电力英语考查报告

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1、编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第21页 共21页成绩南京工程学院期末考查报告书电气工程专业外语B 院（系、部、中心） 电力工程学院 专 业 班 级 学 生 姓 名 学 号 任 课 教 师 年 月 南 京Page1.The Production of Electrical Energy（电能生产）1 English textFrom reference 1 Electricity is a form of energy. Electricity is the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms.

2、and an atom has a center, called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive cha

3、rge of a proton, and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. When electrons are lost from an atom, the free movement of these electrons con

4、stitutes an electric current. Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, whi

5、ch are called primary sources. many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy)that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and

6、 rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklins experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood, in the mid-1800.Thomas Edison changed everyones life-he perfected his inv

7、ention-the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. Edisons invention used electricity to bring in door lighting to our homes.Keywords：proton neutron electron2 中文翻译及分析出自文献1：电是能量的一种形式，是电子流。所有物质都是有原子构成，原子油一个中心，叫做核。核子内有些带正电荷的粒子，称为质子；不带电荷的分子称为中子。原

8、子的核子被带负电荷的粒子包围，称为电子。电子的负电荷与质子的正电荷相等。一个原子力的电子数量通常与质子的数量相等。当外力使质子和电子之间的平衡力遭到破坏时，原子就会增加或减少一个电子，当电子从原子中消失时这种电子的自由移动就形成了电流。 电是大自然中最基本的一部分，也是我们最广泛使用能量的一种形式。一次能源，如煤、天然气、油、核能以及其它自然能源，转变后可以产生电，一种二次能源，许多城镇是依着瀑布（一次机械能）而建立的，这些瀑布可以带动水轮进行工作。大约100年前，人类还没有开始发电，家庭照明用的是煤油灯，食物放在冰盒里冷却，房屋取暖靠的是烧柴或燃煤灶，自本杰明.富兰克林于一个雷电交加的晚上在

9、费城做风筝试验之后，电的原理渐被人知。1800年中期，托马斯.爱迪生改变了每一个人的生活他完成了他的发明电灯泡。1879年之前，用电仅限于户外照明的电弧灯，爱迪生的发明将照明带给我们每一个家庭。关键字：质子 中子 电子3 长难句分析及专业词汇a)、When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. When electrons are lost from an atom, the free moveme

10、nt of these electrons constitutes an electric current.“electric current”:电流。这两句话具有因果关系，应加以联系，在加以进行翻译：当外力使质子和电子之间的平衡力遭到破坏时，原子就会增加或减少一个电子，当电子从原子中消失时这种电子的自由移动就形成了电流。4 中心思想 讲述什么是电，介绍电流的形成、电能的产生。5 列出文献景志华，孙石 实用电力英语丛书发电分册 中国电力出版社 2004年 325页Page13.Generators and Motors(发电机和电动机)1 English textFrom reference

11、1An electric generator is a device used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The operation of generator is based on the principle of “electromagnetic induction” moving the wire through the magnetic field causes electric current to flow in the wire. Large generators are used by electr

12、ical utilities to generate the power to the mains power grid. When you need power on places where normal electrical distribution grids do not reach, motor powered generators are convenient sources of mains power. The generator itself in those motor powered generators is rotated by a suitable motor (

13、usually diesel motor).When selecting a generator, go for a generator with a rating higher than you need, so that you dont run it at full load (not good for fuel efficiency),or risk tripping the thing out or stalling it(motor generators can not generally take much overload).The power factor needs to

14、be taken into account when driving inductive loads (be sure you have enough watts and Vas).Generally take the total KW load of the load, add at least 20%30% as safety margin, When selecting generator you will need to know roughly how many hours per day the generator will be running, and rough load e

15、stimates of those hours, When renting a generator, tell the rental company those numbers, and ask them for their recommendations, Power (KW) ratings of an AC generator are based on the ability of the prime mover to overcome generator losses and the ability of the machine to dissipate the internally

16、generated heat. Typical name plate data for an AC generator includes: manufacturer name, serial number of phases, and maximum temperature output voltage, armature and field current per phase; and maximum temperature rise. Generators are perfectly safe provided they are set up and used correctly. If

