2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考前模拟强化练习题86（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Children may not enjoy to eat sweets after a meal so much as at other times, but it is healthier A B Cfor them to do so. D问题1选项A.to eatB.so much asC.atD.to do【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。enjoy doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”。试题答案：A; eating2. 问答题This is equally true of the solid called

2、 ice and the gas called steam. Chemically there is no A Bdifference between the gas, the liquid, and the solid, all of which is made up of molecules with C Dthe formula H20.【答案】试题答案：D; are【解析】考查主谓一致。which指代的是he gas, the liquid, and the solid，故谓语be动词用复数形are。3. 填空题Tidiness means keeping things out of

3、sight and yet available when (1) _. It implies that there is a (2) _ for everything and that each thing used finds its (3) _ back to its place by a continuous process, not by a spasmodic effort. The process depends, however, upon the drawer, cupboard and storage space being (4) _，for lack of (5) _ s

4、ome things may literally have no place to go. If there is no place for things, it is no (6) _ telling people to put them away. The architect who thus economizes (7) _ storage space is apt to claim that a good-sized sitting-room is the result. What advantage is there in that, however, when half the l

5、iving-room has to be used for storage? The aesthetic order depends, in turn, upon storage space. (8) _ it may be true that no house ever had cupboards enough, there are some houses which have practically no cupboards at all. In these our choice must lie (9) _ chronic untidiness and ruthless destruct

6、ion. That is not to say, however, that cupboard space will itself create (10) _. There is the question, furthermore, whether the cupboards themselves are tidy. That everything has been swept out of sight is no proof, in itself, that anything can be found.【答案】1.wanted2.place3.way4.provided5.which6.go

7、od7.on8.While9.between10.tidiness【解析】1.考查上下文语义。句意：整洁意味着把东西放在看不见的地方，但是当_时候仍能找到。所以空格中填入wanted表示“当需要用到的时候，仍能找到”。2.考查上下文语义。句意：这就意味着每个物体都有一个_，并且每样被使用的物体都能通过连续的过程而不是间断的努力找到它的_回到原处。所以空各种填入place表示“每个物体都有属于它的地点或位置”。3.考查上下文语义。句意：这就意味着每个物体都有一个专属的地点，并且每样被使用的物体都能通过连续的过程而不是间断的努力找到它的_回到原处。所以填入way表示“每样被使用的物体都能通过连续的

8、过程而不是间断的努力找到放回原处的”4.考查上下文语义。句意：然而，这个过程取决于抽屉、橱柜或被_的贮藏空间。所以填入provided表示“被提供的贮藏空间”。5.考查定语从句语法。句意：然而，这个过程取决于抽屉、橱柜或被提供的贮藏空间。因为缺少_，有些东西真的无处可放。所以填入关系代词which，指代上文的“storage space”，表示“缺少贮藏空间”。6.考查上下文语义。句意：如果没有地方放东西，要求人们将东西收拾好是_的。所以填入“good”表示“要求人们将东西收拾好是不合适的”。7.考查介词搭配。句意：能够有效地利用贮存空间的建筑师倾向于认为一件宽敞的客厅是最好的结果。所以填入介

9、词on，与不及物动词economize构成搭配，表示“在.上节省或有效利用”。8.考查连词。句意：没有一间房子是拥有足够的橱柜的事实是真实的，有些房子几乎没有橱柜。所以填入连接词while引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。9.考查介词。句意：在这些房子里面，我们的选择只能在于长期的不整洁和无情的破坏之间。所以填入between表示“在两者之间”。10.考查上下文语义。句意：然而，这并不是说橱柜本身能创造_。此外，还有一个问题，就是橱柜本身是否整洁。一切都被清理得看不见了，本身并不能证明能轻易找到东西。所以填入tidiness表示“这并不是说橱柜本身能创造整洁”。4. 问答题At the same

10、 time, however, some of these applications threaten to (A) unleash forces (B) which we have no control. In other words, the new technology Man now believes that allows him to dominate this wider cosmos could well be a Frankenstein monster waiting to (C) turn on its master. This is an entirely new si

11、tuation that promises to change many of the perceptions (D) governing life on the planet.【答案】B；“which”前添加“over”。【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而，与此同时，有些应用可能释放出我们无法控制的力量。换句话说，人们现在所相信的能让他们统治这个广阔宇宙的新技术很可能会变成一个等待着攻击其主人的科学怪人。这是一个全新的局面，有望改变地球上许多关于生命掌控的概念。句中“which”引导定语从句修饰先行词“forces”，因为定语从句的完整表达为“we have no control over t

12、he forces”，所以关系代词“which”前需添加介词“over”共同引导定语从句，介词“over”和先行词“force”存在介宾关系。5. 单选题（ ）find out who the murderer was.问题1选项A.Not until the last page of the book youllB.Not until the last page of the book you wontC.Not until the last page of the book you willD.Until the last page of the book will you【答案】D【解析

