考研考博-考博英语-国防科技大学考前自测提分卷65(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-国防科技大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints fou

2、nd in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by month, one can assume that the dominant hand ass

3、isted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness

4、 was therefore heavily predominant.Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not

5、fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right hand.Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bone

6、s on the right side, and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.F

7、ractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.Tools t

8、hemselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spira

9、ling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a right-hander.Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a right-hander, held the c

10、ore (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the cores outer surface) on the side. Toths knapping produced 56 percent flakes w

11、ith the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern Toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi Fora, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis.

12、 At seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were right-oriented, and 43 percent left, a pattern almost identical to that produced today.About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fin

13、e control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere，and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70, 000-35, 000 years ago, Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapel

14、le-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right，and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal, Gibraltar, and La Quina.54. All of the following are mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and artists EXCEPT _.55. The La C

15、hapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton can be identified as right-handed because _.56. Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from the passage?57. Why does the author mention the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux?问题1选项A.the ideal source of lig

16、hting for most engravingsB.the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right handC.the prevalence of outlines of left handsD.figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand问题2选项A.other Neanderthal skeletons found nearby are also right-handedB.the right arm bone i

17、s stronger than the leftC.it is similar to skeletons of La Ferrassie I and NeanderthalD.the right side of the skeleton shows less evidence of fractures问题3选项A.Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured partys body.B.The right arm sustains mo

18、re injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively.C.In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.D.Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.问题4选项A.As an example of an ite

19、m on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person.B.Because tressing is an activity that is easier for a right-handed person than for a left-handed person.C.Because the cave of Lascaux is the site where researchers have found several prehistoric tools made for right-handed

20、 people.D.As an example of an item whose construction shows that it was made by a right-handed person.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】54.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“除外，以下所有内容都在第1和第2段中提到，作为艺术和艺术家中惯用右手的证据”。根据第二段第二句Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed ar

21、tists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.（例如，大多数雕刻作品的光线最好从左边照射，因为这很适合右手艺术家的作品，他们通常喜欢让光线照在左边，这样他们的手的影子就不会落在雕刻工具或刷子的顶端。）可知，A项“是大多数雕刻品的理想的照明光源”。根据第一段最后两句One also has to make the assumption t

22、hat hands were stenciled palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.（我们不得不做出一种假设：双手是手掌朝下被印刷出来的

23、，而手掌朝上印刷出来的左手当然看起来像一只右手。在法国加尔加斯洞穴的158张模板中，有136张被确定为左手，只有22张是右手，因此，惯用右手的人占主导地位。）可知，C项“左手轮廓的盛行”是正确的，B项“事实上，用模板绘制的左手掌心向上可能看起来像右手”中的fact（事实）与原文不符，原文提到的是assumption（假设），而不是“事实”。由第二段最后一句In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right han

24、d.（在少数几个冰河时期的人物被描绘成拿着东西的例子中，虽然不全是但大多数都是用右手拿着东西。）可知，D项“史前艺术中的人物用右手拿着东西”也符合。因此，该题选择B项正确。55.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“La Chapelle-au-saints的尼安德特人骨骼可以被确定为右撇子，因为”。根据题干定位到第三段倒数第二句Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911

25、noted the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left.（右撇子的右侧骨骼更长，更强壮，肌肉更发达。Marcellin Boule早在1911年提到的一块名为La Chapelle-aux-Saints的尼安德特人的右上臂骨骼明显比左上臂强壮。）可知，B项“右臂骨头比左臂骨头强壮”符合原文。第三段最后一句指出Similar observations have been made on other Nean

26、derthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.（对其他尼安德特人的骨架的调查也得到了类似的结果，例如La Ferrassie I和尼安德特人本身。）可知，名为La Chapelle-au-saints的尼安德特人骨骼与其他尼安德特人、La Ferrassie I以及尼安德特人本身的骨骼都有类似的特点，即右臂骨头比左臂骨头强壮，并不是说他们的骨骼是相似的，C项“它与La Ferrassie I和尼安德特人的骨骼相似”偷换概念；A项“附近发现的其他尼安德特人骨骼也是右撇子”这是在发现名为La Chapelle-au-

27、saints的尼安德特人骨骼被确定为右撇子之后法身的，A项不选。D项“右侧骨骼骨折的证据较少”，这是证明右撇子的另外一个证据，而不是证明名为La Chapelle-au-saints的尼安德特人骨骼是右撇子的证据。因此，该题选择B项正确。56.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“下列关于骨折痕和割伤痕的陈述哪一个可以从文章中推断出来？”。根据题干可以定位到文章第四段Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the

28、 left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.（断裂痕与割伤痕也是论据的另一来源。右撇子勇士一般都是左侧容易受伤。在以色列的内盖夫的戈壁中被埋了2000多年的一个40-50岁之间的Nabatean勇士的骨架，在他的头部、左臂和肋骨上有多处已愈合的伤痕。），从中可知，习惯使用右