17、you plan to hire a generator, be sure to hire from reputable company. They should be able to provide you with suitable cables, and site the generators for maximum efficiency. Define your need and ask the rental company for their solution. When installing generator, make sure that the generator has a

18、 good earth/ground connection. How this earthing should be done depends somewhat on local electrical regulations and instructions on generator.Keywords：generator electromagnetic induction name plate data2 中文翻译及分析出自文献1：发电机是将机械能转变为电能的设备，它的运行是基于“电磁感应”原理的，电线穿越磁场运动，其中产生电流。电力机组使用大型电机给干线电同供电。当你在普通分布电网不能到达的

19、地方需要电力，那么马达发电机是获得主要电力的方便来源。一种适配的马达（通常是柴油机）带动马达发电机中的发电机旋转。选择发电机时，挑比你所需的额定功率高的，那样你的发电机无需全负荷运行（对燃料使用效率不利），或无需冒险，诸如电机卡转或者电机停转（马达发电机普遍不能过载），通常计算整个线路的负载（KW），加上至少20%30%作为安全余数。选择发电机时，你需要粗略了解发电机的每天工作时间。和这些时间的粗略负载估计。租用发电机时，告诉租让公司这些参数，并且向他们询问建议。交流发电机的额定功率是基于原动机克服电机损耗的能力和发电机散热的能力。交流发电机铭牌上的数字包括：制造商名，电机系列，种类名称，转速

20、（rpm）,极数，输出频率，相数，和最大输入电压，特定功率因数下的额定功率（KVA和KW），最大输出电压，每相电枢，励磁电流，最大升温。如果正确装配，使用，电机是很安全的，如果租用电机，一定向有名的公司租用。他们能够给你提供配套的电缆，做有效地安装电机。说明你的需求，向租让公司询问它们的解决方案，安装电机时，确保其已有效接地，如何接地应该一定程度上依靠当地电力法规和发电机上的说明。关键字：发电机 电磁感应 名牌数据3 长难句分析及专业词汇a)、The operation of generator is based on the principle of “electromagnetic ind

21、uction” moving the wire through the magnetic field causes electric current to flow in the wire.“principle”：原理 “magnetic field”：磁场它的运行是基于“电磁感应”原理的，电线穿越磁场运动，其中产生电流。b)、Typical name plate data for an AC generator includes: manufacturer name, serial number and type number, speed(rpm), number of poles, fr

22、equency of output, number of phases, and maximum supply voltage, capacity rating in KVA and KW at a specified power factor and maximum output voltage, armature and field current per phase, and maximum temperature rise.“pole”：电极 “capacity rating”：额定容量发电机铭牌上的数字包括：制造商名，电机系列，种类名称，转速（rpm）,极数，输出频率，相数，和最大输

23、入电压，特定功率因数下的额定功率（KVA和KW），最大输出电压，每相电枢、励磁电流，最大升温。4 中心思想 介绍了发电机的原理、相关物理量及选择。5 列出文献景志华，孙石 实用电力英语丛书发电分册 中国电力出版社 2004年 325页Page24.Electrical Energy Transmission(电能输送) 1 English textFrom reference 1AC-DC Converters without control are popular known as rectifiers. The most commonly used AC source is 50 or 6

24、0 HZ voltage source which is available from the electric utility supply, also called the line source. The designs are inexpensive and popular in industrial applications. In some of these rectifiers, the AC voltage from the electric utility is directly rectified without the use of an expensive and bu

25、lky transformer. In some application, the DC voltage from the rectifier is connected to a DC bus for distribution to several different circuit systems, subsystem and other converters as loads. In other application, the rectifiers supply power to inductive-resistive (motors) and capacitive-resistive

26、(power supplies) loads.The rectifiers are required to supply ripple-free DC voltage or DC current to the load. In practice, the peak-to-peak output ripple is design to be as small as possible and the ripple frequency as large as possible. The rectifiers usually draw highly non-sinusoidal current fro

27、m the electric utility supply, giving rise to poor power factors and thus poor efficiency. Improving power factors is a very important design objective. Another design concern is the reduction of high frequency distortions in the line current, which are caused by switching loads or switch-mode conve