13、】考查部分倒装。当until，not until位于句首时，主句要部分到账，即将助动词或情态动词移至主语前。句意：直到读到这本书的最后一页，你才会发现谁是凶手。6. 问答题Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect while at the same time A Bcapturing an identifiable likeness and suggesting the essence of the personality or character Cbeneath the surfa

14、ce. The humor lies in the fact that the caricature is recognizable, and yet exasperated. D【答案】试题答案：B; effect【解析】考查名词辨析。comic为形容词，意为“”喜剧的，后面接名词。affect作动词时，意为“影响”，作名词时，意为“情感”；effect为名词，意为“影响，效果”。7. 问答题Yet to have a family nowadays (A) with birth control readily available, and (B) inflation a good econ

15、omic argument against having childrenis nearly an expression of ambition itself. Though ambition was once (C) the domain chiefly of monarchs and aristocrats, it has, in more recent times, increasingly become the domain of the middle class. Working, saving, planningthese, the daily aspects of ambitio

16、n have always been (D) the distinguished marks of a rising middle class.【答案】D；改成the distinguishing marks。distinguishing 有区别的；distinguished卓越的，著名的。句意：工作,储蓄,雄心壮志的计划这些,每日方面一直是崛起的中产阶级的区分标志。8. 问答题We are without choices in many aspects, but we do choose how we shall live;(A) courageously or in cowardice,

17、(B) honorably or inhonorably, with purpose or in drift. We decide (C) what is important and what is trivial in life. And as we decide and choose (D) so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about.【答案】B；改成honorably or dishonorably。dishonorably灰溜溜的。9. 案例题Toyota

18、RecallsToyota Motor has always been fanatical about frugality, and for many years that was good for both the company and its customers. This is a Japanese carmaker that routinely turned down the heat at its employee dormitories during working hours and labeled photocopy machines with the cost per co

19、py to discourage overuse. Its engineers collaborated with suppliers to extract cost-savings without compromising quality. Yet by the middle of the last decade Toyotas virtue had become a vice.So say current and former auto executives who are trying to grasp how Toyota, with its gold-plated reputatio

20、n for engineering excellence, slipped up on such a scale, with 8 million cars recalled due to mechanical failures linked by U.S. regulators to 51 deaths. Before company officials knew that runaway acceleration was causing crashes, one of these executives says, a simple manufacturing process would so

21、metimes ignite small fires in a component as a direct result of comer-cutting, it was just one early sign that the focus on cost reduction had gone too far.Those production mishaps occurred in 2006, a year after company President Katsuaki Watanabe boasted about having squeezed more than $10 billion

22、from global operating costs in the previous six years this despite an impressive run of profit growth and global maricet share gains in the middle of the last decade. Then Toyota pushed even harder for more cuts. It asked suppliers to design parts for its Camiy midsize sedan that were 10% cheaper an

23、d 10% lighter. The companys top U.S. executive, Jim Press, warned his bosses in Japan that vehicle quality was slipping, according to a slide presentation U.S. Senate investigators unearthed in their sudden-acceleration probe. But his warning had no apparent effect.The redesigned Camry brought out i

24、n 2006 had an embarrassing flaw in its headliner, the fabric and composite lining that covers the inside roof of the car. Under pressure to cut costs, the lead Camry supplier, Toyota-afTiliated Toyota Boshoku, chose a carbon fiber material that hadnt been approved by Toyota engineers, according to a

25、n executive who worked on the redesign. The headliner is made by compressing layers of materials together using a certain amount of heat to mold it. In this case, the carbon fiber required so much heat that the headliner would catch fire.Toyota fixed that problem, but when a North American parts sup

26、plier interested in working with the automaker did a teardown of a 2007 Camry, its engineers were surprised by how much the traditional Toyota craftsmanship had been watered down by years of nips and tucks. The padding in the ceiling of the car, though compliant with safety regulations, had been thi

27、nned out to save money. A tray for sunglasses used a flimsier type of plastic than previous models. “It was a bare-bones car at that point,” says one executive who declined to be identified for fear of harming business ties with Toyota.Toyota insists its focus on cost hasnt hurt consumers. “Its not

28、true that by reducing cost you automatically reduce quality, said Jim Wiseman, Toyotas vice-president for North American corporate communications. “Every automaker has to stay competitive relative to price.”True, but probably not with the intensity Toyota brought to cost-cutting and rapid expansion

29、under three successive presidents: Hiroshi Okuda (1995-1999), Fuji Cho (1999-2005), and Watanabe (2005 to 2009). Toyota executives will spend years mopping up after their mess.At last count, the company faced 109 class actions and 32 individual cases filed in courts in the U.S. and Canada. (In a wel

