2022年考博英语-山西大学考前模拟强化练习题6（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-山西大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题FROM ENGLISH TO CHINESEHappiness is sometimes seen as a state of mind. But this is not how Aristotle regards it. “Well-being”, as we usually translate his term for happiness, is what we might call a state of soul, which for him involves not just an interior condit

2、ion of being, but a disposition to behave in certain ways. As Ludwig Wittgenstein once remarked, the best image of the soul is the body. If you want to observe someones spirit, look at what they do. Happiness for Aristotle is attained by virtue, and virtue is above all a social practice rather than

3、an attitude of mind. Happiness is part of a practical way of life, not some private inner contentment.【答案】幸福有时被视为一种精神状态。但亚里士多德不这样认为。“幸福”，正如我们通常解释这个术语，我们可以看作为灵魂状态。对他来说，这不仅是个人存在的内在条件，也是一种特定的行为方式。路德维希维特根斯坦曾说过，人的身体是灵魂的最好图画。如果你想了解某人的“灵魂”，看看他们做了什么。对亚里士多德来说，幸福是通过美德实现的。美德首先是一种社会实践，而不是一种心灵态度。幸福是实际的生活方式的一部分，不

4、是某种私密的内在满足。2. 单选题We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness.

5、 Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bac

6、teria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfide producing bacteria gains the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise

7、anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why. Some peoples breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, howe

8、ver, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, file simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning brea

9、th. Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad-b

10、reath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is they dont necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus. If the mouthw

11、ash contains alcoholas most doit can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.1.The underlined phrase “emanate from” in (Sent. 2, Para. 1) most probably means “（ ）”.2.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?3.According to the passage, alcohol has something to do w

12、ith bad breath mainly because（ ）.4.Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because（ ）.5.We can infer from this passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.thrive onB.account forC.originate fromD.descend from问题2选项A.Tooth trouble.B.Sulfur-rich food.C.Too much exercise.D.Mental strain.问题3选项A.it keeps of

13、fending bacteria from reproducingB.its smell adds to bad breathC.it kills some helpfulD.it affects the normal flow of saliva问题4选项A.they cant mask the bad odor long enoughB.they cant get to all the offending bacteriaC.their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worseD.they cant cover the th

14、ick layers of mucus问题5选项A.offensive breath cant easily be curedB.elderly people are less offended by bad breathC.heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathD.offensive breath is less affected by alcohol【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.词义推测题。根据第一段第二句offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the

15、 mouth（口臭来自口腔中的细菌），可知C选项“源自”符合题意，故C选项正确。A选项“靠，以”，B选项“对负有责任；对做出解释；（比例）占有”，以及D选项“传下来”意思不符合。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第五段第一、二句anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why（任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭。压力也是如此，尽管不知道为什么），可知精神紧张导致口臭，故D选项“精神紧张”正确。A选项“牙齿问题”：根据第二段第一句，医生最多能建议有口臭的病

16、人保持口腔清洁，可知口臭与口腔清洁有关，没有提到和牙齿问题有关。B选项“高硫的食物”：根据第三段第二、三句，细菌以食物中的蛋白质为食，并排放硫化物这种口臭中最难闻的气体，可知并不是高硫食物导致口臭。C选项“运动过度”：根据第五段第一句，运动时用嘴呼吸产生口臭，可知不是运动过多导致口臭。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows（只要唾液的正常流速放缓，就会有口臭）和第五段第一句Alcoholanything that dries the mouth produces

17、 bad breath（酒精任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭），酒精引发口臭，而口臭的原因就是唾液流速低于正常速度，可推断酒精影响唾液正常流动，故D选项“它影响唾液正常流动”正确。A选项“它能阻止致病细菌繁殖”：文章中没有提到任何方法阻止细菌繁殖，只有通过刷牙等清除细菌的方法。B选项“其气味加剧口臭”：根据第八段第二句，含有酒精的漱口水通过气味掩盖口臭，没有提到其气味加剧口臭。C选项“它能有效杀死细菌”：根据第八段第三、四句，漱口水可以杀死部分细菌，但不能杀死所有致病细菌，可知漱口水不能有效杀死细菌。因此D选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第八段第四句The trouble is they don

