考研考博-考博英语-中国海洋大学考前自测提分卷50(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国海洋大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题We now come to the vital topic of money. First, we must remember that science, on any significant scale, exists only in economies where there is surplus of goods and services. A prosperous economy forms a necessary base for scient

2、ific work. Tragically, the economies of the underdeveloped countries, where the need is overwhelming, have not supported-nor have they been capable of supportingany substantial scientific and technical training or research. Read the speech of P.M.S. Blackette, President of the Royal Society, in whic

3、h the existing great disparity between the have and have-not economies is considered. The primary theme of his address is that the gap is not closing; on the contrary, it steadily grows wider.The United States, as the most wealthy industrial nation, spends a greater amount on research and developmen

4、t than any other nations. It is beyond the scope of this book to consider in detail whether the amount spent is adequate, either in relation to our own economy or in relation to our position in the world. At best the question is an open one.In the last few years, financial support for science has ch

5、anged significantly. It is frustrating to report that, in spite of numerous statements about the extent and nature of these changes, it has been impossible to find sufficient agreement to be sure just what has happened. Two points do appear clear. First, there has been an overall cut in research fun

6、ds, further reinforced by substantial inflation of prices. Second, there has been increased emphasis on relevant research-that is research with immediate practical applications.One report that reflects most closely our own estimate of the situation was made by a five-member committee from the Nation

7、al Academy of Sciences. This group investigated funding of chemistry projects by the National Institutes of Health. The committee concluded that funding had been declined by an average of 20% and that the section most closely related to basic research had funds cut in half. The committee found that

8、various institutes, in-house research, administrative budgets, and continuing extramural （校外的）grants had been protected with the result that new and renewal grants had become a disaster area. Other reports stating that federal institutes funds have had only limited cuts have apparently ignored the p

9、oint made by the National Academy Committee.1.Which of the following is true about the underdeveloped countries?2.Which of the following words means nearly the same as “disparity” used in line 6 of paragraph one?3.“At best the question is an open one” in the second paragraph means that （ ）.4.Which a

10、rea of research has suffered most from the cuts in the federal institutes funds?5.Which of the following could be best used for the title of the passage?问题1选项A.They need scientific and technical training or research badly.B.They are too poor to spare enough for the development of science.C.They have

11、 other priorities instead of spending a decent amount of money on science.D.All of above问题2选项A.DisputeB.DiversionC.InequalityD.Argument问题3选项A.the question has to be left to the public to decideB.the question is too self-evident to be discussed any furtherC.different people may have different opinion

12、 about this questionD.more information has to be collected before the question can be finally answered问题4选项A.Applied researchB.Basic researchC.Chemistry projectsD.New research projects问题5选项A.Dispute about research fundingB.Trends of research fundingC.Research and developmentD.Basic and applied resea

13、rches【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。A: 他们对科学技术培训和研发有极强的需求,B: 他们太穷，以至于没有足够的科学发展资金,C: 他们有其他需要优先考虑的事情，而不是花大量资金在科研上。根据题干关键词the “underdeveloped” countries定位至第一段: Tragically, the economies of the underdeveloped” countries, where the need is overwhelming, have not supported-nor have they been cap

14、able of supporting-any substantial scientific and technical training or research(可悲的是，欠发达国家有很强的科研需求，但其经济却无法支持，或者没有能力支持任何一项实质的科学技术培训或研发),由此判断此题选D“以上所有选项”。2.词义题。“disparity”所在句为: Read the speech of P.M.S. Blackette, President of the Royal Society, in which the existing great disparity between the have

15、and have-not economies is considered (阅读皇家学会主席P.M.S.Blackette的演讲，其中就考虑了“有”和“没有”经济体之间存在的巨大),由此推测, “disparity”表示 “不同”或者 “差异”。四个选项中,C项 inequality(不同)与之意思最为接近。3.语义题。“At best the question is an open one ”表示“充其量是一个开放的问题”,因此C项“对此问题，不同的人有不同的观点”比较符合这句话意思。4.细节事实题。第四段指出: The committee concluded that funding ha

16、d been declined by an average of 20% and that the section most closely related to basic research had funds cut in half (委员会得出的结论是，资金平均己经削减了20%,与此最密切相关的基础研究的基金减少一半)。故选B “基础研究”。5.主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了财政对科研的支持的不同报道和不同观点。经济实力强的国家能为科研提供更多支持，经济欠发达国家更需要发展科研，但是却没有足够的资金支持，因此人们对于财政支持科研发展有不同的观点看法。因此A项 “关于研究经费的讨论”比较适合做