29、撇子的人左侧受伤会更多，可以推断这是由于右撇子的人的右侧被占主导地位的右手保护，所以左侧受伤更多，A项“右撇子士兵造成的骨折和割伤往往发生在受伤方身体的右侧”和B项“右臂受伤更多，因为右臂作为主要的手臂，使用更积极”错误；C项“对于大多数人来说，身体的左半边更容易受伤，因为它没有被占主导地位的手臂有效地保护”符合题意。D项“人类化石上的骨折和割伤很可能是死后造成的”没有提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。57.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者提到在法国Lascaux洞穴中发现的冰河时期的绳子？”。根据题干定位到文章第五段Tools themselves can be re

30、vealingThe late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a right-hander.（工具本身也会反映这一现象在法国的Lascaux岩洞艺术找到的冰川时代末期的绳子是由向右旋转的纤维捆成的，当然也就证实了出自右撇子之手。），由此可以推断，作者提到法国Lascaux洞穴中发现的冰河时期的绳子是为了对第五段第一句提供关于通过物品判断右撇子的例证，D项“作为一件由右撇子制造的物品的例

31、子”符合。A项“作为一件物品的例子，它的磨损痕迹表明它是由右撇子使用的”中的“磨损”并不属于绳子上的。B项“因为穿衣服对右撇子来说比左撇子更容易”在该段落并未提及。C项“因为在Lascaux洞穴，研究人员发现了一些为右撇子的人制作的史前工具”并不符合题干。因此，该题选择D项正确。2.单选题Owing to an acute lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.问题1选项A.urgentB.graveC.stressfulD.in

32、creasing【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项urgent“紧急的，急迫的”，B项grave“重大的，严肃的”，C项stressful“紧张的，有压力的”，D项increasing“越来越多的，渐增的”。句意：由于低收入者住房的严重匮乏，市政府对于严重的住房问题感到为难。acute在句中表示“严重的”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是B项。因此，该题选择B项。3.单选题We must yield to the _ evidence which you have presented and free your client.问题1选项A.incontrovertibleB.inconseque

33、ntialC.incorrigibleD.inexorable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项incontrovertible表示“无可争议的，无疑的”，B项inconsequential表示“不重要的，不合理的”，C项incorrigible表示“不可救药的，积习难改的”，D项inexorable表示“无情的，不屈不挠的”。根据关键信息free your client（释放你的委托人）可知，_ evidence应该表示“无可争议的证据”。句意：我们必须根据你提供的无可争议的证据释放你的委托人。因此，该题选择A项正确。4.单选题There is increasing evidence t

34、hat the impacts of meteorites have had important effects on Earth, particularly in the field of biological evolution. Such impacts continue to pose a natural hazard to life on Earth. Twice in the twentieth century, large meteorite objects are known to have collided with Earth.If an impact is large e

35、nough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history. This break in Earths history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half

36、the species on the planet became extinct. While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs. For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flou

37、rished. Then, suddenly, they disappeared.The body that impacted Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period was a meteorite with a mass of more than a trillion tons and a diameter of at least 10 kilometers. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited

38、from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact. This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and other elements that are relatively abundant in a meteorite but very rare in the crust of Earth. Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this compo

39、nent of meteorites is easily identified. By 1990 geologists had located the impact site itself in the Yucat region of Mexico. The crater, now deeply buried in sediment, was originally about 200 kilometers in diameter.This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice

40、as large as the lunar crater Tycho. The explosion lifted about 100 trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface. Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely fro

41、m reaching the surface, plunging Earth into a period of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months. The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most

42、terrestrial forests and grassland. Presumably, those environmental disasters could have been responsible for the mass extinction, including the death of the dinosaurs.Several other mass extinctions in the geological record have been tentatively identified with large impacts, but none is so dramatic

43、as the Cretaceous event. But even without such specific documentation, it is clear that impacts of this size do occur and that their results can be catastrophic. What is a catastrophe for one group of living things, however, may create opportunities for another group. Following each mass extinction,

44、 there is a sudden evolutionary burst as new species develop to fill the ecological niches opened by the event.Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet. According to some estimates, the majori

45、ty of all extinctions of species may be due to such impacts. Such a perspective fundamentally changes our view of biological evolution. The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments. Yet an equally imp

46、ortant criterion is the ability of a species to survive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades ago. In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the haza

47、rd posed today by large impacts on Earth. The group conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from meteorites can indeed be hazardous. Although there is always some risk that a large impact could occur, careful study shows that this risk is quite small.62. In paragraph 2,

48、why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?63. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the location of the meteorite impact in Mexico?64. The word “excavating” in Para.4 is closest in mea

49、ning to _.65. Which of the following statements about the factors that are essential for the survival of a species is supported in Paragraph 6?问题1选项A.To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geologica

50、l record.B.To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous.C.To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.D.To provide evidence that an impact can be l

51、arge enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster.问题2选项A.The location of the impact site in Mexico was kept secret by geologists from 1980 to 1990.B.It was a well-known fact that the impact had occurred in the Yucat region.C.Geologists knew that there had b

52、een an impact before they knew where it had occurred.D.The Yucat region was chosen by geologists as the most probable impact site because of its climate.问题3选项A.digging outB.extendingC.destroyingD.covering up问题4选项A.The most important factor for the survival of a species is its ability to compete and

53、adapt to gradual changes in its environment.B.The ability of a species to compete and adapt to a gradually changing environment is not the only ability that is essential for survival.C.Since most extinctions of species are due to major meteorite impacts, the ability to survive such impacts is the mo

54、st important factor for the survival of a species.D.The factors that are most important for the survival of a species vary significantly from one species to another.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B【解析】62. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干：在第二段中，作者为什么要包括恐龙繁衍了数千万年然后突然消失的信息？定位到第二段最后一句For tens of millions of years, those g

55、reat creatures had flourished. Then, suddenly, they disappeared.（千百万年来，这些伟大的生物繁衍生息。然后，突然，他们消失了），然后这句话的前文While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs.