18、t necessarily reach all offending germs（问题是它们不一定能接触到所有致病的细菌），the trouble交代这是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的主要原因，故B选项“它们无法接触到所有致病细菌”正确。A选项“它们无法长时间掩盖难闻气味”：无法长时间掩盖气味是漱口水不能有效治疗口臭的表现。C选项“它们浓烈的气味和口臭味道混合后加剧口臭”：根据第八段最后一句如果漱口水中含有酒精大多数都含有会加剧问题，可知漱口水含有酒精并且加剧口臭。D选项“它们不能覆盖厚厚的黏液层”：根据第八段倒数第二句，大多数细菌在厚层黏液中，漱口水不能杀死它们，没有说到为什么不能和漱口水能不能到达

19、厚层黏液。因此B选项正确。5.细节判断题。根据第二段Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.（直到几年前，医生能做的最多的就是建议有口臭的病人保持口腔清洁。现在他们正在寻找新的方法来治疗这种通常可以治愈的疾病），对于治愈口臭，前几年医生能做的有限，而且现在还在寻找方法治愈口臭

20、，可见口臭不容易治愈，故A选项“口臭不容易治愈”正确。B选项“老年人口臭较少”：根据第六段第一句老年人比年轻人更多有口臭问题，可知老年人口臭问题更多。C选项“酗酒者较少受到口臭的影响”和D选项“口臭受酒精影响较小”：根据第五段第一句酒精任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭，可知酒精加剧口臭问题并且影响不小。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Well continue along the road（ ）by our presidents more than seventy years ago.问题1选项A.given outB.made outC.wiped outD.mapped out【答案】D【解析

21、】考查动词短语辨析。A选项give out“发出，排放，公开，分发”；B选项make out“艰难地看到，理解，填写”；C选项wipe out“消灭”；D选项map out“认真安排或设计，绘制”。句意：我们将继续沿着我们两国总统七十多年前（ ）的道路前进。“发出道路/理解道路/消灭道路”都不符合题意，因此D选项正确。4. 翻译题FROM CHINESE TO ENGLISH我说过我们要发展记忆，那是因为我们生活中有此需要。没有文化的动物中，能以本能来应付生活，就不必有记忆。我这样说，其实也包含了另一项意思，就是人在记忆上发展的程度是依他们生活需要而决定的。我们每个人，每一刻，所接触的外界众多

22、复杂，但是并不进入我们的感觉，我们有所选择。和我们眼睛所接触的外界我们并不都看见，我们只看见我们所注意的，我们的视线有焦点，焦点依着我们的注意而移动。注意的对象由我们选择，选择的根据是我们生活的需要。【答案】I said we develop memories because we need them in our lives. Without culture, animals cope with life by instinct. Thus memory is necessary for them. By saying this, I also mean that people develo

23、p memory according to the needs of their lives. Every one of us, is connected to this vast and complex world in every moment, but dont receive all into our senses, which means we choose. We do not see everything that our eyes touch. We see only what we notice, because there is a focus in our sight w

24、hich moves on the basis of our attention. And the object of attention is chosen by us, according to the needs of our life.5. 单选题Its in your best（ ）to quit smoking, for you have some breathing problems.问题1选项A.sakeB.benefitC.advantageD.interest【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：戒烟对你最有利，因为你有一些呼吸问题。be in sbs (best) int

25、erest (s) (to do sth)=be the best thing for someone，因此D选项正确。6. 单选题Do you find yourself checking Facebook as soon as you wake up in the morning? Even as you read this article, is your right index finger twitching on the mouse, just itching to click on something new? If so, welcome to the 21st century