17、文章标题。2.单选题There is no point （ ）the game, unless you practice every day.问题1选项A.to learn to playB.by learning to playC.in learning to playD.having learned to play【答案】C【解析】句意:除非你天天练习，不然学玩游戏是没有意义的。考查固定搭配。There is no point in doing sth. 做某事没意义。3.单选题Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or

18、is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely enough, the answer to these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who liv

19、es in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of persons intelligence are fixed at birth, whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported i

20、n a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random from population, it is likely that their degree

21、 of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends

22、on birth.Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We should soon find difference in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as

23、 birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degree of intelligence.1.The writer is in favor of the view that a mans intelligence is given to him （ ）.2.If a child is

24、 born with low intelligence, he can（ ）.3.In the second paragraph “if we take two unrelated people at random from population” means if we（ ）.4.The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately shows（ ）.5.The best title of this passage could be（ ）.问题1选项A.at birthB.through educ

25、ationC.both at birth and through educationD.neither at birth nor through education问题2选项A.become a geniusB.still become a genius if he is given special educationC.reach his intellectual limits in rich surroundingsD.not become intelligent in his life问题3选项A.pick any two peopleB.take out two different p

26、eopleC.choose two people who are relativesD.choose two people with different intelligence问题4选项A.the importance of their intelligenceB.the role of environment on intelligenceC.the importance of their positionsD.the part that birth plays问题5选项A.surroundingsB.intelligenceC.the dependence on environmentD

27、.the effect of education【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段指出: To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth(在一定程度上，我们的智力水平是先天决定的), On the other hand,a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings(另一方

28、面，一个生活在单调乏味环境中 的孩子比一个生活在丰富多彩的环境中的孩子有更少的智力发展),由此可知C项“先天条件和后天教育共同决定了一个人的智力水平”符合作者观点。2.细节事实题。A:成为天才,B: 如果接受特殊教育，还是能够成为天才的,由第一段中的 “To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence (在一定程度上,我们的智力水平是先天决定的。没有什么样的教

29、育能够让一个天生智力水平低下的孩子变成一个天才)”可知A和B错误。C:可以在丰 富多彩的环境中达到其智力的上限,D: 在他的一生中都不能变聪明,由第一段中的“Thus the limits of persons intelligence are fixed at birth, whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment (因此，每个人的智力的上限是先天决定的，而后天的环境决定了一个人能否让自己的智力达到上限)”可知C项正确,D错误。3.语义题。第二段中心句为: It is easy to show

30、that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with (很容易证明人的智力水平是天生的),随后便通过实验证明这一中心句。“if we take two unrelated people at random from population”所在句为:Thus if we take two unrelated people at random from population, it is likely that their degree of intelligence will be completely different

31、(如果，那么很有可能这两个人的智力水平完全不同),由此可知A“任意挑选两个人”与题干句语义最接近。4.判断推理题。根据题干the twins going to a university and to a factory separately”定位至第三段。第三段主题句为: This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degr

32、ee of intelligence (两个没有亲属关系但亲密接触的人很有可能拥有相同的智力水平， 这一事实也暗示了前面的结论)。因此可知第三段是为了论证后天环境对个人智力发展的重要作用,故选B“环境在智力发展中所扮演的角色”。5.主旨大意题。文章论证的是先天因素和后天环境在个人智力发展中所扮演的角色。故选B“智力”。4.单选题The president of the company was under enormous （ ）during the trial.问题1选项A.forceB.pressureC.strengthD.tense【答案】B【解析】句意:在审判期间，这家公司的董事长承受

33、了巨大的压力。考查名词辨析。Force武力,暴力,力量; pressure压力,压迫; strength力量,力气; tense （动词的）时态。故B符合句意。5.单选题The influence of climate on behavior appears all-pervasive. Indeed, who can claim that weather factors have no influence on their decision-making? Everyone can point to instances where plans and activities have been

34、 changed because of weather conditions. Peoples moods also change with the weather: bright sunny days seem to lift spirits, while dark rainy periods bring on depression.Law enforcement agencies are beginning to show interest in the effect of atmospheric conditions on behavior. Every year, the FBIs U

