考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考前自测提分卷2(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题In a world food system that they have described in the book, food （ ） transported at reasonable cost and produced anywhere in the world is actually or potentially available to any person with the means to purchase it.问题1选项A.can be

2、B.to beC.that can beD.being【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据题意，句子的主语是food，谓语动词是is，所以空格部分应该填入非谓语动词或从句。选项A可排除。动词不定式表将来，-ing分词表现在进行。空格中填入的动词形式体现一般现在时态即可。所以that 引导定语从句，从句构成被动语态。选项C符合题意。2.单选题For some leaders in the tea party movement, the ongoing skirmish over whether presidential contender Mitt Romney should speak at a T

3、ea Party Express rally in New Hampshire on Monday is （ ）but an （ ） quarrel.问题1选项A.anything internecineB.something interestingC.anything intermediaryD.something interagency【答案】A【解析】固定搭配和形容词词义辨析。根据固定搭配“anything but”，选项B和D可排除。internecine “两败俱伤的”； interagency “跨部门的”。句意：关于总统候选人Mitt Romney周一是否应该在新罕布什尔州的茶党

4、集会上发表讲话的争论，绝对不是一场两败俱伤的争吵。选项A符合题意。3.单选题We can be sure, however, that cities will remain the ground zero of convergence. Although forest clearance and export monocultures have played fundamental roles in the transition to a new geological epoch, the prime mover has been the almost exponential increase

5、 in the carbon footprints of urban regions in the northern hemisphere. Heating and cooling the urban built environment alone is responsible for an estimated 35 to 45 per cent of current carbon emissions, while urban industries and transportation contribute another 35 to 40 per cent. In a sense, city

6、 life is rapidly destroying the ecological niche-Holocene climate stability-which made its evolution into complexity possible.Yet there is a striking paradox here. What makes urban areas so environmentally unsustainable are precisely those features, even in the largest megacities, that are most anti

7、-urban or suburban. First among these is massive horizontal expansion, which combines the degradation of vital natural services-aquifers, watersheds, truck farms, forests, coastal eco-systems-with the high costs of providing infrastructure to sprawl. The result is grotesquely oversized environmental

8、 footprints, with a concomitant growth of traffic and air pollution and, most often, the downstream dumping of waste. Where urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypassing democratic controls over planning and resources, the predictable social outcomes are extreme spatial segregati

9、on by income or ethnicity, as well as unsafe environments for children, the elderly and those with special needs; inner-city development is conceived as gentrification through eviction, destroying working-class urban culture in the process. To these we may add the socio-political features of the meg

10、apolis under conditions of capitalist globalization: the growth of peripheral slums and informal employment, the privatization of public space, low-intensity warfare between police and subsistence criminals, and bunkering of the wealthy in sterilized historical centers or walled suburbs.By contrast,

11、 those qualities that are most classically urban, even on the scale of small cities and towns, combine to generate a more virtuous circle. Where there are well-defined boundaries between city and countryside, urban growth can preserve open space and vital natural systems, while creating environmenta

12、l economies of scale in transportation and residential construction. Access to city centers from the periphery becomes affordable and traffic can be regulated more effectively. Waste is more easily recycled, not exported downstream. In classic urban visions, public luxury replaces privatized consump

13、tion through the socialization of desire and identity within collective urban space. Large domain of public or non-profit housing reproduce ethnic and income heterogeneity at fractal scales throughout the city. Egalitarian public services and cityscapes are designed with children, the elderly and th

14、ose with special needs in mind. Democratic controls offer powerful capacities for progressive taxation and planning, with high levels of political mobilization and civic participation, the priority of civic memory over proprietary icons and the spatial integration of work, recreation and home life.1

15、.As the author discusses the issues in this passage, he sounds （ ）.2.Why in many big cities there are extreme spatial segregation by income or ethnicity, as well as unsafe environments for children, the elderly and those with special needs?3.What does the word “these” in the second paragraph refer t

16、o?4.Which of the following words is not synonymous to the word “virtuous” in the last paragraph?5.Which of the following will not be the outcome under the condition that there are well-defined boundaries between city and countryside?问题1选项A.criticalB.neutralC.optimisticD.pessimistic问题2选项A.Because the