26、. Without even realizing it, weve signed up for a life in which were all connected, all the time. Whether or not this is a good thing is the subject of Hamlets Blackberry, a new book by William Powers.Early in the book, Powers describes a scene that should strike many as familiar: He is standing at

27、a crosswalk in the middle of Manhattan, alongside five or eight other peopleall of whom are staring intently at some digital device. “Here I was in New York, the most fantastic city in the worldso much to look at, to see and hear, and everybody around me essentially wasnt present,” he says.Powers ma

28、y question the way we use our gadgets, but he certainly doesnt condemn it. He does, however, recognize the downside of constantly being flooded with new information or what he calls the “conundrum of connectedness.”Among the things that suffer from our over connectedness, Powers says, are relationsh

29、ips. “If were constantly toggling between people on Facebook and texts and all these new ways of connecting all day long, and we never have a sustained connection,” Powers says. “Its sort of the opposite of connectedness.”But how are we of the 21st century supposed to cope with that problem? Powers

30、has one suggestion thats both utterly simple and almost impossible to imagine following: just disconnect. His family, for example, takes an “Internet Sabbath” every weekend. “We turn off the household modem, and we dont have smart phones the whole weekend. We cant do Web surfing.” he explains.Accord

31、ing to Powers, the positive effects of these technology breaks are felt long after the weekends are over. “Even when were connected, we can feel the benefits of having been disconnected a couple days ago,” he says. “Its just about that simple word, balance”.Not that he thinks up plugging your modem

32、is necessarily easy. “Its really hard to pull away. You have to know why youre doing it, and really believe” he says. “What Im about here is trying to convince people that its worth doing.”1.What William Powers describes in Paragraph 2（ ）.2.The word “downside” (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to “（ ）

33、”.3.“Internet Sabbath” means that on this day the authors family（ ）.4.The author thinks that the “Internet Sabbath”（ ）.5.The passage is most likely a（ ）.问题1选项A.makes little difference to our lifeB.is a common phenomenonC.rarely happens in other placesD.is what he has been looking for问题2选项A.confusion

34、B.disadvantageC.challengeD.secret问题3选项A.uses the Internet to call and textB.uses the Internet only for pleasureC.completely stops using the InternetD.cannot work without the Internet问题4选项A.is really worth takingB.is suitable for most familyC.is too hard for others to followD.is relatively easy to ca

35、rry out问题5选项A.social surveyB.news reportC.technology updateD.book review【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。文章第二段主要描述了William Powers在纽约所见到的一个场景。由语段第一句“Powers describes a scene that should strike many as familiar（鲍尔斯描述了一个很多人都很熟悉的场景）”可知该现象在日常生活中很常见，A选项在该语段中没有提到，C选项“在其他地方很少发生”与第一句“strike many as f

36、amiliar（很多人都很熟悉的场景）”不相符，D选项“是他一直在寻找的”与该语段的意思不相符，因此B选项“是一种常见现象”正确。2.词意猜测题。Downside“负面，缺点”，如果不认识该单词，也可从第三段最后一句话中的“conundrum of connectedness.（连结性难题）”推断出鲍尔斯意识到了不断被新信息淹没的负面影响。A选项confusion“混淆，困惑”；C选项challenge“挑战，考验”；D选项secret“秘密，机密”，因此B选项“缺点，不利条件”正确。3.事实细节题。根据第五段中的“We turn off the household modem, and we

37、 dont have smart phones the whole weekend. We cant do Web surfing.” he explains.（“我们关掉家用调制解调器，整个周末都没有智能手机。我们不能上网。”他解释道。）可知“Internet Sabbath”表示作者全家这天都不能上网，A选项“使用互联网打电话和发短信”不正确；B选项“上网娱乐”不符合原文；D选项“没有互联网而不能工作”原文也没有提到，因此C选项“完全停止使用互联网”正确。4.推理判断题。文章最后一段有提到“Not that he thinks up plugging your modem is neces