35、niform Crime Reports provide breakdowns of the crime rates by month and season of the year. Both monthly and seasonal variations are considered to reflect the varying influence of temperature, precipitation, humidity, length of daylight, and a number of other climatological factors.Various studies f

36、ind relationships between specific climatological conditions and crime. Rising temperature is generally accompanied by increases in aggression and violent crime. On the other hand, high humidity appears to reduce the incidence of physical activity and aggression. Rain, cloud cover, and other forms o

37、f inclement weather are associated with lower levels of property crimes and increased depression.Our study showed that low humidity has the most widespread influence on all types of crime studied. The analysis also shows that as humidity increases the level of crime decreases. Temperature also has a

38、 great effect Increasing temperature fails to influence the number of nighttime burglaries, but it also increases the other crime categories. Burglaries and daytime assaults also tend to increase along with cloud cover. Except for wind speed and barometric pressure with regard to daytime assaults, t

39、he remaining weather factors have virtually no influence on the levels of crime.Individuals who respond with criminal behavior to weather changes or weather extreme may be controllable by administering drugs that offset these influences. Electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain may so

40、meday be a feasible countermeasure to aggressive stimuli due to increased temperature or other weather variables.Changing or manipulating the weather is one possible means of attacking a weather-crime interaction. This approach may not be feasible due to the many relationships between weather climat

41、e and the rotation of the earth. Minor changes may be possible such as regulation of rainfall or sky cover. On the other hand, temperature control may be possible.More research is needed to assess and clarify the relationship between crime and the various climatological factors. Once this is accompl

42、ished, it will be necessary to devise more accurate means of forecasting the weather, counteracting the effects of weather on human behavior, and controlling the environment, or identifying other approaches to the problem.1.People are likely to be very active and aggressive （ ）.2.People are in low s

43、pirits（ ）.3.All the following statements are true except that（ ）.4.The following are all optimum-conditions except（ ）.5.Which of the following ways to handle crime is not mention（ ）.问题1选项A.when it is rainy and cloudyB.as humidity increasesC.when there is little moistureD.as temperature decreases问题2选

44、项A.during the nightB.on clear and fine daysC.on hot and sunny daysD.during cold and stormy-weather问题3选项A.nighttime stealing increases along with temperatureB.nobody is free from the influence of weather factorsC.crime rates are related to temperature, moisture, etc.D.people are thinking about the po

45、ssible ways to handle individual reaction to climatological changes.问题4选项A.little sky coverB.higher temperatureC.higher humidityD.lower temperature问题5选项A.Surgical correctioB.Medicine treatmentC.Weather controlD.More police work.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干关键词active and aggressive定位至

46、第三段: On the other hand, high humidity appears to reduce the incidence of physical activity and aggression (另一方面，湿度高会减少激烈的身体接触和侵害事件的发生),因此C项 “温度低时”正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词in low spirits定位至第三段: Rising temperature is generally accompanied by increases in aggression and violent crime (温度上升时人的好斗情绪和暴力犯罪事件会增加),由

47、此可知D项 “在寒冷和暴风雨时”人情绪低落”正确。3.细节事实题。A:气温升高时夜间入室盗窃事件增多,第四段指出: Increasing temperature fails to influence the number of nighttime burglaries, but it also increases the other crime categories (气温升高不会影响夜间入室盗窃的频率，但会增加其他类型的犯罪事件),因此A项不符合文章所述。B:人人都会受天气因素的影响,第一段指出: The influence of climate on behavior appears al

48、l-pervasive(气候对行为的影响是全方位的),因此B项符合原文。C:犯罪率与气温、湿度等因素有关,第四段指出: Our study showed that low humidity has the most widespread influence on all types of crime studied (研究表明低湿度对各类犯罪有最广泛的影响),以及Increasing temperature fails to influence the number of nighttime burglaries, but it also increases the other crime c

49、ategories(气温升高不会影响夜间入室盗窃的频率，但会增加其他类型的犯罪事件),因此C项正确。D:人们在考虑个人应对气候变化的有效方法,最后一段指出: More research is needed to assess and clarify the relationship between crime and the various climatological factors (需要更多研究来评估和阐明犯罪与多种多样气候因素的关系)。因此本题答案选A。4.判断推理题。题干问的是以下哪个选项不属于能减少犯罪的情况。第四段指出: Increasing temperature fails