56、（尽管在地质记录中有十几种或更多的大规模灭绝，但白垩纪的大规模灭绝总能引起古生物学家的兴趣，因为它标志着恐龙时代的终结），因此C项“解释为什么古生物学家总是对白垩纪末的大灭绝感兴趣”符合题意。A项“为了证明白垩纪末的大灭绝是地质记录中十几次大灭绝中记录最完整的一次”，B项“解释为什么当时地球上有一半的物种在白垩纪末灭绝”，D项“提供证据，证明一次影响可能大到足以扰乱整个地球的环境，造成生态灾难”，均不符合题意。63. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。从第三段倒数第二句By 1990 geologists had located the impact site itself in the

57、Yucat region of Mexico（到1990年，地质学家已经将撞击地点定位在墨西哥的尤卡特地区）可知B项“众所周知，撞击发生在尤卡特地区”为正确答案。A项“1980年至1990年，地质学家对墨西哥撞击地点的位置保密”，C项“地质学家在知道撞击发生的地点之前就已经知道了”，D项“由于气候原因，地质学家选择尤卡特地区作为最可能的撞击地点”，均在文中未体现，故错误。64. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】词义推测题。excavating“挖掘；开凿”。A项“掘出”，B项“延伸；扩展”，C项“摧毁；毁灭”，D项“掩盖”，结合句意：这次撞击释放了巨大的能量， 一个约为月球Tycho陨石坑两倍大的陨

58、石坑。因此A项符合题意。65. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。根据第六段第四句The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments. Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of a species to survive random global ecological catastrophes

59、 due to impacts.（一个物种生存的标准是它能否成功地与其他物种竞争并适应缓慢变化的环境。然而，一个同样重要的标准是，一个物种是否有能力在随机的全球生态灾难中生存下来）可知B项“物种竞争和适应逐渐变化的环境的能力不是生存所必需的唯一能力”最贴近文意，是正确答案。A项“一个物种生存的最重要因素是它的竞争能力和适应环境逐渐变化的能力”，C项“由于大多数物种的灭绝都是由于主要的陨石撞击造成的，因此在这种撞击下生存的能力是物种生存的最重要因素”，D项“对于一个物种的生存来说，最重要的因素在不同的物种之间有很大的差异”，均未在第六段体现。5.单选题The decrease of his fe

60、ver was a benign sign.问题1选项A.unfavorableB.favorableC.harshD.unharsh【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项unfavorable“不宜的，令人不快的”，B项favorable“有利的，良好的”，C项harsh“严厉的，严酷的”，D项unharsh“不苛刻的”。句意：他退烧了是一个好兆头。根据句意可知，benign在句中表示“好的”。因此，该题选择B项。6.单选题The National Park System _ areas of natural beauty for preservation and public employ

61、ment.问题1选项A.sets asideB.saves upC.arranges forD.reserves for【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A项set aside“挑出，留出”，B项save up“储蓄，贮存”，C项arrange for“安排，为做准备”，D项reserve for“为而保留”。由areas of natural beauty（自然风景区）可知，空格处填入“划出、留出”符合，A项正确。句意：国家公园系统为自然保护和公共就业划出了自然风景区。因此，该题选择A项。7.单选题We rarely perceive more than a minute _ of the s

62、ights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs; the great majority pass us by.问题1选项A.frictionB.functionC.fractionD.fiction【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项friction“摩擦”，B项function“功能，职责”，C项fraction“分数，部分，小部分”，D项fiction“小说，虚构，编造”。空格处需要填入一个of所属关系的名词，与the sights and sounds（视觉和听觉）搭配，B、D可排除。由后面的the great majority（大多数）

63、可知，这里形成了对比，所以前面表示“一小部分”，C项符合。句意：我们很少能够感知到那些极其微小的落在我们感觉器官上的视觉或听觉片断，（这些片断中的）大部分从我们身边溜走了。因此，该题选择C项。8.单选题I am sure that Smith will _ what I have said.问题1选项A.bear upB.bear outC.bear downD.bear away【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A项bear up“使振作，不气馁”，B项bear out“证实，支持”，C项bear down“击败，压倒”，D项bear away“改变航道，夺走，夺取”。由sure可知，空格处填

64、入“支持”符合语境。句意：我相信史密斯会支持我所说的话。因此，该题选择B项。9.单选题The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious, self-reflective, and independent testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier American moralistic tradition in childrens books.问题1选项A.inspiration forB.evidence ofC.requirement for