38、sarily easy（并不是说他认为关闭调制解调器一定很容易）”，可知 “Internet Sabbath”并不容易；最后一段作者还说到“What Im about here is trying to convince people that its worth doing.（我在这里的目的是试图说服人们，这是值得做的）”。B选项“适合大多数家庭”原文没有提到；C选项“对其他人来说很难跟着做”不符合原文意思；D选项“相对容易执行”与原文意思相悖；因此A选项“真的值得一试”正确。5.主旨大意题。文章围绕威廉鲍尔斯（William Powers）的新书哈姆雷特的黑莓（Hamlets Blackb

39、erry）展开。作者从第二段“Early in the book” 开始就是描述的该书的内容。因此这篇文章是一篇书评。A选项“社会调查”；B选项“新闻报道”；C选项“技术更新”，都不符合文章大意，因此D选项正确。7. 翻译题Visit a museum these days and youll see people using their smartphones and cameras to take pictures of works of art, archeological finds, historical artifacts, and any other object that st

40、rikes their fancy. While taking a picture might seem like a good way to preserve the moment, new research suggests that museum-goers may want to put their cameras down. In a new study, psychological scientist Linda Henkel of Fairfield University presents data showing that participants had worse memo

41、ry for objects, and for specific object details, when they took photos of them.“People so often whip out their cameras almost mindlessly to capture a moment, to the point that they are missing what is happening right in front of them,” says Henkel. She calls this the “photo-taking impairment effect”

42、.【答案】如今参观博物馆，你会看到人们用智能手机和相机拍摄艺术作品、考古发现、历史文物和任何其他吸引他们眼球的物品。虽然拍照似乎是保存这一瞬间的好方法，但新的研究表明，参观博物馆的人可能会想放下相机。在一项新的研究中，费尔菲尔德大学（Fairfield University）的心理学家琳达汉克尔（Linda Henkel）提供的数据显示，参与者在拍照时对物体和特定物体细节的记忆力较差。汉克尔说：“人们经常无意识地拿出相机来捕捉某个瞬间，以至于他们忽略了眼前正在发生的事情。”她称之为“拍照障碍效应”。8. 单选题One of the chief functions of slang words

43、is to consolidate ones（ ）with a group.问题1选项A.introductionB.superstitionC.identificationD.specification【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项introduction“介绍；引进；入门”；B选项superstition“迷信”；C选项identification“辨认；认同；身份”；D选项specification“规格；说明书”。句意：俚语的主要功能之一增强与其一伙人的（ ）。根据语境，俚语主要是拉近人和人之间的距离，identification“认同”比较合理。因此C选项正确。9. 单选题A

44、t short notice rescue troops were sent to help the vehicles（ ）the deep snow.问题1选项A.soaked withB.stuck inC.intended forD.connected to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项soaked with“用浸泡，使浸透”；B选项stuck in“陷入，插入”；C选项intended for“用来”；D选项connected to“连接”。句意：刚接到通知，救援部队就立马被派去帮助这些深深（ ）在雪里的车辆。根据语境，车辆stuck in“陷入”雪中比较合理。因此B选项正确。

45、10. 单选题The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the f

46、orces that shape everyones experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, Coca Col

47、a, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what hes seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common

48、these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of mi

49、nority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales (障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,” says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll g

50、et aheadthat someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion.” She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down (使不突出) their visibility.” Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white

51、males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.1.According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Line 2, Para.1) probably refers to “（ ）”.2.To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to（ ）.3.The reason why

52、 women and blacks play down their visibility is that they（ ）.4.The author is of the opinion that Colemans beliefs are（ ）.5.The best title for this passage would be（ ）.问题1选项A.criticisms that shape everyones experienceB.the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC.the tendencies that help th

53、e newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD.the ideas which usually come up with usually come up with new ways of management in the organization问题2选项A.let your superiors know how good you areB.project a favorable image to the people around youC.work as a consultant to your superiorsD.perform

54、 well your tasks given by your superiors问题3选项A.know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB.want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsC.dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD.believe they can get promoted by r