30、l-publicized incident on Mar. 8, the owner of a 2008 Prius lost control of his car on a California interstate highway and had to be rescued by police.)What are the causes for Toyotas global recalls? Identify both the direct and deeper causes.(8 points)This case illustrated the problems of the goal a

31、ttainment view of organizational effectiveness. Define organizational effectiveness and discuss the limitations of the goal attainment view.(10 points)What do you think an organization can learn from Toyotas lessons in achieving organizational effectiveness? (8 points)【答案】The direct causes are mecha

32、nical failures linked by U.S. regulators to 51 deaths and the deeper causes are that Toyota Motors focus on cost reduction had gone too far, so that the quality of its vehicle slipped.Organizational effectiveness is the concept of how effective an organization is in achieving the outcomes the organi

33、zation intends to produce, and the limitation of goal attainment view is that we sometimes set some goals which are beyond our current capacity.From Toyotas lessons in achieving organizational effectiveness, an organization can learn that we should not set any goal which is beyond our current capaci

34、ty or sacrifice something, such as the quality of vehicle mentioned in this passage, to attain some unpractical goals, otherwise, there will be serious consequences.10. 翻译题Translate the following into English决策过程对管理结盟的需要是基于两个方面的原因。首先，组织的目标往往模糊不清，而部门间的运营目标则缺乏一致性。在目标模糊又缺乏一致性的情况下，管理者对问题的优先顺序便无法统一。他们必须就

35、问题讨价还价，并围绕着应该解决的问题建立起结盟。结盟的第二个原因是尽管管理者个人倾向于理性，但却受到人类认知的局限和其他局限性的制约。管理者们没有时间、资源或心智能力去识别与某一项决策相关的所有维度，并处理所有的信息。这些局限性便导致了结盟行为。管理者们通过相互交谈、交流看法来收集信息，减少模糊性。拥有相关信息或对某项决策的结果有相关利益的人们会被征求意见。建立结盟会使一项决策得到各相关利益方的支持。【答案】The reason for alliance management to be needed by the decision-making process is based on two

36、 aspects. First, the goals of an organization are often vague and operation goals between department lack consistency. In the case of vague goals and lack of consistency, managers could not unify the order of precedence of problems. They have to bargain with each other and establish alliance around

37、the problems which should be resolved.The second reason for forming an alliance is that individual managers are subject to the restriction of human cognition and other limitations in spite of individual tendency toward rationality. Managers dont have the time, resources, or mental ability to identif

38、y all dimensions associated with a decision, and deal with all the information. Thus these limitations lead to the alliance. Through talking to each other, exchanging ideas with one another, managers gather information and reduce ambiguity. The people who have relevant information or have a stake in

39、 the outcomes of certain decision will be consulted for advice. To establish an alliances can make a decision to be supported by all stakeholders.11. 翻译题Translate the following into English中国央行数据显示，去年影子银行融资占世界第二大经济体融资总量的近三分之一，凸显中国影了银行业的崛起。中国人民银行表示，去年来自信托公司和影子银行部门其他实体的融资金额创下历史纪录，占到全年总融资规模17.3万亿元人民币(台

40、2.9万亿美元) 的30%，髙于2012年23%的比重。中国的影子银行部门对地方政府债务的迅速增长起到了助推作用。地方政府近年纷纷建立表外工具借款，为开发项目提供资金支持。据中国国家审计署近期的一份报告似计，截至去年6月底，地方政府债务已接近3万亿美元，比2010年年底上一次审计时增长了70%。【答案】The rise of Chinas shadow banking sector has been thrown into sharp relief by data from the central bank showing that it accounts for nearly one-thi

41、rd of aggregate financing in the worlds second-biggest economy. Funding from trust companies and other entities in the shadow sector rose to its highest level on record and accounted for 30 per cent of the RMB17.3tn ($2.9tn) in total credit issued last year, the Peoples Bank of China said, up from a

42、 23 percent share of aggregate financing in 2012.Chinas shadow banking sector has helped fuel an alarming run-up in the debt owed by local governments, which have established off-balance-sheet vehicles to borrow money for development projects. A recent report by Chinas National Audit Office estimate

43、d that local government debts had reached almost $3tn by June last year, rising 70 per cent from the previous audit at the end of 2010.12. 问答题To attract capital, small banks are always willing to raise their deposit rates to the higher end of A Bthe government-set band to attract capital, while big

44、players usually keep their rates at a C Ddiscount of 10 percent.【答案】试题答案：B; upper end【解析】考查词义。higher end意为“高端”，表示等级、档次等较高的；upper end意为“上端”，the upper end government-set band此处表示“政府设置的上线值”。13. 填空题The（1 ）over Davos were said（2） have darkened last week as 1,700 private jets delivered the worlds elite to