28、rters as loads.Keywords：AC-DC Converters AC voltage DC voltageFrom reference 2The Dc to Ac converter (inverter) takes power from a DC source (voltage or current) and delivers to a load. The output Variable of the converter is a low-distortion AC voltage or AC current of single phase or multiphase. A

29、 practical inverter has either a battery, a solar powered DC voltage source or a line frequency (50-60Hz) derived DC voltage source (often unregulated). The DC-AC converters are widely used from very low-power portable electronic systems such as the flashlight discharge system in a photography camer

30、a to very high-power industrial systems. The frequency of output variables may vary from line frequency 50-60Hz in emergency lighting systems to high frequency 1MHz in induction heating systems.Keywords：DC TO AC CONVERTER (INTERTER)From reference 3The AC to DC converter (rectifier) takes power from

31、one or more AC voltage/current sources of single phrase or multiphase and delivers to a load. The output variable is a low-ripple DC voltage or DC current. Many practical AC-DC converters use a voltage source with line frequency of 50 or 60 Hz, single-phase. The AC-DC converters are widely used from

32、 very low-power battery chargers and DC power supply systems to very high-power DC motor drive system.Keywords：AC TO DC CONVERTERFrom reference 4The DC to DC converter takes power from a DC source (voltage or current) and delivers to a load. The output variable of the converter is one or more low-ri

33、pple DC voltages or DC currents (often regulated). The DC output voltage may be different in amplitude than the input source voltage. A practical DC-DC converter ha either a battery, a solar powered DC voltage source or a line frequency (50-60Hz) derived DC voltage source (often unregulated). The DC

34、-DC converters are widely used from very low-power portable electronic systems to very high-power industrial system. The very high power DC-DC converter, such as in electric traction, is also referred to as the chopper.Keywords：DC TO DC CONVERTERFrom reference 5The AC to AC converter takes power fro

35、m an AC voltage or current source and delivers to a load. The output variable is a low-distortion AC voltage or AC current of an equal or different frequency than the input AC source. The conversion may also involve single phase to multiphase or vice versa. The practical AC controller usually uses l

36、ine frequency 50-60Hz voltage sources, single or three-phase. The AC-AC converter where the output frequency is lower than the frequency of the source is called the cyclo-converter. The output frequency in a cyclo-converter is a simple fraction such as 1/3,1/5 and so on of the source frequency. They

37、 are used in very high-power industrial applications. The AC to AC converter with no change of frequency is referred to as the AC controller.Keywords：AC TO AC CONVERTER2 中文翻译及分析出自文献1：不控AC-DC 变换器一般被称为整流器。最常用的交流电源是可以从公用电力供应中得到的50或60赫兹的电压源，这种电源也被称为线电源。不控整流器的设计采用二极管。在工业应用中，这种设计便宜且常用。在有些整流器中，由公用电力提供的交流电压

38、被直接整流，而不使用昂贵而庞大的变压器。在某些应用中，整流器输出的直流电压连接到直流总线上，以分配给几个不同的电路系统、子系统及其他变压器负载。在另一些应用中，整流器为阻感性（电机）和阻容性（电源）负载供电。整流器需要为负载提供无纹波的直流电压或电流。在实际中，峰-峰输出纹波要设计得尽可能地小，而纹波频率要尽可能的大。整流器通常会从公用电力供应中抽取高度非正弦的电流，使得功率因数降低，从而效率不高。提高功率因数是一个很重要的设计目标。设计时还需关心的是对线电流高频畸变的抑制，这是由切换负载或开关模式变换器负载而引起。关键字：AC-DC 变换器 交流电压 直流电压出自文献2：直流-交流变化器（逆

39、变器）从直流电源（电压或电流）中获取电力并传输给负载。变换器的输出变量是一个低畸变的单相或多相交流电压或交流电流。实际使用中的逆变器既可以有一个电池，也可以有一个太阳能供电的直流电压源或由工频（50-60HZ）转换来的直流电压源（通常是未调制的）。直流-交流变换器应用广泛，从很低功率的便携式电子系统，在照相机中的闪光放电系统中，到很高功率的工业系统。输出变量的频率范围可以从应急照明系统的工频50-60Hz达到感应加热系统的1MHz的高频。关键字：直流-交流变换器（逆变器）出自文献3：交流-直流变换器（整流器）从一个或多个单相或多相交流电压/电流源中获取电能并传送给负载。输出变量是一个低纹波的直