50、to influence the number of nighttime burglaries, but it also increases the other crime categories(气温升高不会影响夜间入室盗窃的频率,但会增加其他类型的犯罪事件), 由此可知答案为B项 “气温升高”。5.细节事实题。题干问的是以下哪项不属于文中提及的解决措施。由第五段“Electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain may someday be a feasible countermeasure to aggressive stimu

51、li due to increased temperature or other weather variables (总有一天，电刺激大脑快感中心会成为应对因气温不断升高或其他天气变量而导致的激进刺激的一种可行措施)”可知A项“外科轿治”正确。由第五段“Individuals who respond with criminal behavior to weather changes or weather extreme may be controllable by administering drugs that offset these influences (可能通过采用能抵消这些影响的

52、药物来治疗有犯罪行为的人)”可知B项“药物治疗”正确。由第六段“Changing or manipulating the weather is one possible means of attacking a weather-crime interaction(改善或控制天气变化可能成为对抗受天气影响的犯罪行为的一个方法)”可知C项“天气控制”正确。因此本题选D。6.单选题Successful innovations have driven many older technologies to extinction and have resulted in higher productivi

53、ty, greater consumption materials through the economy and increased quantities of metals and other substances in use per capita. The history of industrial development abounds with examples.In 1870, horses and mules were the prime source of power on US farms. One horse or mule was required to support

54、 four human beings a ration that remained almost constant for many decades. At that time, had a national commission been asked to forecast the horse and mule population for 1970, its answer probably would have depended on whether its consultants were of an economic or technological turn of mind. Had

55、 they been “economists”, they would probably have projected the 1970 horse or mule population to be more than 50 million. Had they been “technologists”，they would have recognized that the power of steam had already been harnessed to industry and to land and ocean transport. They would have recognize

56、d further that it would be only a matter of time before steam would be the prime source of power on the farm. It would have been difficult for them to avoid the conclusion that the horse and mule population would decline rapidly.1.According to the passage, what supplied most of the power on U.S. far

57、ms in 1870?2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a consequence of new technological developments?3.It can be inferred from the passage that by 1870（ ）.4.In the second paragraph, the author suggests that “economists” would（ ）.5.What is the authors attitude toward changes brought

58、on by technological innovation?问题1选项A.AnimalsB.HumansC.EnginesD.Water问题2选项A.Older technologies die away.B.The quality of life is improved.C.Overall productivity increasedD.More raw materials become necessary问题3选项A.technology began to be more commercialB.the steam engine had been inventedC.the U.S. h

59、orse population was about 10 millionD.a national commission on agriculture had been established问题4选项A.plan the economy through yearly forecastsB.fail to consider the influence of technological innovationC.value the economic contribution of farm animalsD.consult for the national commission on the eco

60、nomy问题5选项A.He is excited about themB.He accepts them as naturalC.He is disturbed by themD.He questions their usefulness【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段指出: In 1870, horses and mules were the prime source of power on US farms (在1870年，马和骡子是美国农场的主要劳动力),由此可知A项“动物”正确。2.细节事实题。题干问的是:下列哪项不属于作者所述技

61、术革新的结果?第一段指出: Successful innovations have driven many older technologies to extinction and have resulted in higher productivity, greater consumption materials through the economy (成功的新发明让很多较旧的技术消失，带来了更高的生产力，通过经济发展带来更多数量的消耗材料)。故作者并未提及B项“人的生活质量得到 了改善”。3.判断推理题。第二段指出: .they would have recognized that th

62、e power of steam had already been harnessed to industry and to land and ocean transport (他们将认识到蒸汽动力已被使用到工业、土地和海洋运输)。由此推测B项“蒸汽引擎已被发明”正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干关键词“economists”定位至第二段: Had they been “economists”，they would probably have projected the 1970 horse or mule population to be more than 50 million (如果他们是经

63、济学家，那么他们会认为到1970年马或骡子的数量要达到5000万),因此选B项“未能考虑到技术革新的影响”。5.观点态度题。由第一段中“Successful innovations have driven many older technologies to extinction and have resulted in higher productivity(成功的新发明让很多较旧的技术消失,提高了生产力)”和最后一段中“It would have been difficult for them to avoid the conclusion that the horse and mule population would decline rapidly (他们最后很可能会得出这样的结论:马和骡子的数量会迅速减少)”可知作者对于技术革新带来的改变的态度是“自然地接受了他们”。