45、 its annual convention. You can picture（3 ） moment: a shepherds child on an Alpine mountain pointing（4） one, then two, then a vast（5） of hawk-like aircraft materializing with their consignment of power brokers, roaring overhead as the sheep scatter in（6） .（7） is awesome scene of inequality. The（8） r

46、eported figure of 1,700 jets is a fantasy.Financial journalist Felix Salmon has done the legwork and estimated the actual（9） to be about 200. So（10） was the inflated figure so eagerly believed?The answer（11） in the powerful hold of private jet travel（12）the popular imagination. It is the ultimate sy

47、mbol of wealth, more（13） than mansions or limousines or thehumble helicopter. It provokes resentment; yet it is also glamorous and exciting. Private（14）excite the non-private jet-flying classes even（15） offending them. The result is a combustible combination of moral ism and desire.In Sweden outrage

48、 runs high（16） the misuse of corporate jets by directors of（17） conglomerate, Industrivarden. Families were flown（18） trips abroad; a plane was sent to Stockholm（19）an absent-minded industrialist forgot his wallet. The result is one of the biggest（20） scandals in Swedish history.【答案】1.考查上下文语义。根据谓语动词

49、were可知前面的主语为复数形式，及后面的have darkened（变暗）和private jets（私人飞机）可知此处表示达沃斯上面的天空，填skies。试题答案：skies2.考查介词搭配。be said to意为“据说”。试题答案：to3.考查冠词。the可以表示特指，the moment表示特指这个时候。试题答案：the4.考查介词搭配。point at意为“指向”，一般表示指向较远的事物、方向。试题答案：at5.考查上下文语义。一大群像鹰一样的飞机，a fleet of aircraft意为“一对飞机”。试题答案：fleet6.考查上下文语义。此处表示羊群被飞机轰鸣的声音吓得散开，

50、in panic意为“惊慌，恐慌”。试题答案：panic7.考查there be句型。there be句型表示“某处存在某物或某人”。试题答案：There8.考查上下文语义。reported figure意为“报道的数量”，根据句意此处表示有许多的报道，figure为单数形式，故用much来修饰。试题答案：much9.考查上下文语义。根据前面的estimated（估计）和后面的数据200可知此处表示总数，total to意为“总计”。试题答案：total10.考查上下文语义。根据句末的“？”和下一段句首的the answer（答案）可知此处疑问词应用why（为什么）。试题答案：Why11.考查

51、固定搭配。根据answer及后面所解释的原因，此处表达答案在于lies in意为“在于”。试题答案：lies12.考查介词搭配。此处表示“符合大众的想象”，on作介词时，可意为“靠，凭借”。试题答案：on13.考查固定搭配。more so than意为“与相比更为”，此句意为：它是财富的终极象征，远远超过了豪宅、豪华轿车或小型直升机。试题答案：so14.考查上下文语义。文中多次出现private jet（私人飞机），此处后面的谓语动词用的是复数形式，因此jet要用其复数形式jets。试题答案：jets15.考查连词。此处表示“即使当在冒犯他们的时候”，while意为“在期间”，表示伴随时间状语

52、。试题答案：while16.考查介词搭配。表示在某事上，用介词at。试题答案：at17.考查冠词。此处表示特指，用定冠词the。试题答案：the18.考查介词搭配。on trips意为“旅行”。试题答案：on19.考查连词。此处为时间状语从句，表示的是时间点，用连词when（在时候）。试题答案：when20.考查上下文语义。根据前面的corporate（企业的）和industrialist（工业家，实业家）可知此处表示的是“企业丑闻”，故填corporate。试题答案：corporate14. 单选题In large part as a consequence of the feminist

53、movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. Although much has been accomplished for the modern period, premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary,

54、difficult to interpret, and often contradictory. Thus, it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallenged. An example is Johann Bachofens 1861 treatise on Amazons women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with anci

55、ent Greece.Starting from the premise that mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen argued that women were dominant in many ancient societies. His work was based on a comprehensive survey of references in the ancient sources to Amazonian and other societies with m

56、atrilineal customs societies in which descent and property rights are traced through the female line. Some support for his theory can be found in evidence such as that drawn from Herodotus, the Greek “historian” of the fifth century B.C.，who speaks of an Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the

57、women hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society was not allowed to marry until she had killed a person in battle.Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes c

58、lear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical facts real Amazonian societies but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of womens rule in their own society. The Amazons were often characterized, for example, as the equ

59、ivalents of giants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes. Their customs were presented not as those of a respectable society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek practices.Thus, I would argue, the purpose of accounts of the Amazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, to

60、 teach both male and female Greeks that all-female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Amazons were used as arguments for the male-dominated status quo, in which groups composed exclusively of either sex were not permitted to segregate themselves permanently from society. Bachofen was thus misled in his reliance on myths for information about the status of women. The sources that will probably tell contemporary historians most about women in the ancient world are such soci