40、流电压或直流电源。许多实际使用中的交流-直流变换器使用一个单相或3相的工频为50-60Hz的电压源。交流-直流变换器应用广泛，从很低功率的电池充电器和直流供电系统到很高功率的直流电机驱动系统。关键字：交流-直流变换器出自文献4：直流-直流变换器从直流电流（电压或电流）中获取电力并传送给负载。变换器的输出变量时一个或多个低波纹直流电压或直流电流（通常被调制的）。直流输出电压在幅值上可以与输入源电压不同。实际使用中的直流-直流变换器既可以有一个电瓶，也可以由一个由太阳能供电的直流电压源或有工频50-60Hz变换了来的直流电压源（通常是未调制的）直流-直流变换器应用广泛，冲很小功率的便携式电子系统到

41、很大功率的工业系统。很大功率的直流-直流变换器，例如在电力牵引中所使用到的，也被称作斩波器。关键字：直流-直流变换器出自文献5：交流-交流变换器从一个交流电压或交流电流中获取电力并传送给负载。输出变量是低畸变的与输入交流源同频或不同频的交流电压或交流电流。变换也涉及从单相到多相的转换或反之。实际使用中的交流控制器通常使用工频为50-60Hz的单相或多相电压源。输出频率低于电源频率的交流-交流变换器叫做交流-交流变频器，交流-交流变频器的输出频率就是电源频率的简单的分数值，比如1/3，1/5等等。他们用语很大功率的工业应用中。频率不变的交流-交流变换器被称为交流控制器。关键字：交流-交流变换器3

42、 长难句分析及专业词汇a)、In some application, the DC voltage from the rectifier is connected to a DC bus for distribution to several different circuit systems, subsystem and other converters as loads.“circuit systems”：电路系统 “subsystem”：子系统 “converter”：变压器在某些应用中，整流器输出的直流电压连接到直流总线上，以分配给几个不同的电路系统、子系统及其他变压器负载。b)、In

43、 other application, the rectifiers supply power to inductive-resistive (motors) and capacitive-resistive (power supplies) loads.“inductive-resistive”：阻感性 “capacitive-resistive”：阻容性在另一些应用中，整流器为阻感性（电机）和阻容性（电源）负载供电。c)、The output variable of the converter is one or more low-ripple DC voltages or DC curr

44、ents (often regulated).“low-ripple”: 低波纹 “regulate”: 调制变换器的输出变量是一个或多个低波纹直流电压或直流电流（通常被调制的）。d)、The output variable is a low-distortion AC voltage or AC current of an equal or different frequency than the input AC source.“variable”：变量 “low-distortion”：低畸变的 该句修饰语较多，要在理解所有单词、词组含义的基础上，进行语句的组装：输出变量是低畸变的与输入

45、交流源同频或不同频的交流电压或交流电流。4 中心思想 讲述电能输送中各类转换器的使用、作用机理及功能。5 列出文献1.刘健，边康莎 电力英语阅读与翻译 中国电力出版社 2000年 284页2.杨大亮 新编电力英语教程 电子工业出版社 2004年 368页Page35.Protective Relays(继电器)1 English text From reference 1 A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment which is designed to protect an electrical apparatus from damage cause

46、d by overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse which operate once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are often implemented with a solenoid (electromagnet) whose strength increases as the current i

47、ncreases and eventually trips the circuit breaker. Alternatively a bimetallic strip may be used which heats and bends with increased current. Some circuit breakers incorporate both techniques. This allows the properties of the circuit breaker to be tailored to suit the application, with the electrom

48、agnet generally responding to short, large surges in current (short circuit) and the bimetallic strip responding to smaller but longer-term (overload) overcurrent conditions. Circuit breakers for large currents are usually arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip

49、opening mechanism. Under short-circuit conditions a current of many times greater than normal can flow. When a circuit breaker are open. Circuit breakers incorporate features to divide and extinguish the arc. In air-insulated and miniature breakers an arc chute structure consisting (often) of metal

50、plates or ceramic ridges cools the arc, and blowout coils deflect the arc into the arc chute. Larger circuit breakers such as sulfur hexafluoride or have contact immersed in oil to suppress the arc. The maximum short-circuit current that a breaker can interrupt is determined by testing. Application

51、of a breaker in a circuit with a higher prospective short-circuit current may result in failure of the breaker to safely interrupt a fault.Small circuit breakers are either installed directly in equipment, or are arranged in a breaker panel. Power circuit breakers are built into switchgear cabinets.

52、 High-voltage breakers may be free-standing outdoor equipment or a component of a gas-insulated switchgear line-up.Keywords：circuit breaker From reference 2 An electric switch is often o a wall near the door of a room. Two wires lead to lamp in the room. The switch is fixed in one of them. The switc

53、h can also join the two parts of the wire again; then we get a light. Switches can control many different things. Small switches control lamps and radio sets because these do not take a large current. Large switches control electric fires. Other switches can control electric motors. Good switches mo

54、ve quickly. They have to stop the current suddenly. If they move slowly, an electric spark appears. It jumps across the space between the two ends of the wire. This is unsafe and it heats the switch. Very big switches are sometimes placed in oil. Sparks do not easily jump through oil, and so the oil

55、 makes the switch safer. A large current makes a wire hot. If the wire is very thin., even a small current makes it hot. This happens in an electric lamp. The electric wires in a house are covered with some kind of insulation. No current can flow through the insulation; so the current can never flow

56、 straight from one wire to the other. But the insulation on old wires is often broken; then the copper of the two wires can touch. A large current may flow; and if this happens, the wires will get very hot. Then the house may catch fire. Fuses can stop this trouble. A fuse is only a thin wire which

57、easily melts. It is fixed in a fuse-holder. The fuse-holder is made of some material which cannot burn. A large current makes the fuse hot and then it melts away. We say that the fuse “blows”. The wire is broken, and no current can flow. So the house does not catch fire; but all the lights and elect

58、ric fires go out because there is no current. When a fuse blows, something is wrong. We must find the fault first. Perhaps two wires are touching. We must cover them with new insulation of some kind. Then we must find the blown fuse and repair it. We put a new piece of fuse-wire in the holder(someti

59、mes we can find the right fuse-holder because it is rather warm; but the others are cold). If we do not repair the fault first, the new fuse will blow immediately. Some people get angry when a fuse blows. So they put a thick copper wire in the fuse-holder. Of course this does not easily melt; if the

60、 current rises suddenly, nothing stops it. The thick wire easily carries it. Then the wires of the house may get very hot, and the house may catch fire. Some of the people in it may not be able to escape. They may lose their lives. So it is always best to use proper fuse-wire. This will keep everyon

61、e and everything in the house safe.Keywords：switch fuse From reference 3Ordinarily, high-voltage fuses at substations are mounted adjacent to air-break disconnect switches. The fuse and switch enclosure is usually mounted near the overhead power lines at a substation.HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERSCir

62、cuit breakers that control high voltages are also located at substation. In this type of circuit breaker, the contacts are immersed in an insulating oil contained in a metal enclosure. Another type of high-voltage circuit breaker is the magnetic air breaker in which the contacts separate, in the air

63、, when the power line is overloaded. Magnetic blowout coils are used to develop a magnetic field that causes the arc (which is produced when the contacts break) to be concentrated into arc chutes where it is extinguished. A modification of this type of circuit breaker is the compressed-air circuit b

64、reaker. In this case, a stream of compressed air aids in extinguishing the arc that is developed when the contacts open. It should be pointed out that large arcs are present whenever a high-voltage circuit is interrupted. This problem is not encountered to any great extent in low-voltage protective equipment. There are two major types of high-voltage circuit breakersoil filled and oilless. These circuit breakers are designed to operate on voltage of 1,000 volts to over 500,000 volts. Oil-filled ci