Method.Principles and procedures:1、 target language only2、 everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught3、 oral communication skills were build up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small,

49、intensive classes4、 grammar was taught inductively5、 new teaching points were introduced orally.6、 Concrete vocabulary and abstract vocabulary7、 Speech and listening comprehension 8、 Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasizedGuidelines for teaching oral language in contemporary Berlitz school

50、s.The Direct Method was quite successful in private schools because of the high motivation of paying clients and the use of native-speaking teachers. But it overemphasized and distorted the similarities between naturalistic first language learning and classroom foreign language learning and fail to

51、consider the practical realities of the classroom. Also, it lacked a sound basis in applied linguistic theory, and for this reason it was often criticized by the reformers of the Reform Movement. It required teachers who were native speakers or had native-like fluency in the foreign language. It was

52、 largely dependent on the teachers skills, and not all teachers were proficient enough in the foreign language. Critics also pointed out that sometime a simple brief explanation in the students native tongue would have been a more efficient way to comprehension.By the 1920s, use of the Direct Method

53、 in noncommercial schools in Europe has declined. In France and Germany it was modified into versions that combined some Direct Method techniques with more controlled grammar-based activities.A study begun in 1923 on the state of foreign language teaching concluded that no single method could guaran

54、tee successful results. The goal of trying to teach conversation skills was considered impractical in view of the restricted time available for foreign language teaching in schools, the limited skills of teachers, and the perceived irrelevance of conversation skills in a foreign language for the ave

55、rage American college student. The studypublished as the Coleman Reportadvocated that a more reasonable goal for a foreign language course would be a reading knowledge of a foreign language, achieved through the gradual introduction of words and grammatical structures in simple reading texts. The ma

56、in result of this recommendation was that reading became the goal of most foreign language programs in the United States.To British applied linguist Henry Sweet, the Direct Method offered innovations at the lever of teaching procedures but lacked a thorough methodological basis. Its main focus was o

57、n the exclusive use of the target language in the classroom, but it failed to address many issues that Sweet thought more basic. In 1920s and 1930s applied linguists systematized the principles proposed earlier by the Reform Movement and so laid the foundations for what developed into the British ap

58、proach to teaching English as a foreign language. Subsequent developments led to Audiolingualism in the United Stated and the Oral Approach or Situational Language Teaching in Britain. We have seen from this historical survey some of the questions that prompted innovations and new directions in lang

59、uage teaching in the past:1、What should the goal of language teaching be?Conversational proficiency, reading, translation, or some other skills2、What is the basic nature of language?3、What are the principles for the selection of language content?4、What principles of organization, sequencing, and pre

60、sentation best facilitate learning?5、What should the role of the native language be?6、What processes do learners use in mastering a language?7、 What teaching techniques and activities work best and under what circumstance?Particular methods differ in the way they address these issues. In the next ch

61、apter we present a model for the description, analysis, and comparison of methods. This model will be used as a framework for our subsequent discussion and analyses of particular language teaching methods and philosophies. 第二章 外语教学法理论和方法的性质In this chapter, we will clarify the relationship between ap

62、proach and method and present a model for description, analysis, and comparison of methods. And this model will be used as a framework for our subsequent discussions and analyses of particular language teaching methods and philosophies.一、Approach and method1、 the model of Edward Anthony （1963）approa

63、ch : a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning method : an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language materialtechnique : which actually takes place in a classroomAnthonys model serves as a useful way of distinguishing between different deg

64、rees of abstraction and specificity found in different language teaching proposals. 2、 the model of Mackey （1965）Mackeys model of language teaching analysis concentrates on the dimensions of selection, gradation, presentation, and repetition underlying a method. (textbooks)3、 Anthonys model 的不足：a) Nothing is said about the roles of teachers and learners.b) It fails to account fo