17、 egalitarian aspects of city life consistently provide the best sociological and physical supports for resource conservation and carbon mitigation.B.Because massive horizontal expansion combines the degradation of vital natural services with the high costs of providing infrastructure to sprawl.C.Bec

18、ause urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypassing democratic controls over planning and resources.D.Because there are grotesquely oversized environmental footprints, with a concomitant growth of traffic and air pollution and, most often, the downstream dumping of waste.问题3选项A.ur

19、ban areas.B.Those features.C.The largest megacitiesD.Vital natural services问题4选项A.wholesomeB.righteousC.efficaciousD.pernicious问题5选项A.Waste is more easily recycled, not exported downstream.B.Urban growth can create environmental economies of scale in transportation and residential construction.C.Acc

20、ess to city centers from the periphery becomes unaffordable and traffic can be regulated more ineffectively.D.Urban growth can preserve open space and vital natural systems.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.作者态度题。整篇文章作者都是客观地阐述了大城市的城市化对生态环境的破坏，但是小城市、小镇的城市化和生态环境结合起来就会产生良性循环。其中没有作者过多个人观点的表达。所以对文中的问题作者

21、持中立的态度。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Where urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypassing democratic controls over planning and resources”，可知城市形态是由投机者和开发商决定的，绕过了对规划和资源的民主监督，这造成了空间隔离和环境问题。选项C符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句，“What makes urban areas so environmentally unsustainable are precisely t

22、hose features, even in the largest megacities, that are most anti-urban or suburban.”，可知使城市地区在环境上的问题正是因为这些特点，即使在最大的大城市也是反城市的。可判断出these指代的就是上文提到的features，选项B符合题意。4.词义理解题。wholesome “健全的”；righteous “正义的”；efficacious “有效的”；pernicious “有毒的，恶性的”。句意：相比之下，那些最典型的城市特征，与一些小城市或城镇结合起来也会形成一个更良性的循环。所以virtuous意思为良性

23、的，只有pernicious不是它的同义词。选项D符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段， “Access to city centers from the periphery becomes affordable and traffic can be regulated more effectively.”，可知从郊区进入市中心的交通费用降低了，交通也可以得到更有效的管理。所以C选项中的unaffordable与文意相反。选项C符合题意。4.单选题Why pick up what literary history so resolutely discards? Any study of

24、bestsellers confronts the same question as does the decaf, no-fat latte drinker in Starbucks: why bother? One justification, and the easiest demonstrated, is their interesting peculiarity. Like other ephemera of past times, bestsellers offer the charm of antiquarian quaintness. And so short is their

25、 lifespan, that todays bestsellers become yesterdays fiction almost as soon as one has read them. Looking back through the lists is to uncover delightful cultural oddities. Consider, for example, the top-selling novel of 1923 in the United States, Black Oxen, by Gertrude Atherton. Recall too that th

26、e discriminating reader of that year had James Joyces Ulysses and T. S. Eliots The Waste Land to choose from. The allusion of Athertons title signals grand literary pretension; pretension absurdly unmerited. None the less, the novels theme was, for the time, both topical and sensational rejuvenation

27、. For humans, that is, not cattle. The narrative opens in a New York theatre. A brilliant young newspaperman, Lee Clavering, is struck by a beautiful woman in the audience. Investigation reveals that she is facially identical with a young belle of thirty years before, Mary Ogden. Miss Ogden married

28、a Hungarian diplomat, Count Zattiany, and has never been heard of since. Speculation rages, but eventually the truth comes out: Ogden/Zattiany has been rejuvenated in Vienna by Dr Steinachs new X-ray technique. By bombarding a womans ovaries at the period of menopause, the ageing process is reversib

29、le. When news of the wonderful process hits the newspapers, civil war threatens. And luckless Clavering finds himself in love with a woman old enough to be his mother. On the other side, he himself is obsessively loved by a flapper, Janet, young enough to be his daughter, who drinks illegal hooch an

30、d attends petting parties. The plot thickens, madly thereafter. It is nonsense-just as, medically, Stcinachs X-ray miracle was nonsense. In 1922 Atherton herself had received the Viennese doctors rejuvenation treatment. It seems, from publicity pictures, to have done little for her beauty. But tosh

31、fiction and quack science as it may be, Black Oxen fits, hand-in-glove, with its period. And no other period. However absurd it seems to the modern reader, Athertons novel reflects, and dramatizes, contemporary anxiety about womens freedoms. The 1920s was the era of the flapper -the perpetually youn

32、g girl-woman. British women in this decade had, after long struggle, the vote -but only if they were over 30, after which the heyday in the female blood was conceived to have been sufficiently cooled to make rational political decisions. Black Oxen, the top novel in the US in 1923, is inextricably o

33、f its period. It could have been published 15 years later. But out of its immediate time-and-place frame, Black Oxen would have no more worked than a fish out of water. Nor would it, in other days, have been what it was, the book of the day. The day made the book, as much as events of the day made n

34、ewspaper headlines in 1923. This hand-in-glove quality is inextricably linked with the ephemerality of bestsellerism. 1.Why does the author mention Ulysses and The Waste Land in paragraph 2?2.According to the passage, all of the following are true about Black Oxen EXCEPT （ ）.3.The word “rage” in the

35、 passage is closest in meaning to （ ）.4.Which of the following sentence can best express the meaning of the highlighted sentence in the Last paragraph?5.According to the passage, which of the following is true about a bestseller?问题1选项A.They were bestsellers just second to Black Oxen in 1923.B.They w

36、ere more popular than Blank Oxen in 1923.C.As contemporary novels of Black Oxen, they were not popular in 1923.D.As bestsellers of 1923, they were not as popular as Black Oxen.问题2选项A.Though the writer of Black Oxen did get a treatment for keeping young, but it looked unsuccessful.B.Black Oxen implie

37、d the X-ray technique was welcomed by women who were in menopause.C.Black Oxen was very popular in 1923 when people believed in pseudo science about renewal of youthfulness.D.Count Zattiany appeared in Black Oxen as a minor character.问题3选项A.anger greatlyB.prevail uncontrollablyC.rake lipD.presume da

38、ringly问题4选项A.The ethos of 1923 for Black Oxen is just like water for fish.B.Without its time-and-space, Black Oxen would have enjoyed its popularity for a longer time.C.Without water, Black Oxen would lose its popularity.D.Black Oxen would not have been produced if it wasnt treated like a fish.问题5选项

39、A.A bestseller only caters for its own time.B.A bestseller is liable to tell a love triangle story.C.A bestseller cannot be written by an old female writer.D.A bestseller is a great literary work, though it is strange.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“And so short is their lifespan,

40、that todays bestsellers become yesterdays fiction almost as soon as one has read them.”，可知作者的观点是畅销书的寿命是短暂的，以至于今天的畅销书几乎一读完就变成了昨天的小说。所以在文章第二段作者用尤利西斯和荒原两本书的例子和黑色公牛做了对比，说明与同时代的畅销书黑色公牛一样，它们在1923年并不受欢迎。选项C符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第五段，“In 1922 Atherton herself had received the Viennese doctors rejuvenation treatment

41、to have done little for her beauty.”，可知虽然她接受了Viennese恢复治疗，但是并没有效果。选项A符合文意，可排除。根据文章第四段，“By bombarding a womans ovaries at the period of menopause, the ageing process is reversible.”，可知通过这种技术，处理更年期女性的卵巢，衰老过程是可以消除的。选项B符合文意，可排除。根据文章第四段，“Miss Ogden married a Hungarian diplomat, Count Zattiany, and has ne

42、ver been heard of since.”，可知玛丽奥格登嫁给了一个匈牙利的外交官Zattiany伯爵，所以Zattiany伯爵在黑色公牛中扮演一个次要角色。选项D符合文意，可排除。根据文章最后一段第一句，“Black Oxen, the top novel in the US in 1923, is inextricably of its period.”，可知黑色公牛受欢迎的原因是由于小说与时代的不可分割性。所以原因并没有提及人们相信青春再生的伪科学。选项C符合题意。3.词义理解题。根据文章第四段，“Speculation rages, but eventually the tru

43、th comes out: Ogden/Zattiany has been rejuvenated in Vienna by Dr Steinachs new X-ray technique.”，可知玛丽奥格登嫁给外交官的事情迅速传播蔓延，但是最后真相说明：Ogden/Zattiany通过Steinach医生新发明的X射线技术重新焕发活力。所以rage在这一句的意思应该是迅速传播和蔓延。选项B符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“But out of its immediate time-and-place frame, Black Oxen would have no more wo

44、rked than a fish out of water.”，可知如果没有1923年的时代和背景框架，黑色公牛就会像鱼离开水一样无法存活。选项A符合题意。5.主旨题。纵观全文，作者的对于畅销书的观点为：畅销书因为和当时所处的时代和思潮是相符的，所以会带来小说的短暂畅销。又根据文章最后一段，“The day made the book, as much as events of the day made newspaper headlines in 1923.”，可知1923年的畅销书就像那个时代的新闻头条一样，所以反应的是那个时代的思想和潮流。可知畅销书只适合于自己的时代符合文意。选项A符合

45、题意。5.单选题Max Weber proposed a complex approach to inequality which expressly takes account of non-economic dimensions of ranking and inequality. Against Marx, Weber maintains that the operation of power in societies is yet more fundamental than their economic basis. Power（1）the capacity of individual

46、s or groups to realize their will even （2） the opposition of others. This yields three categories fundamental to the analysis of inequality: class, status and party. Inequality may be located in economically defined（3）but could also be founded in status groups and political parties. In this elaborat

47、ion he sought to refine the measurement of inequality and to show the potential singularity of his criteria （4） their connectedness. For example, power is often linked to class-based wealth but it can be separated in situations （5） power is linked to knowledge. Status refers to style of life. It als

48、o refers to social esteem, the respect and admiration （6） a person according to his or her social position and this can be local （7）structural and take account of interpersonal subjectivities. Marxs stress on structural relationships and on the duplicitous nature of culture tends to be replaced by a

49、 view of classes as ranked hierarchies of fixed groupings（8）individuals may be mobile. While the categories are fixed and classes are bounded, individuals may, （9）, change their class position. （10）, Webers discussion emphasizes how both class and status distinction can affect peoples life chances,

50、that is, the chances that an individual has to share in the economic and cultural goods of a society. Material and cultural goods are often （11）distributed and class and status rankings will ensure that people will have（12）access to these goods. These features of Webers thought are important to （13）

51、when considering non-class based systems of（14 ）. The opening up of the relationship between inequality, meaning and manifestation allows for the consideration of systems of inequality other than class. There are ranked societies where there is unequal access to positions of status and prestige and

52、these are not necessarily linked to （15）. An example is found in those traditional African societies where the chiefs did not live at a （16 ）standard of living than their subjects and where economies were redistributive, （17）, the chief received tribute which he then（18） his followers as a mark of h

53、is status and largesse. The position of many European noble families is a contemporary example of ranked society: access to （19） a title is limited, usually to family members, and many of these titled families are （20） wealthy and have no power by virtue of their nobility in their societies. 问题1选项A.

54、has defined toB.is defined toC.is defined asD.defines as问题2选项A.from the face ofB.in the face ofC.on the face ofD.to the face of问题3选项A.societiesB.categoriesC.dimensionsD.classes问题4选项A.as well asB.besidesC.exceptD.except for问题5选项A.thatB.whichC.whyD.where问题6选项A.accordedB.accordsC.is accorded toD.to acc

55、ord问题7选项A.rather toB.rather thanC.no other thanD.other than问题8选项A.whereB.through whichC.in whichD.to which问题9选项A.more or lessB.any the lessC.none the lessD.no less问题10选项A.HoweverB.NeverthelessC.FurthermoreD.But问题11选项A.symmetricallyB.asymmetricallyC.fairlyD.unfairly问题12选项A.differentialB.similarC.the

56、sameD.unequal问题13选项A.bear them to mindB.bear them in mindC.bear to mindD.bear in mind问题14选项A.hierarchyB.rankingC.singularityD.inequality问题15选项A.economic wealthB.cultural goodsC.status distinctionsD.class rankings问题16选项A.highB.higherC.lowD.lower问题17选项A.for exampleB.such asC.that isD.whats more问题18选项A

57、.gave toB.gave it toC.gave back toD.gave it back问题19选项A.claimB.askC.inheritD.assume问题20选项A.moreB.much moreC.lessD.no longer【答案】第1题:第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B第8题:C第9题:C第10题:C第11题:C第12题:A第13题:D第14题:D第15题:A第16题:B第17题:D第18题:A第19题:C第20题:C【解析】（1）固定搭配。根据固定搭配be defined as “被定义为”，选项A和B可排除。又根据被动语态的构成be +过

58、去分词，D选项结构不完整，可排除。句意：权力被定义为个人或团体的能力。选项C符合题意。（2）固定搭配。in the face of “面对”； on the face of “从表面上判断”，没有搭配from the face of和to the face of，选项A和D可排除。句意：权力被定义为个人或团体即使面对他人的反对也能实现其意志的能力。选项B符合题意。（3）逻辑关系。根据上一句提到阶级、地位和党派，可知下文会是对其进行进一步阐述。but also后出现了status groups and political parties，可判断出此处应该提到classes“阶级”。选项D符合题意

59、。（4）逻辑关系。根据文意，Max Weber想要通过衡量不平等，体现他的评判标准的特点和联系。所以用as well as表示“和”。选项A符合题意。（5）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格要填入一个关系词引导定语从句，来修饰先行词situation。又根据从句部分句子完整，所以填入关系副词在从句中充当状语。where作地点状语，表示“在这种形势下”。选项D符合题意。（6）语法题。根据句子结构，refers为句子的谓语，所以空格中应该填入非谓语动词，选项B和C可排除。又因为accord和其前面的名词social esteem, the respect and admiration存在被动关系，所以

60、选用动词的-ed分词表被动，选项A符合题意。（7）逻辑关系。根据下文，“Marxs stress on structural relationships”，可知Marx注重结构关系。而上文提到的是Max Weber的观点，可判断他注重本地关系而不是结构关系。又根据固定搭配rather than“而不是”。选项B符合题意。（8）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格应该填入适当的关系代词或关系副词来引导定语从句，修饰先行词groupings，根据句意，“借助于这些组群，个人可能是流动的。”，where在定语从句中作地点状语，可排除。through which为介词+关系代词的结构，在句中作状语，表示“借

61、助于.，通过”。选项C符合题意。（9）逻辑关系和固定搭配。more or less “或多或少”； any the less “更少一些”；none the less “依然”； no less “居然”。根据while可知，上下句之间存在转折关系。句意：尽管社会群体与阶级是不变的，但是个人仍然可以或多或少地改变自己的社会地位。选项C符合题意。（10）逻辑关系。however和nevertheless都表转折关系，所以可同时排除。根据文意，空格后的内容是对上一句内容的进一步阐述和说明，所以两句存在递进关系，选用furthermore “此外，而且”表递进。选项C符合题意。（11）逻辑关系和副词

62、辨析。symmetrically “对称地，平衡地”；asymmetrically “不对称地”；fairly “公平地”；unfairly “不公平地”。句意：Weber的讨论强调了阶级和地位的区别是如何影响人们的生活机会的，物质和文化产品必须公平分配。选项C符合题意。（12）形容词词义辨析。differential “差别的，微分的”； similar “相似的”； the same “同样，一样”； unequal “不平等的”。句意：阶级和地位不同将确保人们获取有差异的商品。选项A符合题意。（13）固定搭配。根据固定搭配bear sth. in mind可排除选项A和C。根据句意：Weber思想的这些特点是我们必须牢记的。选项D符合题意。（14）句意理解。根据下文，“The opening up of the relationship between inequality, meaning and manifestation allows for the consideration of systems of inequalit