55、eason of their sex or color问题4选项A.biasedB.popularC.insightfulD.superficial问题5选项A.Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB.The Importance of Being VisibleC.Job Performance and AdvancementD.Sex and Career Success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段The more women and minorities make their

56、way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the org

57、anization. （进入管理层的女性和少数族裔越多，她们似乎就越想谈论以前认为最好不要说的事情。新人往往用新奇的眼光来看待公司的事务，在这过程中，时而会伴随一些压力批判的分析，这些压力塑造了每个员工的阅历。）。A选项“形成每个人阅历的批判”：形成每个人阅历的批判更针对新人来说。C选项“帮助新人以新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向”：帮助新人在文中没有提到。D选项“这些想法通常会产生新的组织管理方式”：因为这些想法会带来新的管理方式文中也没有提到。B选项“与既定信念相矛盾的观点”：以前认为最好不说的肯定是不被群体所接受的观念，符合生活实际，分析加排除法确定答案。因此B选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第

58、二段第四句the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%（对促成长期职业成功的不同因素进行了如下权衡：业绩仅占10%，形象占30%；而曝光率高达60%），以及第六句advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are（晋

59、升往往取决于有多少人了解你和你的工作，以及他们的职位高低），可知在事业成功上，在比自己职位高的人面前的曝光率最重要，故A选项“让你上司知道你有多优秀”正确，业绩和形象不是最重要的，故B选项“在周围的人面前树立良好形象”和D选项“出色完成上级交代的任务”错误。C选项“做上级的顾问”：根据第三段第三句，Kaleel Jamison是一名管理顾问，但不意味着要通过做上级的顾问来取得事业成功。因此A选项正确。3.细节推断题。根据第三段第五句Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead

60、 because of their sex or color（大多数女性和黑人非常害怕人们会认为他们升职是因为他们的性别或肤色），可知C选项“不希望人们认为他们晋升是因为性别或肤色”正确，D选项“相信他们可以因性别或肤色而晋升”错误。A选项“知道会有上级向下视察，给他们升职”和B选项“想给人一种他们在错误信念下工作的印象”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第二段第二句Coleman is black （科尔曼是黑人）和第三段第二句Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who

61、, like Coleman, feel that the scales have dropped from their eyes（不是很多人，特别是很多女性和少数种族，如科尔曼，觉得障碍已经从他们的眼中消除），作者认为不是很多人能够发现这一点，特别是少数种族，也就是黑人，而作为一位黑人，科尔曼能够发现，可见作者非常欣赏科尔曼，认为他很有洞察力，故C选项“有洞察力的”正确。A选项“有偏见的”，B选项“受欢迎的”和D选项“肤浅的”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第三段最后一句Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white

62、males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.（她对这些人的建议是：学习白人男性传统上寻求进入聚光灯下的方式。），结合文章对于被看见的重要性的数据和例子，可知文章主旨在讨论被上级看见在工作中的重要性，故B选项“被看见的重要性”正确。A选项“女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用”：没有提到女性和少数族裔在管理中如何发挥作用。C选项“工作表现与晋升”：工作表现与晋升的关系只是文章内容之一。D选项“性别与事业成功”：性别与事业只有提到一点。因此B选项正确。11. 单选题Libraries are an investmen

63、t for the future and should not be allowed to fall into（ ）.问题1选项A.dissolutionB.decayC.declineD.depression【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项dissolution “分解，溶解”；B选项decay “衰退，衰减；衰败；腐烂，腐朽”；C选项decline “下降；衰退；斜面”；D选项depression“沮丧；忧愁；抑郁症；洼地；不景气；低气压区”。题干大意说，图书馆是将来的一种投资，不允许（图书馆）掉入（ ）。常识储备：当今社会我们并没有注意图书馆的价值，现在的图书馆是冷冷清清，一副衰退、衰亡的景象。其实体现一个国家、民族的真正素质就是看图书馆是否冷冷清清。因此B选项正确。12. 单选题A new website from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a “food desert”. The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousan