2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前模拟强化练习题10（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Im sorry （ ）so long. I forgot to tell you in advance where I had been.问题1选项A.to keep you waitB.to keep you waitingC.to keep you waitedD.to have kept you waiting【答案】D【解析】句意我抱歉让你等了这么久。我忘记提前告诉你我在哪里了。语法题。考查完成时态。由句中关键词“I forgot to tell you in advance where I had been

2、我忘记提前告诉你我在哪里了”可知“你等了这么久”这个事情发生在过去的过去，故这里应该用完成时态，由此知D项“to have kept you waiting”正确。2. 单选题It was shameful that the argument（ ）a handfight.问题1选项A.ended inB.came toC.ended upD.culminated in【答案】D【解析】句意: 争论以大打出手而告终真是可耻。短语辨析。end in 以告终; come to苏醒，发生; end up最后成了; culminate in以告终, 但强调以高潮结朿. 由题干关键信息大打出手判断D最符合

3、。3. 单选题The manager needs an assistant that he can （ ）to take care of problems in his absence.问题1选项A.count onB.count inC.count upD.count out【答案】A【解析】句意: 经理需要一个靠得住的助手，以便当他不在吋，可以帮助处理问题。短语辨析。count on依靠,依赖; count in把.算在内; count up加起来; count out 点数。故选A。4. 单选题An old saying has it that half of all advertisi

4、ng budgets are wasted. The trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarre

5、l has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a do not track” (DNT) o

6、ption to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT; Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would g

7、et cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, althoug

8、h some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which

9、 it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8 though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably w

10、ith Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?1.It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to （ ）.2.“The industry” (Line 5, Para.3) refers to（ ）.3.

11、The author holds that setting DNT as a default（ ）.4.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?5.The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of（ ）.问题1选项A.ease competition among themselvesB.lower their operational costsC.avoid complaints from consumersD.provid

12、e better online services问题2选项A.online advertisersB.e-commerce conductorsC.digital information analysisD.internet browser developers问题3选项A.may cut the number of junk adsB.fails to affect the ad industryC.will not benefit consumersD.goes against human nature问题4选项A.DNT may not serve its intended purpos

13、e.B.Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.C.DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.D.Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.问题5选项A.indulgenceB.understandingC.appreciationD.skepticism【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“behavioral” ads定位至第一段: An old saying has it that ha

14、lf of all advertising budgets are wasted. The trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy (俗话说得好一半的广告预算都被浪费

15、了，但问题是没有人知道是哪一半广告预算被浪费了。在互联网时代， 至少在理论上可以大幅减少这部分被浪费的广告预算。通过观看人们在线搜寻、点 击和说什么，公司可以将行为广告针对那些最可能购买东西的人)。由此可知 B项“减少他们的运营成本”正确。2.词义题。根据题干定位至第三段: In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers

16、that they did not want to be followed (2010 年 12 月美国联邦贸易委员会 向互联网浏览器提供者们提议增加一个不要跟踪的选项，以便互联网使用者可 以告诉广告商他们不想被跟踪) 由此可推知D项“互联网浏览器开发者”正确。3.推理判断题。第五段指出: Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so (尽管一些公司己承诺在得到不要跟踪的信号后停止跟踪，但是获取该信号却没有强制任何人去这样做

17、)。因此C 项“不会让消费者受益”正确。4.判断推理题。第六段: Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how (另外还不清楚微软公司为何独自将不要跟踪作为微软网页浏览器10的默认设置。毕竟微软公司也有网上广告业务，尽管微软公司声称自己的网上广告业务将遵守不要跟踪请求，但是它仍然正在想如何进行) 。因此A 项“

18、不要跟踪可能不能达到它的预期目的”正确。5.观点态度题。第六段作者说: Could it really be that simple?这真的有可能那么简单吗？因此D项“怀疑的态度”正确。5. 单选题（ ） John, I began to trust my feelings and began to believe in my ability.问题1选项A.Due toB.Obliged toC.By virtue ofD.Thanks to【答案】D【解析】句意: 由于约翰，我开始相信自己的感觉和能力。短语辨析。Due to 因为, 由于; Obliged to不得不(做), 后面不接原因状

19、语; By virtue of 由于, 凭借; Thanks to 幸亏, 由于, 可以引导原因状语。故选D。6. 单选题The machine looked like a large,（ ） , old-fashioned typewriter.问题1选项A.forcefulB.clumsyC.intenseD.tricky【答案】B【解析】句意: 这台机器看上去像一台又大又笨的老式打字机。形容词辨析。Forceful强有力的，有说服力的; clumsy笨拙的(贬义); intense强列的，紧张的; tricky狡猾的，机警的。因此B符合句意。7. 单选题In 1896, William

20、Jennings Bryan, a three-time candidate for the American presidency, gave a speech on a relatively dry financial topic, criticizing the gold standard. But his rhetoric was for the ages: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross g

21、old!”Just over a hundred years later Sam Brownback, arguing for war against Iraq in a speech to the American Senate, said, “We go at Iraq and it says to countries that support terrorists, there remain six in the world that are as our definition state sponsors of terrorists, you say to those countrie

22、s: 4 We are serious about terrorism, we are serious about you not supporting terrorism on your own soil.”What happened over the 20lh century? Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in oratory or in writing, to command the English language with skill and flair. Nor so they aspire to such

23、command themselves. John McWhorter, a linguist, sees the triumph of 1960s counterculture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another passage against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorters academic specialty is language h

24、istory and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”，for example, to be natural and no more lamentable than the loss of the case-endings of Bcowulf-ear English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”，has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry an

25、d music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal genre is the only form that could claim real vibranc

26、y. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend than Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why

27、we should care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms he is really bemoaning the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but, probabl

28、y an inevitable.1.The sentences of William and Sam are quoted in the first two paragraphs to show （ ）.2.John McWhorter attributes the decline of formal English to（ ）.3.John McWhorters attitude towards the loss “whom” seems to be（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that（ ）.5.By “we now take our

29、English on paper plate instead of china”，the linguist most probably means that （ ）.问题1选项A.the great social changes that have taken place in a centuryB.the obvious decline of English language commandsC.that terrorism issue is more serious than gold standardD.that both of the speakers are excellent sp

30、eech makers问题2选项A.the Americans lower expectations of public figuresB.the Presidents lower expectations of themselvesC.the permissive attitudes towards language decades agoD.the loss of “whom” and case-endings in English问题3选项A.calmB.criticalC.indifferentD.supportive问题4选项A.English before the sixties

31、was characterized by dry financial topicB.English before the sixties was used less skillfully than it is nowC.English after the sixties is characterized by oral usagesD.English after the sixties is used less often in written language than in spoken问题5选项A.nowadays English is more often used on paper

32、than on chinaB.nowadays English is more often used in China than in other countriesC.nowadays English has become less useful in paper writing than beforeD.nowadays English has lost some original charm even though equally useful【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。文章前两段对威廉和萨姆相关事件的引用是为了引出文章的话题，指出英

33、语语言的退化现象，故答案选项为B项“英语语言的明显衰退”。2.细节事实题。第三段的最后一句指出: John McWhorter, a linguist, sees the triumph of 1960s counterculture as responsible for the decline of formal English (语言学家约翰麦克沃特认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式场合英语的退化负责)，由此可知60年代的反文化运动是根本原因，选项C “几十年前对语言的消极态度”是反文化运动的一部分，故答案选项为C。3.观点态度题。根据题干关键词the loss “whom”定位

34、至第四段: .he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”，for example, to be natural and no more lamentable than the loss of the case-endings of Beowulf-ear English (他认为 whom一词的逐渐消失是很自然的，并不比裴欧沃夫时代英语中词格尾缀的失踪更让人惋惜),作者认为这一现象非常正常，故他的态度应该是沉着冷静的，故答案选项为A。4.判断推理题。选项A :20世纪60年代前的英语以枯燥的金融话题为特点，文章在开始的吋候只是提到了曾经三次当选美国总

35、统候选人的威廉姆詹宁森布赖恩就 一个相对枯燥无味的金融话题作了一番演讲，并不能说明60年代前的英语以枯燥的金融话题为特点，故选项A错误；选项B: 20世纪60年代前的英语运用没有现在这么灵巧，根据文章中William Jennings Bryan和Sam Brownback的例子可知，20世纪60年代前的英语运用应该是比现在更加灵巧，故选项B错误；根据文章第五段的.even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry,

36、 the highly personal genre is the only form that could claim real vibrancy. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. (即使是最受关注的文章也开始使用口语化的文字。类似地，在诗歌领域，唯一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。无论作为口语还是书面语言的英语，侃侃而谈胜过了雅致的言辞， 而自我发挥也盖过了精心准备)。由此可知在当吋口语化表达比书面表达使用

37、频率更高，但不能 说当吋是以口语化的表达为特点，故选项C(20世纪60年代后的英语以口语化为特点) 错误，而选项D (20世纪60年代后的英语中口语化表达比书面表达使用频率更高)正确，故选D。5.语义题。“we now take our English on paper plate instead of china 所在句为:.he is really bemoaning the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china” “他其

38、实只是为那些美好事物而不是实用品的消逝而哀叹。也许我们现在用纸盘子而非瓷盘子盛着我们的英语大餐。”，根据其中的关键词loss of something beautiful more than useful “那些美好事物而不是实用品的消逝” 可以推断出答案选项为D “如今英语正在渐渐丧失其原有的魅力，尽管他在走向实用化”。8. 单选题Hardly a day goes by （ ）I write to my family.问题1选项A.whenB.sinceC.butD.before【答案】C【解析】句意: 我几乎每天都跟家人写信。语法题。But在这里为关系词, 相当于that+not。9.

39、单选题The European Union countries were once worried that they would not have （ ）supplies of petroleum.问题1选项A.proficientB.efficientC.potentialD.sufficient【答案】D【解析】句意: 欧盟国家曾担心他们石油供应不足。形容词辨析。Proficient熟练的，精通的; efficient有效率的，生效的; potential潜在的，可能的; sufficient足够的，充分的。故D符合句意。10. 单选题Televisions enable us to s

40、ee things happen almost at the exact moment （ ）.问题1选项A.which they are happeningB.they are happeningC.which they happenD.they have happened【答案】B【解析】句意: 电视使我们能够看到事情发生的那一瞬间。语法题。考查名词性从句。moment后接的是省略关系副词when的定语从句，井且根据关键词at the exact moment可知此处应该用进行吋态，故选B。11. 单选题Basic research provides the （ ）fund of scie

41、ntific knowledge, on which the applied researchers draw to give society a rich rate of interest.问题1选项A.capitalB.endowedC.enhancedD.initiative【答案】A【解析】句意: 基础研究为科学知识提供了资本基金，应用研究人员从中提取资本基金后以高利率回报社会。形容词辨析。Capital fund资本基金; endowed fund捐助基金; enhanced fund增强型基金; initiative fund项目基金。因此A符合句意。12. 单选题After se

42、veral nuclear disasters, a （ ）has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.问题1选项A.quarrelB.suspicionC.controversyD.verdict【答案】C【解析】句意: 发生几次核灾难之后，关于核能安全的问题引发了一场激烈的争论。名词辨析。quarrel 吵架,口角; suspicion 怀疑,疑心; controversy 争论,辩论; verdict （陪审团的）裁定。故C符合句意。13. 单选题If I （ ）harder at school, I would be sitting in a

43、 comfortable office now.问题1选项A.workedB.were to workC.had workedD.were working【答案】C【解析】句意: 如果我上学的时候努力学习，现在我就坐在一间舒适的办公室里了。语法题。考查虚拟语气。前半句是对过去事实的一种假设, 因此应该用过去完成时。14. 单选题Einstein discovered the laws that govern the universe, not in a lab or in an（ ） , but at the desk in his study.问题1选项A.orchardB.orbitC.o

44、bservatoryD.outlet【答案】C【解析】句意: 爱因斯坦不是在实验室或者天文台发现了宇宙的规律，而是在他的书房的桌子上。名词辨析。Orchard果园，果树林; orbit轨道，眼眶; observatory天文台,气象台; outlet出口，排放孔。空格应该与or连接的lab(实验室)并列, 故选C。15. 翻译题Put the following sentences into Chinese.In industrialized countries, machines accomplish the very tiring physical work that unskilled

45、laborers used to do in both manufacturing and agriculture.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different f

46、rom ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.Engineers working on

47、other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.Electric power was too important to human beings. Shutting it off for even a short time would have let to complete confusion.Successful parenting begins by communicating to childr

48、en that they belong, and are loved for no other reason than just because they exist.Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.Evidence of the moderation of the major parties

49、 is that much business is conducted across party lines.It has been found that day-dreaming improves a persons ability to be better adapted to practical, immediate concerns, to solve everyday problems, and to come up more readily with new ideas.【答案】在工业化国家，机器完成相当繁重的体力活，即非技术工人曾经在制造业和农业所做的工作。设想一下地球缩小到玻璃

50、弹子的大小，但仍然有同样的质量和重力，你就能对黑洞的力量有所了解了。重要的是，在对与我们不同的人以及他们所过的生活有足够的了解之前，我们应当避免先入为主。准则规定，当病人承受着极大的痛苦，没有治愈的可能，并且再三要求的情况下才能服用安乐死。力争在其他方而有所突破的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。电力对人类非常重要。短时间的电源切断都可能导致整体混乱。成功的育儿之道源于让孩子知道，他们属于这个家庭，他们被宠爱,不因为别的，只因为他们自身的存在。由于没有健康的自尊心，他们在处理问题时，不是提出问题，而是用行动把问题表现出来，或是退缩以及采取对自己和他人保持冷漠的态度

51、。主要政党采取温和的政策,证据是许多事务都是超越党派界限进行的。研究发现，做白日梦能提高一个人的能力，使其能更好地适应实践性和紧急性的事务，来解决日常问题，并且能更快想出新的办法。16. 单选题You hear the refrain all the time; the U.S. economy looks good statistically, but it doesnt feel good. Why doesnt ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness? It is a question that dates at least

52、to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent (富裕的)Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97.The Affluent Society is a modem classic because it helped define a new moment in the human condition. For most of history, “hunger, sickness, and cold” threatened nearly everyone, Galbraith wrot

53、e. “Poverty was found everywhere in that world. Obviously it is not of ours.” After World War II, the dread of another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom. In the 1930s unemployment had averaged 18.2 percent; in the 1950s it was 4.5 percent.To Galbraith, materialism had gone mad and would

54、breed discontent. Through advertising, companies conditioned consumers to buy things they didnt really want or need. Because so much spending was artificial, it would be unfulfilling. Meanwhile, government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively-a

55、nd wrongly-labeled government only as “a necessary evil.”Its often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing still or falling behind. Well, there are many undeserving rich-overpaid chief executives, for instance. But over any meaningful period, most peoples incomes are inc

56、reasing. From 1995 to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $43,200. People feel “squeezed” because their rising incomes often dont satisfy their rising wants-for bigger homes, more health care, more education, faster Internet connections.The other great frustration is

57、 that it has not eliminated insecurity. People regard job stability as part of their standard of living. As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded. More workers fear theyve become “the disposable American,” as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the same name.Because so much previous s

58、uffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty, the arrival of widespread affluence suggested utopian possibilities. Up to a point, affluence succeeds. There is much less physical misery than before. People are better off. Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions.Ad

59、vanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens. But the quest for growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb the social order. Affluence liberates the individual, promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-fulfillment. B

60、ut the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences, including family breakdown and obesity （肥胖症）.Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes.Should we be surprised? Not really. Weve simply re

61、affirmed an old truth: the pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness?1.What question does John Kenneth Galbraith raise in his book The Affluent Society?2.According to Galbraith, people feel discontented because （ ）.3.Why do people feel squeezed when their average income rises considera

62、bly?4.What does Louis Uchitelle mean by “the disposable American” （Line 3, Para.5）?5.What has affluence brought to American society?问题1选项A.Why statistics dont tell the truth about the economy.B.Why affluence doesnt guarantee happiness.C.How happiness can be promoted today.D.What lies behind an economic boom.问题2选项A.public spending hasnt been cut down as expectedB.the government has proved to be a necessary evilC.they are in fear of another Great DepressionD.materialism has run wild in modem society问题3选项